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Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, the Glossary

HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine.^[1]

73 relations: Algorithm, Antibody, Antigen, Blood bank, Blood plasma, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Color reaction, Columbia University, Complementary DNA, Confidentiality, DNA, Dongle, ELISA, Enzyme, Enzyme immunoassay, Ethiopia, False positives and false negatives, Food and Drug Administration, Gold standard (test), Hepatitis C, HIV, HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS denialism, Human rights, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Informed consent, Laboratory centrifuge, Lupus, Management of HIV/AIDS, Medical ethics, Microbiology, Monoclonal antibody, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid hybridization, Nucleic acid test, Oligonucleotide, Opportunistic infection, P24 capsid protein, Point-of-care testing, Pol (HIV), Polymerase chain reaction, Positive and negative predictive values, Post-exposure prophylaxis, Posterior probability, Primary and secondary antibodies, Primer (molecular biology), Prior probability, Protein, Qualitative property, Randall L. Tobias, ... Expand index (23 more) »
Infectious disease blood tests

Algorithm

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation.

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An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.

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Antigen

In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.

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Blood bank

A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion.

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Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains proteins and other constituents of whole blood in suspension.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

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Color reaction

In chemistry, a color reaction or colour reaction is a chemical reaction that is used to transform colorless chemical compounds into colored derivatives which can be detected visually or with the aid of a colorimeter.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Complementary DNA

In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA).

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Confidentiality

Confidentiality involves a set of rules or a promise usually executed through confidentiality agreements that limits the access to or places restrictions on distribution of certain types of information.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Dongle

A dongle is a small piece of computer hardware that connects to a port on another device to provide it with additional functionality, or enable a pass-through to such a device that adds functionality.

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ELISA

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann in 1971.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

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Enzyme immunoassay

An enzyme immunoassay is any of several immunoassay methods that use an enzyme bound to an antigen or antibody.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

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False positives and false negatives

A false positive is an error in binary classification in which a test result incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition (such as a disease when the disease is not present), while a false negative is the opposite error, where the test result incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition when it is actually present.

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Food and Drug Administration

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.

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Gold standard (test)

In medicine and medical statistics, the gold standard, criterion standard, or reference standard is the diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.

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Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis.

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HIV

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and HIV are HIV/AIDS.

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HIV/AIDS

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.

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HIV/AIDS denialism

HIV/AIDS denialism is the belief, despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS denialism are HIV/AIDS.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

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Hypergammaglobulinemia

Hypergammaglobulinemia is a medical condition with elevated levels of gamma globulin.

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Informed consent

Informed consent is a principle in medical ethics, medical law and media studies, that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care.

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Laboratory centrifuge

A laboratory centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed.

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Lupus

Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.

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Management of HIV/AIDS

The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection.

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Medical ethics

Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research.

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Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).

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Monoclonal antibody

A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.

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Nucleic acid hybridization

In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA.

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Nucleic acid test

A nucleic acid test (NAT) is a technique used to detect a particular nucleic acid sequence and thus usually to detect and identify a particular species or subspecies of organism, often a virus or bacterium that acts as a pathogen in blood, tissue, urine, etc.

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Oligonucleotide

Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics.

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Opportunistic infection

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available.

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P24 capsid protein

The P24 capsid protein is the most abundant HIV protein with each virus containing approximately 1,500 to 3,000 p24 molecules. Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and p24 capsid protein are HIV/AIDS.

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Point-of-care testing

Point-of-care testing (POCT), also called near-patient testing or bedside testing, is defined as medical diagnostic testing at or near the point of care—that is, at the time and place of patient care.

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Pol (HIV)

Pol (DNA polymerase) refers to a gene in retroviruses, or the protein produced by that gene.

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Polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.

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Positive and negative predictive values

The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results, respectively.

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Post-exposure prophylaxis

Post-exposure prophylaxis, also known as post-exposure prevention (PEP), is any preventive medical treatment started after exposure to a pathogen in order to prevent the infection from occurring.

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Posterior probability

The posterior probability is a type of conditional probability that results from updating the prior probability with information summarized by the likelihood via an application of Bayes' rule.

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Primary and secondary antibodies

Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies that are classified based on whether they bind to antigens or proteins directly or target another (primary) antibody that, in turn, is bound to an antigen or protein.

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Primer (molecular biology)

A primer is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis.

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Prior probability

A prior probability distribution of an uncertain quantity, often simply called the prior, is its assumed probability distribution before some evidence is taken into account.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Qualitative property

Qualitative properties are properties that are observed and can generally not be measured with a numerical result.

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Randall L. Tobias

Randall L. Tobias (born March 20, 1942) is an American governmental figure and former chief executive officer of Eli Lilly and Company.

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Rapid diagnostic test

A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is a medical diagnostic test that is quick and easy to perform.

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Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.

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Reverse transcriptase

A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).

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Saliva

Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.

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Scientific consensus

Scientific consensus is the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of the majority or the supermajority of scientists in a particular field of study at any particular time.

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Sensitivity and specificity

In medicine and statistics, sensitivity and specificity mathematically describe the accuracy of a test that reports the presence or absence of a medical condition.

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Seroconversion

In immunology, seroconversion is the development of specific antibodies in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization, including vaccination.

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Serostatus

Serostatus refers to the presence or absence of a serological marker in the blood. Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and Serostatus are HIV/AIDS.

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Serum (blood)

Serum is the fluid and solvent component of blood which does not play a role in clotting.

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Smartphone

A smartphone, often simply called a phone, is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities.

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula and structure.

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Standard of care

In tort law, the standard of care is the only degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care.

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Substrate (chemistry)

In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent.

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Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

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T helper cell

The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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Urine

Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.

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Western blot

The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot), or western blotting, is a widely used analytical technique in molecular biology and immunogenetics to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

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Window period

In medicine, the window period for a test designed to detect a specific disease (particularly infectious disease) is the time between first infection and when the test can reliably detect that infection. Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and window period are HIV/AIDS.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

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X-linked agammaglobulinemia

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare genetic disorder discovered in 1952 that affects the body's ability to fight infection.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS

Also known as AIDS test, AIDS testing, Diagnosis of HIV, Diagnosis of HIV-AIDS, HIV Testing, HIV antibody test, HIV blood screening, HIV diagnosis, HIV screening, HIV self-test, HIV status, HIV test, HIV tests, P24 antigen, P24 antigen test.

, Rapid diagnostic test, Recombinant DNA, Reverse transcriptase, RNA, Saliva, Scientific consensus, Sensitivity and specificity, Seroconversion, Serostatus, Serum (blood), Smartphone, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Standard of care, Substrate (chemistry), Syphilis, T helper cell, The Guardian, United States, Urine, Western blot, Window period, World Health Organization, X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Infectious disease blood tests

References