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Dialect continuum, the Glossary

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A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.^[1]

283 relations: A language is a dialect with an army and navy, Aachen, Abstand and ausbau languages, Afghanistan, Africa, Agglutination, Albania, Alberta, Algonquian languages, Algonquin language, Analytic language, Anglo-Frisian languages, Aphorism, Arabian Peninsula, Arabic, Aragonese language, Assamese language, Asturian language, Atikamekw language, Atlas linguistique de la France, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani language, Balkan Gagauz language, Balkans, Belarusian language, Bengali language, Bihar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks, Brabantian dialect, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Bulgarian language, Canada, Cantonese, Catalan language, Central Asia, Central German, Central Ojibwa language, Chakavian, Chancery (medieval office), Charles F. Hockett, Chippewa language, Chuvash language, Chuvashia, Classical Arabic, Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian, Corsican language, Counties of Ireland, County Antrim, ... Expand index (233 more) »
Comparative linguistics
Dialectology
Dialects
Language geography

A language is a dialect with an army and navy

"A language is a dialect with an army and navy", sometimes called the Weinreich witticism, is a quip about the arbitrariness of the distinction between a dialect and a language. Dialect continuum and a language is a dialect with an army and navy are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and A language is a dialect with an army and navy

Aachen

Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.

See Dialect continuum and Aachen

Abstand and ausbau languages

In sociolinguistics, an abstand language is a language variety or cluster of varieties with significant linguistic distance from all others, while an ausbau language is a standard variety, possibly with related dependent varieties.

See Dialect continuum and Abstand and ausbau languages

Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Afghanistan

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Africa

Agglutination

In linguistics, agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes, each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature.

See Dialect continuum and Agglutination

Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Albania

Alberta

Alberta is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Alberta

Algonquian languages

The Algonquian languages (also Algonkian) are a subfamily of the Indigenous languages of the Americas and most of the languages in the Algic language family are included in the group.

See Dialect continuum and Algonquian languages

Algonquin language

Algonquin (also spelled Algonkin; in Algonquin: Anicinàbemowin or Anishinàbemiwin) is either a distinct Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language or a particularly divergent Ojibwe dialect.

See Dialect continuum and Algonquin language

Analytic language

An analytic language is a type of natural language in which a series of root/stem words is accompanied by prepositions, postpositions, particles and modifiers, using affixes very rarely.

See Dialect continuum and Analytic language

Anglo-Frisian languages

The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic (English, Scots, Fingallian†, and Yola†) and Frisian (North Frisian, East Frisian, and West Frisian) varieties of the West Germanic languages.

See Dialect continuum and Anglo-Frisian languages

Aphorism

An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle.

See Dialect continuum and Aphorism

Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

See Dialect continuum and Arabian Peninsula

Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

See Dialect continuum and Arabic

Aragonese language

Aragonese (in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.

See Dialect continuum and Aragonese language

Assamese language

Assamese or Asamiya (অসমীয়া) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, where it is an official language.

See Dialect continuum and Assamese language

Asturian language

Asturian (asturianu),Art.

See Dialect continuum and Asturian language

Atikamekw language

Atikamekw (endonym: Atikamekw Nehiromowin, literally "Atikamekw native language") is a variety of the Algonquian language Cree and the language of the Atikamekw people of southwestern Quebec, Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Atikamekw language

Atlas linguistique de la France

The Atlas linguistique de la France (ALF, Linguistic Atlas of France) is an influential dialect atlas of Romance varieties in France published in 13 volumes between 1902 and 1910 by Jules Gilliéron and Edmond Edmont.

See Dialect continuum and Atlas linguistique de la France

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.

See Dialect continuum and Azerbaijani language

Balkan Gagauz language

Balkan Gagauz, Balkan Turkish or Rumelian (Rumeli Türkçesi), is a Turkic language spoken in European Turkey, in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria, the Prizren area in Kosovo, and the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia.

See Dialect continuum and Balkan Gagauz language

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

See Dialect continuum and Balkans

Belarusian language

Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.

See Dialect continuum and Belarusian language

Bengali language

Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Bengali language

Bihar

Bihar is a state in Eastern India.

See Dialect continuum and Bihar

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

See Dialect continuum and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosniaks

The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци,; Bošnjak, Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language.

See Dialect continuum and Bosniaks

Brabantian dialect

Brabantian or Brabantish, also Brabantic or Brabantine (Brabants, Standard Dutch pronunciation), is a dialect group of the Dutch language.

See Dialect continuum and Brabantian dialect

British Columbia

British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada.

See Dialect continuum and British Columbia

Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Bulgaria

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

See Dialect continuum and Bulgarian language

Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

See Dialect continuum and Canada

Cantonese

Cantonese is the traditional prestige variety of Yue Chinese, a Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta, with over 82.4 million native speakers.

See Dialect continuum and Cantonese

Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

See Dialect continuum and Catalan language

Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

See Dialect continuum and Central Asia

Central German

Central German or Middle German (mitteldeutsche Dialekte, mitteldeutsche Mundarten, Mitteldeutsch) is a group of High German languages spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany.

See Dialect continuum and Central German

Central Ojibwa language

Central Ojibwa (also known as Central Ojibwe, Ojibway, Ojibwe) is an Algonquian language spoken in Ontario, Canada from Lake Nipigon in the west to Lake Nipissing in the east.

See Dialect continuum and Central Ojibwa language

Chakavian

Chakavian or Čakavian (čakavski proper name: čakavica or čakavština own name: čokovski, čakavski, čekavski) is a South Slavic supradialect or language spoken by Croats along the Adriatic coast, in the historical regions of Dalmatia, Istria, Croatian Littoral and parts of coastal and southern Central Croatia (now collectively referred to as Adriatic Croatia or Littoral Croatia), as well as by the Burgenland Croats as Burgenland Croatian in southeastern Austria, northwestern Hungary and southwestern Slovakia as well as few municipalities in southern Slovenia on the border with Croatia.

See Dialect continuum and Chakavian

Chancery (medieval office)

A chancery or chancellery (cancellaria) is a medieval writing office, responsible for the production of official documents.

See Dialect continuum and Chancery (medieval office)

Charles F. Hockett

Charles Francis Hockett (January 17, 1916 – November 3, 2000) was an American linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics.

See Dialect continuum and Charles F. Hockett

Chippewa language

Chippewa (native name:; also known as Southwestern Ojibwa, Ojibwe, Ojibway, or) is an Algonquian language spoken from upper Michigan westward to North Dakota in the United States.

See Dialect continuum and Chippewa language

Chuvash language

Chuvash (Чӑвашла) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas.

See Dialect continuum and Chuvash language

Chuvashia

Chuvashia (Чувашия; Çăvaš Jen), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Chuvashia

Classical Arabic

Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (the most eloquent classic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages onwards, having succeeded the Paleo-Arabic script.

See Dialect continuum and Classical Arabic

Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

Standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian are different national variants and official registers of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language.

See Dialect continuum and Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

Corsican language

Corsican (endonym: corsu; full name: lingua corsa) is a Romance language consisting of the continuum of the Italo-Dalmatian dialects spoken on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, France, and in the northern regions of the island of Sardinia, Italy, located due south.

See Dialect continuum and Corsican language

Counties of Ireland

The counties of Ireland (Irish: Contaetha na hÉireann) are historic administrative divisions of the island.

See Dialect continuum and Counties of Ireland

County Antrim

County Antrim (named after the town of Antrim) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, located within the historic province of Ulster.

See Dialect continuum and County Antrim

County Down

County Down is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of the traditional thirty-two counties of Ireland.

See Dialect continuum and County Down

County Londonderry

County Londonderry (Ulster-Scots: Coontie Lunnonderrie), also known as County Derry (Contae Dhoire), is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland and one of the nine counties of Ulster.

See Dialect continuum and County Londonderry

Cree language

Cree (also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador.

See Dialect continuum and Cree language

Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Croatia

Croats

The Croats (Hrvati) or Horvati (in a more archaic version) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, history and language.

See Dialect continuum and Croats

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Dialect continuum and Czech language

Danish dialects

The Danish language has a number of regional and local dialect varieties.

See Dialect continuum and Danish dialects

Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.

See Dialect continuum and Danish language

Dari

Dari (endonym: دری), Dari Persian (فارسی دری,, or), or Eastern Persian is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan.

See Dialect continuum and Dari

De Gruyter

Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.

See Dialect continuum and De Gruyter

Delhi

Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (ISO: Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣētra Dillī), is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India.

See Dialect continuum and Delhi

Dialect

Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships. Dialect continuum and Dialect are dialects.

See Dialect continuum and Dialect

Dialect levelling

Dialect levelling (or leveling in American English) is an overall reduction in the variation or diversity of features, accompanied by an increase in the similarities, between two or more dialects in contact with each other. Dialect continuum and dialect levelling are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and Dialect levelling

Dialectology

Dialectology (from Greek διάλεκτος, dialektos, "talk, dialect"; and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of dialects: subsets of languages. Dialect continuum and Dialectology are dialects.

See Dialect continuum and Dialectology

Dialectometry

Dialectometry is the quantitative and computational branch of dialectology, the study of dialect. Dialect continuum and Dialectometry are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and Dialectometry

Diaspora

A diaspora is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin.

See Dialect continuum and Diaspora

Diasystem

In the field of dialectology, a diasystem or polylectal grammar is a linguistic analysis set up to encode or represent a range of related varieties in a way that displays their structural differences.

See Dialect continuum and Diasystem

Diglossia

In linguistics, diglossia is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used (in fairly strict compartmentalization) by a single language community. Dialect continuum and diglossia are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and Diglossia

Dolgan language

The Dolgan language is a critically endangered Turkic language with 930 speakers, spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in Russia.

See Dialect continuum and Dolgan language

Dutch dialects

Dutch dialects are primarily the dialects that are both cognate with the Dutch language and spoken in the same language area as the Dutch standard language.

See Dialect continuum and Dutch dialects

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

See Dialect continuum and Dutch language

Early Slavs

The early Slavs were speakers of Indo-European dialects who lived during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe and established the foundations for the Slavic nations through the Slavic states of the Early and High Middle Ages.

See Dialect continuum and Early Slavs

East Central German

East Central German or East Middle German (Ostmitteldeutsch) is the eastern Central German language and is part of High German.

See Dialect continuum and East Central German

East Cree

East Cree, also known as James Bay (Eastern) Cree, and East Main Cree, is a group of Cree dialects spoken in Quebec, Canada on the east coast of lower Hudson Bay and James Bay, and inland southeastward from James Bay.

See Dialect continuum and East Cree

East Slavic languages

The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages.

See Dialect continuum and East Slavic languages

Eastern Ojibwa language

Eastern Ojibwe (also known as Ojibway, Ojibwa) is a dialect of the Ojibwe language spoken north of Lake Ontario and east of Georgian Bay in Ontario, Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Eastern Ojibwa language

Eastern South Slavic

The Eastern South Slavic dialects form the eastern subgroup of the South Slavic languages.

See Dialect continuum and Eastern South Slavic

Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Egypt

Emilian dialects

Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân, Bolognese: emigliàn; emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.

See Dialect continuum and Emilian dialects

English language in Southern England

English in Southern England (also, rarely, Southern English English; Southern England English; or in the UK, simply, Southern English) is the collective set of different dialects and accents of Modern English spoken in Southern England.

See Dialect continuum and English language in Southern England

Estonian language

Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.

See Dialect continuum and Estonian language

Faroese language

Faroese is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.

See Dialect continuum and Faroese language

Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.

See Dialect continuum and Fertile Crescent

Finnic languages

The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples.

See Dialect continuum and Finnic languages

Finnish language

Finnish (endonym: suomi or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland.

See Dialect continuum and Finnish language

Franco-Provençal

Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan) is a language within the Gallo-Romance family, originally spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy.

See Dialect continuum and Franco-Provençal

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See Dialect continuum and French language

Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of West Germanic languages, spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

See Dialect continuum and Frisian languages

Friulian language

Friulian or Friulan (natively or marilenghe; friulano; Furlanisch; furlanščina) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy.

See Dialect continuum and Friulian language

Fujian

Fujian is a province on the southeastern coast of China.

See Dialect continuum and Fujian

Gagauz language

Gagauz (gagauz dili or gagauzça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey and it is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.

See Dialect continuum and Gagauz language

Galician language

Galician (galego), also known as Galego, is a Western Ibero-Romance language.

See Dialect continuum and Galician language

Gan Chinese

Gan, Gann or Kan is a group of Sinitic languages spoken natively by many people in the Jiangxi province of China, as well as significant populations in surrounding regions such as Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian.

See Dialect continuum and Gan Chinese

Georg Wenker

Georg Wenker (January 25, 1852 – July 17, 1911) was a German linguist who began documenting German dialect geography during the late nineteenth century.

See Dialect continuum and Georg Wenker

Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Georgia (country)

German dialects

German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language.

See Dialect continuum and German dialects

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See Dialect continuum and German language

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

See Dialect continuum and Germanic languages

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Germany

Goidelic languages

The Goidelic or Gaelic languages (teangacha Gaelacha; cànanan Goidhealach; çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.

See Dialect continuum and Goidelic languages

Grammatical case

A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.

See Dialect continuum and Grammatical case

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Greece

Gujarati language

Gujarati (label) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people.

See Dialect continuum and Gujarati language

Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland (Soome laht; Suomenlahti; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.

See Dialect continuum and Gulf of Finland

Hakka Chinese

Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:,; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ) forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people in parts of Southern China, Taiwan, some diaspora areas of Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around the world.

See Dialect continuum and Hakka Chinese

Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Hanseatic League

Heinz Kloss

Heinz Kloss (30 October 1904 – 13 June 1987) was a German linguist who was after World War II internationally recognised for his work on linguistic pluricentricity and linguistic minorities.

See Dialect continuum and Heinz Kloss

Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.

See Dialect continuum and Hindi

Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

See Dialect continuum and Hinduism

Hindustani language

Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic).

See Dialect continuum and Hindustani language

Hollandic dialect

Hollandic or Hollandish is the most widely spoken dialect of the Dutch language.

See Dialect continuum and Hollandic dialect

Huizhou Chinese

Huizhou Chinese, or the Hui dialect, is a group of closely related Sinitic languages spoken over a small area in and around the historical region of Huizhou (for which it is named), in about ten or so mountainous counties in southern Anhui, plus a few more in neighbouring Zhejiang and Jiangxi.

See Dialect continuum and Huizhou Chinese

Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking, was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10th century.

See Dialect continuum and Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

Icelandic language

Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language.

See Dialect continuum and Icelandic language

Inari Sámi language

Inari Sámi (translation or label) is a Sámi language spoken by the Inari Sámi of Finland.

See Dialect continuum and Inari Sámi language

India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

See Dialect continuum and India

Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

See Dialect continuum and Indian subcontinent

Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.

See Dialect continuum and Indo-Aryan languages

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See Dialect continuum and Indo-European languages

Innu-aimun

Innu-aimun or Montagnais is an Algonquian language spoken by over 10,000 Innu in Labrador and Quebec in Eastern Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Innu-aimun

Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

See Dialect continuum and Iran

Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

See Dialect continuum and Iraq

Irish language

Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.

See Dialect continuum and Irish language

Isle of Arran

The Isle of Arran (Eilean Arainn) or simply Arran is an island off the west coast of Scotland.

See Dialect continuum and Isle of Arran

ISO 639 macrolanguage

A macrolanguage is a group of mutually intelligible speech varieties, or dialect continuum, that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered distinct languages by their speakers. Dialect continuum and ISO 639 macrolanguage are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and ISO 639 macrolanguage

Isogloss

An isogloss, also called a heterogloss, is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature. Dialect continuum and isogloss are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and Isogloss

Istria

Istria (Croatian and Slovene: Istra; Italian and Venetian: Istria) is the largest peninsula to border the Adriatic Sea.

See Dialect continuum and Istria

Italian language

Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.

See Dialect continuum and Italian language

Kajkavian

Kajkavian (Kajkavian noun: kajkavščina; Shtokavian adjective: kajkavski, noun: kajkavica or kajkavština) is a South Slavic supradialect or language spoken primarily by Croats in much of Central Croatia and Gorski Kotar.

See Dialect continuum and Kajkavian

Kansas

Kansas is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

See Dialect continuum and Kansas

Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

See Dialect continuum and Kashmir

Kashubian language

Kashubian or Cassubian (kaszëbsczi jãzëk, język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

See Dialect continuum and Kashubian language

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Kazakhstan

Kerkrade

Kerkrade (Ripuarian: Kirchroa; Kirkraoj; Kerkrade or Kirchrath) is a town and a municipality in the southeast of Limburg, the southernmost province of the Netherlands.

See Dialect continuum and Kerkrade

Khalaj language

Khalaj is a Turkic language spoken in Iran.

See Dialect continuum and Khalaj language

Khotons

The Khoton or Qotung people are a Mongolic ethnic group in (Outer) Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.

See Dialect continuum and Khotons

Kingdom of Saxony

The Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen) was a German monarchy that existed in Central Europe between 1806 to 1918.

See Dialect continuum and Kingdom of Saxony

Kintyre

Kintyre (Cinn Tìre) is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the southwest of Argyll and Bute.

See Dialect continuum and Kintyre

Koiné language

In linguistics, a koine or koiné language or dialect (pronounced) is a standard or common dialect that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language.

See Dialect continuum and Koiné language

Konkani language

Konkani (Devanagari: sc, Romi: sc, Kannada: sc, Malayalam: sc, Perso-Arabic: sc, IAST) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people, primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India.

See Dialect continuum and Konkani language

Kurdish language

Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.

See Dialect continuum and Kurdish language

Kurmanji

Kurmanji (lit), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.

See Dialect continuum and Kurmanji

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.

See Dialect continuum and Kyrgyzstan

Labrador

Labrador is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

See Dialect continuum and Labrador

Ladin language

Ladin (autonym: ladin; ladino; Ladinisch) is a Romance language of the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino, and Belluno, by the Ladin people.

See Dialect continuum and Ladin language

Language death

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker.

See Dialect continuum and Language death

Language policy in France

France has one official language, the French language.

See Dialect continuum and Language policy in France

Language secessionism

Language secessionism (also known as linguistic secessionism or linguistic separatism) is an attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order for this variety to be considered a distinct language.

See Dialect continuum and Language secessionism

Languages of Italy

The languages of Italy include Italian, which serves as the country's national language, in its standard and regional forms, as well as numerous local and regional languages, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader Romance group.

See Dialect continuum and Languages of Italy

Languages with legal status in India

, 22 languages have been classified as recognised languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.

See Dialect continuum and Languages with legal status in India

Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.

See Dialect continuum and Late Middle Ages

Leonard Bloomfield

Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s.

See Dialect continuum and Leonard Bloomfield

Leonese language

Leonese (llionés, lleonés) is a set of vernacular Romance language varieties currently spoken in northern and western portions of the historical region of León in Spain (the modern provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca), the village of Riudenore (in both Spain and Portugal) and Guadramil in Portugal, sometimes considered another language.

See Dialect continuum and Leonese language

Limburgish

Limburgish (Limburgs or Lèmburgs; Limburgs; Limburgisch; Limbourgeois), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in Dutch Limburg, Belgian Limburg, and neighbouring regions of Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia).

See Dialect continuum and Limburgish

Linguistic map

A linguistic map is a thematic map showing the geographic distribution of the speakers of a language, or isoglosses of a dialect continuum of the same language, or language family. Dialect continuum and linguistic map are language geography.

See Dialect continuum and Linguistic map

Linkage (linguistics)

In historical linguistics, a linkage is a network of related dialects or languages that formed from a gradual diffusion and differentiation of a proto-language.

See Dialect continuum and Linkage (linguistics)

Lombard language

The Lombard language (native name: lombard,Classical Milanese orthography, and. lumbard,Ticinese orthography. lumbartModern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography. or lombart,Eastern unified orthography. depending on the orthography; pronunciation) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages and is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland, including most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden.

See Dialect continuum and Lombard language

Low German

Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.

See Dialect continuum and Low German

Lower Rhine region

The Lower Rhine region or Niederrhein is a region around the Lower Rhine section of the river Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between approximately Oberhausen and Krefeld in the East and the Dutch border around Kleve in the West.

See Dialect continuum and Lower Rhine region

Macedonian language

Macedonian (македонски јазик) is an Eastern South Slavic language.

See Dialect continuum and Macedonian language

Maithili language

Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal.

See Dialect continuum and Maithili language

Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin is a group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.

See Dialect continuum and Mandarin Chinese

Manx language

Manx (Gaelg or Gailck, or), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Dialect continuum and Manx language

Marathi language

Marathi (मराठी) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

See Dialect continuum and Marathi language

Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest region of the United States.

See Dialect continuum and Michigan

Middle Chinese

Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions.

See Dialect continuum and Middle Chinese

Min Chinese

Min (BUC: Mìng-ngṳ̄) is a broad group of Sinitic languages with about 70 million native speakers.

See Dialect continuum and Min Chinese

Modern Standard Arabic

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA) is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard.

See Dialect continuum and Modern Standard Arabic

Moldavia

Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei, literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: Молдова or Цара Мѡлдовєй) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River.

See Dialect continuum and Moldavia

Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south.

See Dialect continuum and Mongolia

Montana

Montana is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

See Dialect continuum and Montana

Montenegrins

Montenegrins (Black Mountain, or, Montenegrini) are a South Slavic ethnic group that share a common ancestry, culture, history, and language, identified with the country of Montenegro.

See Dialect continuum and Montenegrins

Montenegro

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

See Dialect continuum and Montenegro

Moose Cree

Moose Cree (Cree: Mōsonī or Ililiw), also known as Moosonee (Monsoni), and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree.

See Dialect continuum and Moose Cree

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See Dialect continuum and Muslims

Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Dialect continuum and mutual intelligibility are Comparative linguistics and dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and Mutual intelligibility

Naskapi language

Naskapi (also known as / in the Naskapi language) is an Algonquian language spoken by the Naskapi in Quebec and Labrador, Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Naskapi language

Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

See Dialect continuum and Nation state

Neo-Aramaic languages

The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities.

See Dialect continuum and Neo-Aramaic languages

Nepali language

Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Nepali language

North Germanic languages

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

See Dialect continuum and North Germanic languages

North Macedonia

North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.

See Dialect continuum and North Macedonia

Northeastern Neo-Aramaic

Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) is a grouping of related dialects of Neo-Aramaic spoken before World War I as a vernacular language by Jews and Assyrian Christians between the Tigris and Lake Urmia, stretching north to Lake Van and southwards to Mosul and Kirkuk.

See Dialect continuum and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic

Northern Sámi

Northern Sámi or North Sámi (Davvisámegiella; Pohjoissaame; Nordsamisk; Nordsamiska; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages.

See Dialect continuum and Northern Sámi

Northwestern Ojibwa

Northwestern Ojibwe (also known as Northern Ojibwa, Ojibway, Ojibwe) is a dialect of the Ojibwe language, spoken in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Northwestern Ojibwa

Norwegian dialects

Norwegian dialects (dialekter) are commonly divided into four main groups, 'Northern Norwegian', 'Central Norwegian' (trøndersk), 'Western Norwegian' (vestlandsk), and 'Eastern Norwegian'.

See Dialect continuum and Norwegian dialects

Occitan language

Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.

See Dialect continuum and Occitan language

Odia language

Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ, ISO:,; formerly rendered as Oriya) is an Indo-Aryan classical language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha.

See Dialect continuum and Odia language

Oji-Cree language

The Severn Ojibwa or the Oji-Cree language (Unpointed) is the indigenous name for a dialect of the Ojibwe language spoken in a series of Oji-Cree communities in northern Ontario and at Island Lake, Manitoba, Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Oji-Cree language

Ojibwe language

Ojibwe, also known as Ojibwa, Ojibway, Otchipwe,R.

See Dialect continuum and Ojibwe language

Oklahoma

Oklahoma (Choctaw: Oklahumma) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.

See Dialect continuum and Oklahoma

Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.

See Dialect continuum and Old Church Slavonic

Orcadian dialect

Orcadian dialect or Orcadian Scots is a dialect of Insular Scots, itself a dialect of the Scots language.

See Dialect continuum and Orcadian dialect

Ottawa dialect

Ottawa or Odawa is a dialect of the Ojibwe language spoken by the Odawa people in southern Ontario in Canada, and northern Michigan in the United States.

See Dialect continuum and Ottawa dialect

Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Pakistan

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

See Dialect continuum and Persian language

Peter Trudgill

Peter Trudgill, (born 7 November 1943) is an English sociolinguist, academic and author.

See Dialect continuum and Peter Trudgill

Piedmontese language

Piedmontese (autonym: piemontèis or lenga piemontèisa; piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, a region of Northwest Italy.

See Dialect continuum and Piedmontese language

Pinghua

Pinghua refers to various Sinitic language varieties spoken mainly in parts of Guangxi, with some speakers in Hunan.

See Dialect continuum and Pinghua

Plains Cree language

Plains Cree (endonym: ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ nēhiyawēwin; alternatively: ᐸᐢᑳᐧᐃᐧᓃᒧᐃᐧᐣ paskwâwinîmowin "language of the prairie people") is a dialect of the Algonquian language, Cree, which is the most populous Canadian indigenous language.

See Dialect continuum and Plains Cree language

Polish language

Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.

See Dialect continuum and Polish language

Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Portuguese language

Post-creole continuum

A post-creole continuum (or simply creole continuum) is a dialect continuum of varieties of a creole language between those most and least similar to the superstrate language (that is, a closely related language whose speakers assert or asserted dominance of some sort).

See Dialect continuum and Post-creole continuum

Potawatomi language

Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi,, or) is a Central Algonquian language.

See Dialect continuum and Potawatomi language

Prakrit

Prakrit is a group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE.

See Dialect continuum and Prakrit

Punjabi language

Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.

See Dialect continuum and Punjabi language

Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Quebec

Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

See Dialect continuum and Quran

Rajasthan

Rajasthan (lit. 'Land of Kings') is a state in northwestern India.

See Dialect continuum and Rajasthan

Rathlin Island

Rathlin Island (Reachlainn,; Local Irish dialect: Reachraidh,; Scots: Racherie) is an island and civil parish off the coast of County Antrim (of which it is part) in Northern Ireland.

See Dialect continuum and Rathlin Island

Rhenish fan

The subdivision of West Central German into a series of dialects, according to the differing extent of the High German consonant shift, is particularly pronounced.

See Dialect continuum and Rhenish fan

Ring species

In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end populations" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population and the next.

See Dialect continuum and Ring species

Romagnol

Romagnol (rumagnòl or rumagnôl; romagnolo) is a Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

See Dialect continuum and Romagnol

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See Dialect continuum and Roman Empire

Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

See Dialect continuum and Romance languages

Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.

See Dialect continuum and Romanian language

Romansh language

Romansh is a Gallo-Romance language spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubünden).

See Dialect continuum and Romansh language

Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

See Dialect continuum and Russian language

Rusyn language

Rusyn (translit; translit)http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 8.

See Dialect continuum and Rusyn language

Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Dialect continuum and Sanskrit

Sámi languages

Sámi languages, in English also rendered as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Indigenous Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, and extreme northwestern Russia).

See Dialect continuum and Sámi languages

Scots language

ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots.

See Dialect continuum and Scots language

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.

See Dialect continuum and Scottish Gaelic

Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

See Dialect continuum and Serbia

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

See Dialect continuum and Serbo-Croatian

Serbs

The Serbs (Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language.

See Dialect continuum and Serbs

Shtokavian

Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski / штокавски) is the prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards.

See Dialect continuum and Shtokavian

Silesian language

Silesian, occasionally called Upper Silesian, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia.

See Dialect continuum and Silesian language

Skolt Sámi

Skolt Sámi (sääʹmǩiõll, "the Sámi language", or nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll, "the Eastern Sámi language", if a distinction needs to be made between it and the other Sámi languages) is a Uralic, Sámi language that is spoken by the Skolts, with approximately 300 speakers in Finland, mainly in Sevettijärvi and approximately 20–30 speakers of the Njuõʹttjäuʹrr (Notozero) dialect in an area surrounding Lake Lovozero in Russia.

See Dialect continuum and Skolt Sámi

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.

See Dialect continuum and Slavic languages

Slovak language

Slovak (endonym: slovenčina or slovenský jazyk), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Dialect continuum and Slovak language

Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Dialect continuum and Slovene language

Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Slovenia

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (Socijalistička Republika Makedonija), or SR Macedonia, commonly referred to as Socialist Macedonia, Yugoslav Macedonia or simply Macedonia, was one of the six constituent republics of the post-World War II Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and a nation state of the Macedonians.

See Dialect continuum and Socialist Republic of Macedonia

Sorani

Sorani Kurdish (rtl, Kurmancîy Xwarû), also known as Central Kurdish, is a Kurdish dialect or a language spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in western Iran.

See Dialect continuum and Sorani

Southern Kurdish

Southern Kurdish (Kurdî Xwarîn) is one of the dialects of the Kurdish language, spoken predominantly in northeastern Iraq and western Iran.

See Dialect continuum and Southern Kurdish

Southwestern Mandarin

Southwestern Mandarin, also known as Upper Yangtze Mandarin, is a Mandarin Chinese dialect spoken in much of Southwestern China, including in Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou, most parts of Hubei, the northwestern part of Hunan, the northern part of Guangxi and some southern parts of Shaanxi and Gansu.

See Dialect continuum and Southwestern Mandarin

Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Spanish language

Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.

See Dialect continuum and Springer Science+Business Media

Standard German

Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas.

See Dialect continuum and Standard German

Standard language

A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and stands out among other varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige. Dialect continuum and standard language are dialectology.

See Dialect continuum and Standard language

Stratum (linguistics)

In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a historical layer of language that influences or is influenced by another language through contact.

See Dialect continuum and Stratum (linguistics)

Subject–object–verb word order

In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.

See Dialect continuum and Subject–object–verb word order

Sudan

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.

See Dialect continuum and Sudan

Swampy Cree

The Swampy Cree people, also known by their autonyms Néhinaw, Maskiki Wi Iniwak, Mushkekowuk, Maškékowak, Maskegon or Maskekon (and therefore also Muskegon and Muskegoes) or by exonyms including West Main Cree, Lowland Cree, and Homeguard Cree, are a division of the Cree Nation occupying lands located in northern Manitoba, along the Saskatchewan River in northeastern Saskatchewan, along the shores of Hudson Bay and adjoining interior lands south and west as well as territories along the shores of Hudson and James Bay in Ontario.

See Dialect continuum and Swampy Cree

Swampy Cree language

Swampy Cree (variously known as Maskekon, Maskegon and Omaškêkowak, and often anglicized as Omushkego) is a variety of the Algonquian language, Cree.

See Dialect continuum and Swampy Cree language

Swedish dialects

Swedish dialects are the various forms of the Swedish language, particularly those that differ considerably from Standard Swedish.

See Dialect continuum and Swedish dialects

Swedish language

Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.

See Dialect continuum and Swedish language

Syncope (phonology)

In phonology, syncope (from συγκοπή||cutting up) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.

See Dialect continuum and Syncope (phonology)

Tajik language

Tajik, or Tajiki Persian, also called Tajiki, is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks.

See Dialect continuum and Tajik language

Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Tajikistan

Tat language (Caucasus)

Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian,Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979.

See Dialect continuum and Tat language (Caucasus)

Tomasz Kamusella

Tomasz Kamusella (born 24 December 1967) is a Polish scholar pursuing interdisciplinary research in language politics, nationalism, and ethnicity.

See Dialect continuum and Tomasz Kamusella

Torlakian dialects

Torlakian, or Torlak, is a group of transitional South Slavic dialects of southeastern Serbia, Kosovo, northeastern North Macedonia, and northwestern Bulgaria.

See Dialect continuum and Torlakian dialects

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See Dialect continuum and Turkey

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Turkic languages

Turkish language

Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.

See Dialect continuum and Turkish language

Turkmen language

Turkmen (türkmençe, түркменче, تۆرکمنچه, or türkmen dili, түркмен дили, تۆرکمن ديلی), is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Turkmen language

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.

See Dialect continuum and Turkmenistan

Tuva

Tuva (Тува) or Tyva (Tıva), officially the Republic of Tyva, is a republic of Russia.

See Dialect continuum and Tuva

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.

See Dialect continuum and Ukrainian language

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Dialect continuum and United States

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Uralic languages

Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Urdu

Urum language

Urum (Урум, Ουρούμ) is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in southeastern Ukraine.

See Dialect continuum and Urum language

Uyghur language

Uyghur or Uighur (ئۇيغۇر تىلى, Уйғур тили, Uyghur tili, Uyƣur tili, or ئۇيغۇرچە, Уйғурчә, Uyghurche, Uyƣurqə,, CTA: Uyğurçä; formerly known as Eastern Turki) is a Turkic language written in a Uyghur Perso-Arabic script with 8–13 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.

See Dialect continuum and Uyghur language

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Uzbekistan

Valencian language

Valencian (valencià) or the Valencian language (llengua valenciana) is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the Romance language also known as Catalan, 20 minutos, 7 January 2008.

See Dialect continuum and Valencian language

Varieties of Arabic

Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernacular languages) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively.

See Dialect continuum and Varieties of Arabic

Varieties of Chinese

There are hundreds of local Chinese language varieties forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, many of which are not mutually intelligible.

See Dialect continuum and Varieties of Chinese

Variety (linguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster.

See Dialect continuum and Variety (linguistics)

Venetian language

Venetian, wider Venetian or Venetan (łengua vèneta or vèneto) is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue mostly in Veneto, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it.

See Dialect continuum and Venetian language

Vowel harmony

In phonology, vowel harmony is a phonological rule in which the vowels of a given domain – typically a phonological word – must share certain distinctive features (thus "in harmony").

See Dialect continuum and Vowel harmony

Wave model

In historical linguistics, the wave model or wave theory (Wellentheorie) is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features spreads from its region of origin, being adopted by a gradually expanding cluster of dialects. Dialect continuum and wave model are Comparative linguistics.

See Dialect continuum and Wave model

West Frisian language

West Frisian, or simply Frisian (Frysk or Westerlauwersk Frysk; Fries, also Westerlauwers Fries), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry.

See Dialect continuum and West Frisian language

West Slavic languages

The West Slavic languages are a subdivision of the Slavic language group.

See Dialect continuum and West Slavic languages

Western Ojibwa language

Western Ojibwa (also known as, Saulteaux, and Plains Ojibwa) is a dialect of the Ojibwe language, a member of the Algonquian language family.

See Dialect continuum and Western Ojibwa language

Woods Cree

Woods Cree is an indigenous language spoken in Northern Manitoba, Northern Saskatchewan and Northern Alberta, Canada.

See Dialect continuum and Woods Cree

Wu Chinese

Wu (Wu romanization and IPA:ngu ngei, (Shanghainese), (Suzhounese), Mandarin) is a major group of Sinitic languages spoken primarily in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River, which makes up the cultural region of Wu.

See Dialect continuum and Wu Chinese

Xiang Chinese

Xiang or Hsiang (Chinese: 湘; Changsha Xiang:, Mandarin), also known as Hunanese, is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Sinitic languages, spoken mainly in Hunan province but also in northern Guangxi and parts of neighboring Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces.

See Dialect continuum and Xiang Chinese

Xinjiang

Xinjiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia.

See Dialect continuum and Xinjiang

Yakut language

Yakut,, Yakut language, Omniglot--> also known as Yakutian, Sakha, Saqa or Saxa (саха тыла), is a Turkic language belonging to Siberian Turkic branch and spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic in the Russian Federation.

See Dialect continuum and Yakut language

Yue Chinese

Yue is a branch of the Sinitic languages primarily spoken in Southern China, particularly in the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi (collectively known as Liangguang).

See Dialect continuum and Yue Chinese

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum

Also known as Cluster of languages, Dialect area, Dialect chain, Dialect continua, Dialect groups, Dialectal continuum, Dialektkontinuum, Geographic continuum, L-complex, Language chain, Language complex, Language continuum, Linguistic cluster, Linguistic continuum, Transitional dialect.

, County Down, County Londonderry, Cree language, Croatia, Croats, Czech language, Danish dialects, Danish language, Dari, De Gruyter, Delhi, Dialect, Dialect levelling, Dialectology, Dialectometry, Diaspora, Diasystem, Diglossia, Dolgan language, Dutch dialects, Dutch language, Early Slavs, East Central German, East Cree, East Slavic languages, Eastern Ojibwa language, Eastern South Slavic, Egypt, Emilian dialects, English language in Southern England, Estonian language, Faroese language, Fertile Crescent, Finnic languages, Finnish language, Franco-Provençal, French language, Frisian languages, Friulian language, Fujian, Gagauz language, Galician language, Gan Chinese, Georg Wenker, Georgia (country), German dialects, German language, Germanic languages, Germany, Goidelic languages, Grammatical case, Greece, Gujarati language, Gulf of Finland, Hakka Chinese, Hanseatic League, Heinz Kloss, Hindi, Hinduism, Hindustani language, Hollandic dialect, Huizhou Chinese, Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, Icelandic language, Inari Sámi language, India, Indian subcontinent, Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-European languages, Innu-aimun, Iran, Iraq, Irish language, Isle of Arran, ISO 639 macrolanguage, Isogloss, Istria, Italian language, Kajkavian, Kansas, Kashmir, Kashubian language, Kazakhstan, Kerkrade, Khalaj language, Khotons, Kingdom of Saxony, Kintyre, Koiné language, Konkani language, Kurdish language, Kurmanji, Kyrgyzstan, Labrador, Ladin language, Language death, Language policy in France, Language secessionism, Languages of Italy, Languages with legal status in India, Late Middle Ages, Leonard Bloomfield, Leonese language, Limburgish, Linguistic map, Linkage (linguistics), Lombard language, Low German, Lower Rhine region, Macedonian language, Maithili language, Mandarin Chinese, Manx language, Marathi language, Michigan, Middle Chinese, Min Chinese, Modern Standard Arabic, Moldavia, Mongolia, Montana, Montenegrins, Montenegro, Moose Cree, Muslims, Mutual intelligibility, Naskapi language, Nation state, Neo-Aramaic languages, Nepali language, North Germanic languages, North Macedonia, Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, Northern Sámi, Northwestern Ojibwa, Norwegian dialects, Occitan language, Odia language, Oji-Cree language, Ojibwe language, Oklahoma, Old Church Slavonic, Orcadian dialect, Ottawa dialect, Pakistan, Persian language, Peter Trudgill, Piedmontese language, Pinghua, Plains Cree language, Polish language, Portuguese language, Post-creole continuum, Potawatomi language, Prakrit, Punjabi language, Quebec, Quran, Rajasthan, Rathlin Island, Rhenish fan, Ring species, Romagnol, Roman Empire, Romance languages, Romanian language, Romansh language, Russian language, Rusyn language, Sanskrit, Sámi languages, Scots language, Scottish Gaelic, Serbia, Serbo-Croatian, Serbs, Shtokavian, Silesian language, Skolt Sámi, Slavic languages, Slovak language, Slovene language, Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Sorani, Southern Kurdish, Southwestern Mandarin, Spanish language, Springer Science+Business Media, Standard German, Standard language, Stratum (linguistics), Subject–object–verb word order, Sudan, Swampy Cree, Swampy Cree language, Swedish dialects, Swedish language, Syncope (phonology), Tajik language, Tajikistan, Tat language (Caucasus), Tomasz Kamusella, Torlakian dialects, Turkey, Turkic languages, Turkish language, Turkmen language, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Ukrainian language, United States, Uralic languages, Urdu, Urum language, Uyghur language, Uzbekistan, Valencian language, Varieties of Arabic, Varieties of Chinese, Variety (linguistics), Venetian language, Vowel harmony, Wave model, West Frisian language, West Slavic languages, Western Ojibwa language, Woods Cree, Wu Chinese, Xiang Chinese, Xinjiang, Yakut language, Yue Chinese.

Dialect continuum, the Glossary

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