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Division of labour, the Glossary

The division of labour is the separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that participants may specialise (specialisation).^[1]

199 relations: A Treatise of Human Nature, A Treatise on the Family, Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, Al-Ghazali, Alexis de Tocqueville, American Economic Review, Anarchism, André Gorz, Anti-imperialism, Assembly line, Asset poverty, Augustine of Hippo, Austrian school of economics, Émile Durkheim, Bernard Mandeville, Bertell Ollman, Bina Agarwal, Bourgeoisie, Business process, Business process re-engineering, Cambridge University Press, Capitalism, Cato Institute, Cengage Group, Charles Albert Watts, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Civil law (legal system), Classical economics, Commerce, Communism, Comparative advantage, Competence (human resources), Complex society, Control (management), Cooking, Cost-effectiveness analysis, Cost–benefit analysis, Criminal law, Cyropaedia, Das Kapital, Volume I, Departmentalization, Dependency theory, Developed country, Discretionary Time, Doctor of Philosophy, Duke University, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Economic interdependence, ... Expand index (149 more) »
Economic anthropology
Industrial history
Industry (economics)
Production and manufacturing

A Treatise of Human Nature

A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects (1739–40) is a book by Scottish philosopher David Hume, considered by many to be Hume's most important work and one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.

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A Treatise on the Family

A Treatise on the Family is a 1981 book by Nobel-winning economist Gary Becker.

See Division of labour and A Treatise on the Family

Adam Ferguson

Adam Ferguson, (Scottish Gaelic: Adhamh MacFhearghais), also known as Ferguson of Raith (1 July N.S. /20 June O.S. 1723 – 22 February 1816), was a Scottish philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Adam Smith

Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Al-Ghazali

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.

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Alexis de Tocqueville

Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (29 July 180516 April 1859), was a French aristocrat, diplomat, sociologist, political scientist, political philosopher, and historian.

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American Economic Review

The American Economic Review is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal first published by the American Economic Association in 1911.

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Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism.

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André Gorz

Gérard Horst (9 February 1923 – 22 September 2007), more commonly known by his pen names André Gorz and Michel Bosquet, was an Austrian and French social philosopher and journalist and critic of work.

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Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism.

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Assembly line

An assembly line is a manufacturing process (often called a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.

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Asset poverty

Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty.

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Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.

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Austrian school of economics

The Austrian school is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self interest.

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Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim (or; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917), professionally known simply as Émile Durkheim, was a French sociologist.

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Bernard Mandeville

Bernard Mandeville, or Bernard de Mandeville (15 November 1670 – 21 January 1733), was an Anglo-Dutch philosopher, political economist, satirist, writer and physician.

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Bertell Ollman

Bertell Ollman (born April 30, 1935, in Milwaukee) is a professor of politics at New York University.

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Bina Agarwal

Bina Agarwal is an Indian development economist and Professor of Development Economics and Environment at the Global Development Institute at The University of Manchester.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

See Division of labour and Bourgeoisie

Business process

A business process, business method, or business function is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks performed by people or equipment in which a specific sequence produces a service or product (that serves a particular business goal) for a particular customer or customers.

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Business process re-engineering

Business process re-engineering (BPR) is a business management strategy originally pioneered in the early 1990s, focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and business processes within an organization.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Division of labour and Capitalism are production economics.

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Cato Institute

The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1977 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Koch Industries.

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Cengage Group

Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for higher education, K–12, professional, and library markets.

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Charles Albert Watts

Charles Albert Watts (27 May 1858 – 15 May 1946) was an English secularist editor and publisher.

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Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

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Civil law (legal system)

Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world.

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Classical economics

Classical economics, classical political economy, or Smithian economics is a school of thought in political economy that flourished, primarily in Britain, in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th century.

See Division of labour and Classical economics

Commerce

Commerce is the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to the smooth, unhindered distribution and transfer of goods and services on a substantial scale and at the right time, place, quantity, quality and price through various channels from the original producers to the final consumers within local, regional, national or international economies.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Comparative advantage

Comparative advantage in an economic model is the advantage over others in producing a particular good.

See Division of labour and Comparative advantage

Competence (human resources)

Competence is the set of demonstrable characteristics and skills that enable and improve the efficiency or performance of a job.

See Division of labour and Competence (human resources)

Complex society

A complex society is characterized by the following modern features.

See Division of labour and Complex society

Control (management)

Control is a function of management that helps to check errors and take corrective actions.

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Cooking

Cooking, also known as cookery or professionally as the culinary arts, is the art, science and craft of using heat to make food more palatable, digestible, nutritious, or safe.

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Cost-effectiveness analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action.

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Cost–benefit analysis

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives.

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Criminal law

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.

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Cyropaedia

The Cyropaedia, sometimes spelled Cyropedia, is a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great, the founder of Persia's Achaemenid Empire.

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Das Kapital, Volume I

Capital.

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Departmentalization

Departmentalization (or departmentalisation) refers to the process of grouping activities into departments.

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Dependency theory

Dependency theory is the idea that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and exploited states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

See Division of labour and Dependency theory

Developed country

A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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Discretionary Time

Discretionary Time: A New Measure of Freedom is a nonfiction book written by Robert E. Goodin, James Mahmud Rice, Antti Parpo and Lina Eriksson.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; philosophiae doctor or) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.

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Duke University

Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States.

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Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844), also known as the Paris Manuscripts (Pariser Manuskripte) or as the 1844 Manuscripts, are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 by Karl Marx.

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Economic interdependence

Economic interdependence is the mutual dependence of the participants in an economic system who trade in order to obtain the products they cannot produce efficiently for themselves.

See Division of labour and Economic interdependence

Economic sector

One classical breakdown of economic activity distinguishes three sectors.

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Economic system

An economic system, or economic order, is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society.

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Economics

Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Economies of scale

In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of time. Division of labour and economies of scale are production economics.

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Edward Elgar Publishing

Edward Elgar Publishing is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the social sciences and law.

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Elhanan Helpman

Elhanan Helpman (Hebrew: אלחנן הלפמן, born March 30, 1946) is an Israeli economist who is currently the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade at Harvard University.

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Encyclopedia.com

Encyclopedia.com is an online encyclopedia.

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Ernst Fehr

Ernst Fehr (born 21 June 1956 in Hard, Austria) is an Austrian-Swiss behavioral economist and neuroeconomist and a Professor of Microeconomics and Experimental Economic Research, as well as the vice chairman of the Department of Economics at the University of Zürich, Switzerland.

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Estimation (project management)

In project management (e.g., for engineering), accurate estimates are the basis of sound project planning.

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Ethnography

Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.

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Expert

An expert is somebody who has a broad and deep understanding and competence in terms of knowledge, skill and experience through practice and education in a particular field or area of study.

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Explanation

An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts that clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts.

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Family economy

The term Family Economy can be used to describe the family as an economic unit.

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First World

The concept of the First World was originally one of the "Three Worlds" formed by the global political landscape of the Cold War, as it grouped together those countries that were aligned with the Western Bloc of the United States.

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Flexible manufacturing system

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the system to react in case of changes, whether predicted or unpredicted.

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Fordism

Fordism is an industrial engineering and manufacturing system that serves as the basis of modern social and labor-economic systems that support industrialized, standardized mass production and mass consumption. Division of labour and Fordism are production and manufacturing and production economics.

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Free Press (publisher)

Free Press was an American independent book publisher that later became an imprint of Simon & Schuster.

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Freelancer

Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term.

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Friedrich Hayek

Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian-British academic, who contributed to economics, political philosophy, psychology, and intellectual history.

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Gary Becker

Gary Stanley Becker (December 2, 1930 – May 3, 2014) was an American economist who received the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

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General contractor

A contractor (North American English) or builder (British English), is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.

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George Reisman

George Gerald Reisman (born January 13, 1937)"George Gerald Reisman" (2002), Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, Retrieved on January 18, 2007.

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George Stigler

George Joseph Stigler (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was an American economist.

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Globalization

Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785; Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten; also known as the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, and the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals) is the first of Immanuel Kant's mature works on moral philosophy and the first of his trilogy of major works on ethics alongside the Critique of Practical Reason and The Metaphysics of Morals.

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Harry Braverman

Harry Braverman (December 9, 1920 – August 2, 1976) was an American Marxist, worker, political economist and revolutionary.

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Harvard Library

Harvard Library is the network of Harvard University's libraries and services.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau

Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau (20 July 1700, Paris13 August 1782, Paris), was a French physician, naval engineer and botanist.

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Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.

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Herbert Gintis

Herbert Gintis (February 11, 1940 – January 5, 2023) was an American economist, behavioral scientist, and educator known for his theoretical contributions to sociobiology, especially altruism, cooperation, epistemic game theory, gene-culture coevolution, efficiency wages, strong reciprocity, and human capital theory.

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Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.

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Holism

Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts.

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Howard F. Taylor

Howard Francis Taylor (1939 – March 21, 2023) was an American sociologist and Professor of Sociology Emeritus at Princeton University, where he was formerly the director of the African-American Studies program.

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Human Action

Human Action: A Treatise on Economics is a work by the Austrian economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises.

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Human capital

Human capital or human assets is a concept used by economists to designate personal attributes considered useful in the production process.

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Identity performance

Identity performance is a concept that holds that "identity" can be a project or a conscious effort or action taken to present oneself in social interactions.

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Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution. Division of labour and Industrial Revolution are industrial history.

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Industrialisation

Industrialisation (UK) or industrialization (US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. Division of labour and Industrialisation are industrial history.

See Division of labour and Industrialisation

Information and communications technology

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards.

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International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services.

See Division of labour and International trade

Internet

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.

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James Heartfield

James Heartfield (born 1961) is a British lecturer and historian.

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James Mahmud Rice

James Mahmud Rice (born 1972) is an Australian sociologist in the Demography and Ageing Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne.

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Jan Fagerberg

Jan Fagerberg is professor at the University of Oslo, Norway.

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Jean-Louis Beffa

Jean-Louis Beffa (born 11 August 1941 in Nice, France) is a French businessman.

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Job enlargement

Job enlargement means increasing the scope of a job through extending the range of its job duties and responsibilities generally within the same level and periphery.

See Division of labour and Job enlargement

Job enrichment

Job enrichment is a method of motivating employees where a job is designed to have interesting and challenging tasks which can require more skill and can increase pay.

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Journal of Labor Economics

The Journal of Labor Economics is an academic journal published quarterly by the University of Chicago Press on international research examining issues affecting the economy as well as social and private behavior.

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Journal of Political Economy

The Journal of Political Economy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press.

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Kyriarchy

In feminist theory, kyriarchy is a social system or set of connecting social systems built around domination, oppression, and submission.

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Labor and Monopoly Capital

Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century is a book about the economics and sociology of work under monopoly capitalism by the political economist Harry Braverman.

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Labor aristocracy

Labor aristocracy or labour aristocracy (also aristocracy of labor) has at least four meanings: (1) as a term with Marxist theoretical underpinnings; (2) as a specific type of trade unionism; (3) as a shorthand description by revolutionary industrial unions (such as the Industrial Workers of the World) for the bureaucracy of craft-based business unionism; and (4) in the 19th and early 20th centuries was also a phrase used to define better-off members of the working class (as used for example by Jack London in The People of the Abyss).

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Logical consequence

Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements.

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Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian–American Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and sociologist.

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Management

Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body through business administration, nonprofit management, or the political science sub-field of public administration respectively.

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Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834)

Marcus Dods (11 April 1834 – 26 April 1909) was a Scottish divine and controversial biblical scholar.

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Margaret L. Anderson

Margaret Lavinia Anderson is professor emerita at University of California Berkeley where she teaches about Europe since 1453; Central Europe from the late 18th century, especially modern Germany; World War I; Fascist Europe.

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Martin Neil Baily

Martin Neil Baily (born January 13 1945) is an economist at the Brookings Institution and formerly at the Peterson Institute.

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Marx's theory of alienation

Karl Marx's theory of alienation describes the estrangement (German: Entfremdung) of people from aspects of their human nature (Gattungswesen, 'species-essence') as a consequence of the division of labour and living in a society of stratified social classes.

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Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

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Mechanical and organic solidarity

In sociology, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity are the two types of social solidarity that were formulated by Émile Durkheim, introduced in his Division of Labour in Society (1893) as part of his theory on the development of societies.

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Mechanization

Mechanization (or mechanisation) is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery. Division of labour and Mechanization are industrial history.

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Meritocracy

Meritocracy (merit, from Latin mereō, and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος 'strength, power') is the notion of a political system in which economic goods or political power are vested in individual people based on ability and talent, rather than wealth, social class, or race.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Mises Institute

The Ludwig von Mises Institute for Austrian Economics, or Mises Institute, is a nonprofit think tank headquartered in Auburn, Alabama, that is a center for Austrian economics, radical right-wing libertarian thought and the paleolibertarian and anarcho-capitalist movements in the United States.

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Monthly Review

The Monthly Review is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City.

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Murray Rothbard

Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist of the Austrian School,Ronald Hamowy, ed., 2008,, Cato Institute, Sage,, p. 62: "a leading economist of the Austrian school"; pp.

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi (1201 – 1274), also known as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (نصیر الدین الطوسی; نصیر الدین طوسی) or simply as (al-)Tusi, was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.

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Natural law

Natural law (ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a system of law based on a close observation of natural order and human nature, from which values, thought by natural law's proponents to be intrinsic to human nature, can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

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Natural resource

Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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New international division of labour

In economics, the new international division of labour (NIDL) is an outcome of globalization.

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Newly industrialized country

The category of newly industrialized country (NIC), newly industrialized economy (NIE) or middle income country is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. Division of labour and newly industrialized country are industrial history.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

See Division of labour and On the Origin of Species

Online marketplace

An online marketplace (or online e-commerce marketplace) is a type of e-commerce website where product or service information is provided by multiple third parties.

See Division of labour and Online marketplace

Opportunity cost

In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the best alternative forgone where, given limited resources, a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives.

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Organization

An organization or organisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is an entity—such as a company, an institution (formal organization), or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.

See Division of labour and Organization

Output (economics)

In economics, output is the quantity and quality of goods or services produced in a given time period, within a given economic network, whether consumed or used for further production.

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Parenting

Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical, emotional, social, spiritual and cognitive development of a child from infancy to adulthood.

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Penguin Classics

Penguin Classics is an imprint of Penguin Books under which classic works of literature are published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Korean among other languages.

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A pin is a device, typically pointed, used for fastening objects or fabrics together.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Political economy

Political economy is a branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government).

See Division of labour and Political economy

Power (social and political)

In political science, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.

See Division of labour and Power (social and political)

Precariat

In sociology and economics, the precariat is a neologism for a social class formed by people suffering from precarity, which means existing without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare.

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Precarious work

Precarious work is a term that critics use to describe non-standard or temporary employment that may be poorly paid, insecure, unprotected, and unable to support a household.

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Price system

In economics, a price system is a system through which the valuations of any forms of property (tangible or intangible) are determined.

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Productive and unproductive labour

Productive and unproductive labour are concepts that were used in classical political economy mainly in the 18th and 19th centuries, which survive today to some extent in modern management discussions, economic sociology and Marxist or Marxian economic analysis.

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Project manager

A project manager is a professional in the field of project management.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803April 27, 1882), who went by his middle name Waldo, was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

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Republic (Plato)

The Republic (Politeia) is a Socratic dialogue, authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man.

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Richard Florida

Richard L. Florida (born 1957) is an American urban studies theorist focusing on social and economic theory. He is a professor at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto and a Distinguished Fellow at NYU's School of Professional Studies. Florida taught at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College in Pittsburgh from 1987 to 2005, before moving to George Mason University's School of Public Policy, where he taught for two years.

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Richard N. Cooper

Richard Newell Cooper (June 14, 1934 – December 23, 2020) was an American economist, policy adviser, and academic.

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Robert E. Goodin

Robert 'Bob' E. Goodin (born 30 November 1950) was Professor of Government at the University of Essex and is now Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Social and Political theory at the Australian National University.

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Robert Solow

Robert Merton Solow, GCIH (August 23, 1924 – December 21, 2023) was an American economist and Nobel laureate whose work on the theory of economic growth culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him.

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Role suction

Role suction is a term introduced in the United States by Fritz Redl in the mid-20th century to describe the power of a social group to allocate roles to its members.

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Sage Publishing

Sage Publishing, formerly SAGE Publications, is an American independent academic publishing company, founded in 1965 in New York City by Sara Miller McCune and now based in the Newbury Park neighborhood of Thousand Oaks, California.

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Samuel Bowles (economist)

Samuel Stebbins Bowles (born June 1, 1939), is an American economist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he continues to teach courses on microeconomics and the theory of institutions.

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Schedule (project management)

In project management, a schedule is a listing of a project's milestones, activities, and deliverables.

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Scientific management

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Division of labour and Scientific management are production and manufacturing.

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Self-sustainability

Self-sustainability and self-sufficiency are overlapping states of being in which a person, being, or system needs little or no help from, or interaction with others.

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Sharing economy

The sharing economy is a socio-economic system whereby consumers share in the creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods, and services.

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Shelly Lundberg

Shelly J. Lundberg is an economist and currently holds the positions of Leonard Broom Professor of Demography at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she serves as Associate Director of the Broom Center for Demography.

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Shipyard

A shipyard, also called a dockyard or boatyard, is a place where ships are built and repaired.

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Social division of labor, one of the two aspects of the division of labor, is the social structural foundation of the specialized commodity production divided between industries, firms, and occupations of workers (otherwise known as the technical division of tasks). Division of labour and social division of labor are labor history.

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Social inequality occurs when resources within a society are distributed unevenly, often as a result of inequitable allocation practices that create distinct unequal patterns based on socially defined categories of people.

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Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

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Solidarity

Solidarity or solidarism is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes.

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Sowing

Sowing is the process of planting seeds.

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State (polity)

A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.

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Stephanie Coontz

Stephanie Coontz (born August 31, 1944) is an American author, historian, and faculty member at Evergreen State College.

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Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.

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Surplus product

Surplus product (Mehrprodukt) is a concept theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.

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Task (project management)

In project management, a task is an activity that needs to be accomplished within a defined period of time or by a deadline to work towards work-related goals.

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Technology

Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way.

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Temporary work

Temporary work or temporary employment (also called gigs) refers to an employment situation where the working arrangement is limited to a certain period of time based on the needs of the employing organization.

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The American Scholar

"The American Scholar" was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson on August 31, 1837, to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College at the First Parish in Cambridge in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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The Ancient Economy

The Ancient Economy is an influential book about the economic system of classical antiquity written by the classicist Moses I. Finley.

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The City of God

On the City of God Against the Pagans (De civitate Dei contra paganos), often called The City of God, is a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD.

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The Division of Labour in Society

The Division of Labour in Society (De la division du travail social) is the doctoral dissertation of the French sociologist Émile Durkheim, published in 1893.

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The Fable of the Bees

The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714) is a book by the Anglo-Dutch social philosopher Bernard Mandeville.

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The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2018), 3rd ed., is a twenty-volume reference work on economics published by Palgrave Macmillan.

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The Rise of the Creative Class

The Rise of the Creative Class is a 2002 non-fiction book that was written by noted American sociologist and economist Richard Florida.

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The Use of Knowledge in Society

"The Use of Knowledge in Society" is a scholarly article written by Austrian-British academic economist Friedrich Hayek, first published in the September 1945 issue of The American Economic Review.

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The Wealth of Nations

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the ''magnum opus'' of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith (1723–1790).

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Third World

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.

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Thomas Bottomore

Thomas Burton Bottomore (8 April 1920, England – 9 December 1992, Sussex, England) was a British Marxist sociologist.

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Trade

Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.

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Unequal exchange

Unequal exchange is used primarily in Marxist economics, but also in ecological economics (more specifically also as ecologically unequal exchange), to describe the systemic hidden transfer of labor and ecological value from poor countries in the imperial periphery (mainly in the Global South) to rich countries and monopolistic corporations in the imperial core (mainly in the Global North) due to structural inequalities in the global economy.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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Urbanization

Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.

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Vintage Books

Vintage Books is a trade paperback publishing imprint of Penguin Random House originally established by Alfred A. Knopf in 1954.

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Wage Labour and Capital

"Wage Labour and Capital" (German: Lohnarbeit und Kapital) was an 1847 lecture by the critic of political economy and philosopher Karl Marx, first published as articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in April 1849.

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Walden

Walden (first published in 1854 as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) is a book by American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau.

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Welfare

Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter.

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William Petty

Sir William Petty (26 May 1623 – 16 December 1687) was an English economist, physician, scientist and philosopher.

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Winner and loser culture

A winner and loser culture is a culture which imagines many activities in society as a competition where one class of people are successful winners and another class are the losers who experience a lifestyle of failure.

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Workflow

Workflow is a generic term for orchestrated and repeatable patterns of activity, enabled by the systematic organization of resources into processes that transform materials, provide services, or process information.

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Workforce

In macroeconomics, the labor force is the sum of those either working (i.e., the employed) or looking for work (i.e., the unemployed): \text.

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World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

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World Development Report

The World Development Report (WDR) is an annual report published since 1978 by the World Bank.

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Xenophon

Xenophon of Athens (Ξενοφῶν||; probably 355 or 354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian, born in Athens.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour

Also known as Division of Labor, Division of work, Economic specialization, International division of labor, International division of labour, Labor division, Labor specialization, Labour division, Labour specialization, Specialization of labor, Specialization of labour, Trade specialization.

, Economic sector, Economic system, Economics, Economies of scale, Edward Elgar Publishing, Elhanan Helpman, Encyclopedia.com, Ernst Fehr, Estimation (project management), Ethnography, Expert, Explanation, Family economy, First World, Flexible manufacturing system, Fordism, Free Press (publisher), Freelancer, Friedrich Hayek, Gary Becker, General contractor, George Reisman, George Stigler, Globalization, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Harry Braverman, Harvard Library, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, Henry David Thoreau, Herbert Gintis, Hierarchy, Holism, Howard F. Taylor, Human Action, Human capital, Identity performance, Immanuel Kant, Industrial Revolution, Industrialisation, Information and communications technology, International Labour Organization, International trade, Internet, Ireland, James Heartfield, James Mahmud Rice, Jan Fagerberg, Jean-Louis Beffa, Job enlargement, Job enrichment, Journal of Labor Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Karl Marx, Kyriarchy, Labor and Monopoly Capital, Labor aristocracy, Logical consequence, Ludwig von Mises, Management, Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834), Margaret L. Anderson, Martin Neil Baily, Marx's theory of alienation, Marxism, Mechanical and organic solidarity, Mechanization, Meritocracy, Mesopotamia, Mises Institute, Monthly Review, Murray Rothbard, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Natural law, Natural resource, Neolithic Revolution, New international division of labour, Newly industrialized country, OECD, On the Origin of Species, Online marketplace, Opportunity cost, Organization, Output (economics), Parenting, Penguin Classics, Pin, Plato, Political economy, Power (social and political), Precariat, Precarious work, Price system, Productive and unproductive labour, Project manager, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic (Plato), Richard Florida, Richard N. Cooper, Robert E. Goodin, Robert Solow, Role suction, Sage Publishing, Samuel Bowles (economist), Schedule (project management), Scientific management, Self-sustainability, Sharing economy, Shelly Lundberg, Shipyard, Social division of labor, Social inequality, Social science, Solidarity, Sowing, State (polity), Stephanie Coontz, Sumer, Surplus product, Task (project management), Technology, Temporary work, The American Scholar, The Ancient Economy, The City of God, The Division of Labour in Society, The Fable of the Bees, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, The Rise of the Creative Class, The Use of Knowledge in Society, The Wealth of Nations, Third World, Thomas Bottomore, Trade, Unequal exchange, University of Chicago Press, Urbanization, Vintage Books, Wage Labour and Capital, Walden, Welfare, William Petty, Winner and loser culture, Workflow, Workforce, World Bank, World Development Report, Xenophon.

Division of labour, the Glossary

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