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Donkey sentence, the Glossary

In semantics, a donkey sentence is a sentence containing a pronoun which is semantically bound but syntactically free.^[1]

76 relations: Antecedent (logic), Article (grammar), Barbara Abbott, Barbara H. Partee, Bertrand Russell, Bound variable pronoun, C-command, C.-T. James Huang, Cambridge University Press, Chris Barker (linguist), Cognitive psychology, Conditional sentence, Cornell University, Counterexample, Covariance, David Lewis (philosopher), Definite description, Definiteness, Discourse representation theory, Dynamic semantics, Elsevier, English language, Existential quantification, First-order logic, Formal language, Formal semantics (natural language), Free variables and bound variables, Gareth Evans (philosopher), Generalized quantifier, Gilbert Harman, Grammaticality, Hans Kamp, Hindi, Irene Heim, John P. Burgess, Journal of Semantics, Language (journal), Linguist List, Linguistic Inquiry, Lisa Cheng (linguist), Logical form, Manfred Krifka, Marcel Just, Material conditional, MIT Press, Modal logic, Natural language, Natural Language Semantics, Nissim Francez, Noun phrase, ... Expand index (26 more) »
Pronouns
Quantifier (logic)

Antecedent (logic)

An antecedent is the first half of a hypothetical proposition, whenever the if-clause precedes the then-clause.

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Article (grammar)

In grammar, an article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.

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Barbara Abbott

Barbara Kenyon Abbott (born 1943) is an American linguist.

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Barbara H. Partee

Barbara Hall Partee (born June 23, 1940) is a Distinguished University Professor Emerita of Linguistics and Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass).

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.

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A bound variable pronoun (also called a bound variable anaphor or BVA) is a pronoun that has a quantified determiner phrase (DP) – such as every, some, or who – as its antecedent. Donkey sentence and bound variable pronoun are pronouns.

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C-command

In generative grammar and related frameworks, a node in a parse tree c-commands its sister node and all of its sister's descendants.

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C.-T. James Huang

C.T. James Huang (born 1948) is a Taiwanese-American linguist.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Chris Barker (linguist)

Chris Barker is the American chair professor of linguistics at New York University, famous for his discovery of the universal iota combinator and his continuation-based approach to scope.

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Cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning.

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Conditional sentence

Conditional sentences are natural language sentences that express that one thing is contingent on something else, e.g. "If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled." They are so called because the impact of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the dependent clause. Donkey sentence and conditional sentence are formal semantics (natural language) and semantics.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private Ivy League land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York.

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Counterexample

A counterexample is any exception to a generalization.

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Covariance

Covariance in probability theory and statistics is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables.

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David Lewis (philosopher)

David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher.

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Definite description

In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun. Donkey sentence and definite description are formal semantics (natural language) and semantics.

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Definiteness

In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases). Donkey sentence and definiteness are formal semantics (natural language) and semantics.

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Discourse representation theory

In formal linguistics, discourse representation theory (DRT) is a framework for exploring meaning under a formal semantics approach. Donkey sentence and discourse representation theory are semantics.

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Dynamic semantics

Dynamic semantics is a framework in logic and natural language semantics that treats the meaning of a sentence as its potential to update a context. Donkey sentence and Dynamic semantics are semantics.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

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Existential quantification

In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". Donkey sentence and existential quantification are quantifier (logic).

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First-order logic

First-order logic—also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.

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Formal language

In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules called a formal grammar.

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Formal semantics (natural language)

Formal semantics is the study of grammatical meaning in natural languages using formal tools from logic, mathematics and theoretical computer science. Donkey sentence and formal semantics (natural language) are semantics.

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Free variables and bound variables

In mathematics, and in other disciplines involving formal languages, including mathematical logic and computer science, a variable may be said to be either free or bound.

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Gareth Evans (philosopher)

Michael Gareth Justin Evans (12 May 1946 – 10 August 1980) was a British philosopher who made substantial contributions to logic, philosophy of language and philosophy of mind.

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Generalized quantifier

In formal semantics, a generalized quantifier (GQ) is an expression that denotes a set of sets. Donkey sentence and generalized quantifier are formal semantics (natural language), quantifier (logic) and semantics.

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Gilbert Harman

Gilbert Harman (May 26, 1938 – November 13, 2021) was an American philosopher, who taught at Princeton University from 1963 until his retirement in 2017.

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Grammaticality

In linguistics, grammaticality is determined by the conformity to language usage as derived by the grammar of a particular speech variety.

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Hans Kamp

Johan Anthony Willem "Hans" Kamp (born 5 September 1940) is a Dutch philosopher and linguist, responsible for introducing discourse representation theory (DRT) in 1981.

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Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.

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Irene Heim

Irene Roswitha Heim (born in Munich, Germany, on October 30, 1954) is a linguist and a leading specialist in semantics.

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John P. Burgess

John Patton Burgess (born 5 June 1948) is an American philosopher.

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Journal of Semantics

The Journal of Semantics is a leading international peer-reviewed journal of semantics of natural languages published by Oxford University Press.

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Language (journal)

Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by the Linguistic Society of America since 1925.

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Linguist List

The LINGUIST List is an online resource for the academic field of linguistics.

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Linguistic Inquiry

Linguistic Inquiry is a peer-reviewed academic journal in generative linguistics published by the MIT Press since 1970.

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Lisa Cheng (linguist)

Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng (born 1962) is a linguist with specialisation in theoretical syntax.

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Logical form

In logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely-specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system.

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Manfred Krifka

Manfred Krifka (born 26 April 1956 in Dachau) is a German linguist.

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Marcel Just

Marcel Just is D. O. Hebb Professor of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Material conditional

The material conditional (also known as material implication) is an operation commonly used in logic. Donkey sentence and material conditional are semantics.

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MIT Press

The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Modal logic

Modal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. Donkey sentence and Modal logic are semantics.

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Natural language

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation.

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Natural Language Semantics

Natural Language Semantics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of semantics published by Springer Science+Business Media.

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Nissim Francez

Nissim Francez (Hebrew: נסים פרנסיז; born: 19 January 1944) is an Israeli professor, emeritus in the computer science faculty at the Technion, and former head of computational linguistics laboratory in the faculty.

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Noun phrase

A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun.

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Peter Geach

Peter Thomas Geach (29 March 1916 – 21 December 2013) was a British philosopher who was Professor of Logic at the University of Leeds.

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Philosophy of language

In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world.

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Pompeu Fabra University

Pompeu Fabra University (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF,; Universidad Pompeu Fabra) is a public university located in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia in Spain.

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Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Donkey sentence and pronoun are pronouns.

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Richard Montague

Richard Merritt Montague (September 20, 1930 – March 7, 1971) was an American mathematician and philosopher who made contributions to mathematical logic and the philosophy of language.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Rutgers University

Rutgers University, officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a public land-grant research university consisting of four campuses in New Jersey.

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Scope (logic)

In logic, the scope of a quantifier or connective is the shortest formula in which it occurs, determining the range in the formula to which the quantifier or connective is applied. Donkey sentence and scope (logic) are quantifier (logic).

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Semantics

Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.

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Sense and reference

In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an idea of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.

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Stanford University centers and institutes

Stanford University has many centers and institutes dedicated to the study of various specific topics.

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Stephen Neale

Stephen Roy Albert Neale (born 9 January 1958) is a British philosopher and specialist in the philosophy of language who has written extensively about meaning, information, interpretation, and communication, and more generally about issues at the intersection of philosophy and linguistics.

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Supposition theory

Supposition theory was a branch of medieval logic that was probably aimed at giving accounts of issues similar to modern accounts of reference, plurality, tense, and modality, within an Aristotelian context.

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The Journal of Philosophy

The Journal of Philosophy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy, founded in 1904 at Columbia University.

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Theoretical Linguistics (journal)

Theoretical Linguistics is an international peer-reviewed journal of theoretical linguistics published by Mouton de Gruyter.

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Theory of descriptions

The theory of descriptions is the philosopher Bertrand Russell's most significant contribution to the philosophy of language.

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Thesis

A thesis (theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.

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Universal quantification

In mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any", "for all", or "for any". Donkey sentence and universal quantification are quantifier (logic).

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University of Massachusetts Amherst

The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) is a public land-grant research university in Amherst, Massachusetts.

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University of Texas at Austin

The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas.

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Variable (mathematics)

In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object.

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Walter Burley

Walter Burley (or Burleigh; 1275 – 1344/45) was an English scholastic philosopher and logician with at least 50 works attributed to him.

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Well-formed formula

In mathematical logic, propositional logic and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet that is part of a formal language.

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Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.

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Willard Van Orman Quine

Willard Van Orman Quine (known to his friends as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century".

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Word and Object

Word and Object is a 1960 work by the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in which the author expands upon the line of thought of his earlier writings in From a Logical Point of View (1953), and reformulates some of his earlier arguments, such as his attack in "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" on the analytic–synthetic distinction.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_sentence

Also known as Donkey anaphor, Donkey anaphora, Donkey pronoun, Donkey sentences.

, Peter Geach, Philosophy of language, Pompeu Fabra University, Pronoun, Richard Montague, Routledge, Rutgers University, Scope (logic), Semantics, Sense and reference, Stanford University centers and institutes, Stephen Neale, Supposition theory, The Journal of Philosophy, Theoretical Linguistics (journal), Theory of descriptions, Thesis, Universal quantification, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of Texas at Austin, Variable (mathematics), Walter Burley, Well-formed formula, Wiley-Blackwell, Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object.

Donkey sentence, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Pronouns

Quantifier (logic)

References