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Drake equation, the Glossary

The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy.^[1]

154 relations: Abiogenesis, Acta Astronautica, Active SETI, Ada Limón, Addison-Wesley, Alexander Zaitsev (astronomer), Anders Sandberg, Anthropic principle, Arecibo message, Artificial general intelligence, Astrobiology, Astrobiology (journal), Astrobiology Magazine, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomy & Geophysics, Astronomy Cast, Axial tilt, Bacteria, BBC, BBC Four, Bernard M. Oliver, Cambrian explosion, Cambridge University Press, Carbon Based Lifeforms, Carl Sagan, Cetacean intelligence, Civilization, Cosmos (Australian magazine), Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, David Brin, David Grinspoon, David J. Darling, Degrees of freedom (statistics), Directed panspermia, Enceladus, Epsilon Eridani, Ernst Mayr, Europa (moon), Europa Clipper, European Space Agency, Exoplanet, Extinction event, Extraterrestrial life, Francis Crick, Frank Drake, Galaxy, Gas giant, Gene Roddenberry, Giuseppe Cocconi, Global catastrophic risk, ... Expand index (104 more) »
1961 introductions
Astronomical controversies
Astronomical hypotheses
Fermi paradox
Interstellar messages

Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. Drake equation and Abiogenesis are astrobiology.

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Acta Astronautica

Acta Astronautica is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all fields of physical, engineering, life, and social sciences related to the peaceful scientific exploration of space.

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Active SETI (Active Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) is the attempt to send messages to intelligent extraterrestrial life. Drake equation and Active SETI are interstellar messages and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Ada Limón

Ada Limón (born March 28, 1976) is an American poet.

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Addison-Wesley

Addison–Wesley is an American publisher of textbooks and computer literature.

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Alexander Zaitsev (astronomer)

Aleksandr Leonidovich Zaitsev (Александр Леонидович Зайцев; 19 May 1945 – 29 November 2021) was a Russian and Soviet radio engineer and astronomer from Fryazino. Drake equation and Alexander Zaitsev (astronomer) are interstellar messages and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Anders Sandberg

Anders Sandberg (born 11 July 1972) is a Swedish researcher, futurist and transhumanist.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the hypothesis that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life. Drake equation and anthropic principle are astrobiology and astronomical hypotheses.

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Arecibo message

The Arecibo message is an interstellar radio message carrying basic information about humanity and Earth that was sent to the globular cluster Messier 13 in 1974. Drake equation and Arecibo message are interstellar messages and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Artificial general intelligence

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that matches or surpasses human capabilities across a wide range of cognitive tasks.

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Astrobiology

Astrobiology is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events.

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Astrobiology (journal)

Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe.

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Astrobiology Magazine

Astrobiology Magazine (exploring the solar system and beyond), or Astrobiology Mag, was an American, formerly NASA-sponsored, international online popular science magazine that contained popular science content, which referred to articles for the general reader on science and technology subjects.

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Astronomy & Astrophysics

Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical, observational, and instrumental astronomy and astrophysics.

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Astronomy & Geophysics

Astronomy & Geophysics (A&G) is a scientific journal and trade magazine published on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) by Oxford University Press.

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Astronomy Cast

Astronomy Cast is an educational nonprofit podcast discussing various topics in the field of astronomy.

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Axial tilt

In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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BBC Four

BBC Four is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned and operated by the BBC.

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Bernard M. Oliver

Bernard M. Oliver (May 17, 1916 – November 23, 1995), also known as Barney Oliver, was a scientist who made contributions in many fields, including radar, television, and computers.

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Cambrian explosion

The Cambrian explosion (also known as Cambrian radiation or Cambrian diversification) is an interval of time approximately in the Cambrian period of the early Paleozoic when a sudden radiation of complex life occurred, and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Carbon Based Lifeforms

Carbon Based Lifeforms is a Swedish electronic music duo formed in Gothenburg in 1996 by Johannes Hedberg and Daniel Vadestrid (né Ringström and formerly Segerstad).

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Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator. Drake equation and Carl Sagan are interstellar messages and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Cetacean intelligence

Cetacean intelligence is the overall intelligence and derived cognitive ability of aquatic mammals belonging in the infraorder Cetacea (cetaceans), including baleen whales, porpoises, and dolphins.

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Civilization

A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).

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Cosmos (Australian magazine)

Cosmos (subtitled The Science of Everything) is a science magazine published in Adelaide, South Australia, by CSIRO Publishing that covers science globally.

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Cosmos: A Personal Voyage

Cosmos: A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part, 1980–81 television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan as presenter.

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David Brin

Glen David Brin (born October 6, 1950) is an American science fiction author.

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David Grinspoon

David H. Grinspoon (born 1959) is an American astrobiologist.

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David J. Darling

David Darling (born 29 July 1953 in Glossop, Derbyshire) is an English astronomer, freelance science writer, and musician.

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Degrees of freedom (statistics)

In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary.

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Directed panspermia

Directed panspermia is a type of panspermia that implies the deliberate transport of microorganisms into space to be used as introduced species on other astronomical objects. Drake equation and Directed panspermia are astrobiology.

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Enceladus

Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 19th-largest in the Solar System.

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Epsilon Eridani

Epsilon Eridani (Latinized from ε Eridani), proper name Ran, is a star in the southern constellation of Eridanus.

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Ernst Mayr

Ernst Walter Mayr (5 July 1904 – 3 February 2005) was a German-American evolutionary biologist.

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Europa (moon)

Europa, or Jupiter II, is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet of all the 95 known moons of Jupiter.

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Europa Clipper

Europa Clipper (previously known as Europa Multiple Flyby Mission) is a space probe in development by NASA.

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European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA) is a 22-member intergovernmental body devoted to space exploration.

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Exoplanet

An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. Drake equation and exoplanet are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Extinction event

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.

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Extraterrestrial life, alien life, or colloquially simply aliens, is life which does not originate from Earth. Drake equation and Extraterrestrial life are astrobiology, astronomical controversies, interstellar messages and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Francis Crick

Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist.

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Frank Drake

Frank Donald Drake (May 28, 1930 – September 2, 2022) was an American astrophysicist and astrobiologist. Drake equation and Frank Drake are interstellar messages and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Galaxy

A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.

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Gas giant

A gas giant is a giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium.

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Gene Roddenberry

Eugene Wesley Roddenberry Sr. (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter and producer who created the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer.

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Giuseppe Cocconi

Giuseppe Cocconi (1914–2008) was an Italian physicist who was director of the Proton Synchrotron at CERN in Geneva. Drake equation and Giuseppe Cocconi are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Global catastrophic risk

A global catastrophic risk or a doomsday scenario is a hypothetical event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.

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Govert Schilling

Govert Schilling (born 30 November 1956) is a Dutch popular science writer and amateur astronomer.

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Gravitational microlensing

Gravitational microlensing is an astronomical phenomenon caused by the gravitational lens effect.

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Great Filter

The Great Filter is the idea that, in the development of life from the earliest stages of abiogenesis to reaching the highest levels of development on the Kardashev scale, there is a barrier to development that makes detectable extraterrestrial life exceedingly rare. Drake equation and Great Filter are Fermi paradox.

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Green Bank Observatory

The Green Bank Observatory (previously National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank) is an astronomical observatory located in the National Radio Quiet Zone in Green Bank, West Virginia, U.S. It is the operator of the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope, the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope.

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Green Bank, West Virginia

Green Bank is a census-designated place in Pocahontas County in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands inside the Allegheny Mountain Range.

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Habitability of red dwarf systems

The theorized habitability of red dwarf systems is determined by a large number of factors.

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Habitable zone

In astronomy and astrobiology, the habitable zone (HZ), or more precisely the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ), is the range of orbits around a star within which a planetary surface can support liquid water given sufficient atmospheric pressure. Drake equation and habitable zone are astronomical hypotheses and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Harlow Shapley

Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was an American scientist, head of the Harvard College Observatory (1921–1952), and political activist during the latter New Deal and Fair Deal.

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Hertz

The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second.

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Homo erectus

Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.

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Hot Jupiter

Hot Jupiters (sometimes called hot Saturns) are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are inferred to be physically similar to Jupiter but that have very short orbital periods (.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Hydrogen spectral series

The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen has been divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula.

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Hypothesis

A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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Icarus (journal)

ICARUS is a scientific journal dedicated to the field of planetary science.

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Initial mass function

In astronomy, the initial mass function (IMF) is an empirical function that describes the initial distribution of masses for a population of stars during star formation.

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Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

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International Journal of Astrobiology

The International Journal of Astrobiology (IJA) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2002 and published by Cambridge University Press that covers research on the prebiotic chemistry, origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life on Earth and beyond, SETI (Search for extraterrestrial intelligence), societal and educational aspects of astrobiology.

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Io9

io9 is a sub-blog of the technology blog Gizmodo that focuses on science fiction and fantasy pop culture, with former focuses on science, technology and futurism.

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John C. Lilly

John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 – September 30, 2001) at NNDB.

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Journal of the British Interplanetary Society

The Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1934.

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Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.

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K. Eric Drexler

Kim Eric Drexler (born April 25, 1955) is an American engineer best known for introducing molecular nanotechnology (MNT), and his studies of its potential from the 1970s and 1980s.

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Kepler space telescope

The Kepler space telescope is a defunct space telescope launched by NASA in 2009 to discover Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.

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Leslie Orgel

Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS (12 January 1927 – 27 October 2007) was a British chemist.

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Life

Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.

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Life on Mars

The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth. Drake equation and life on Mars are astrobiology and astronomical controversies.

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Light cone

In special and general relativity, a light cone (or "null cone") is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event (localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime.

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Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the American southwest.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.

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Mediocrity principle

The mediocrity principle is the philosophical notion that "if an item is drawn at random from one of several sets or categories, it's more likely to come from the most numerous category than from any one of the less numerous categories". Drake equation and mediocrity principle are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Melvin Calvin

Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 – January 8, 1997) was an American biochemist known for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

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Michael Okuda

Michael Okuda is an American graphic designer best known for his work on Star Trek including designing futuristic computer user interfaces known as "okudagrams".

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Michael Shermer

Michael Brant Shermer (born September 8, 1954) is an American science writer, historian of science, executive director of The Skeptics Society, and founding publisher of Skeptic magazine, a publication focused on investigating pseudoscientific and supernatural claims.

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Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.

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Monte Carlo method

Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.

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Multicellular organism

A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

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National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.

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Natural satellite

A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite).

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Nova

A nova (novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months.

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Nova (American TV program)

Nova (stylized as NOVΛ) is an American popular science television program produced by WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, since 1974.

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Nova ScienceNow

Nova ScienceNow (styled NOVΛ scienceNOW) is a spinoff of the long-running and venerable PBS science program Nova.

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Nuclear warfare

Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry.

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Nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread firestorms following a large-scale nuclear war.

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Observable universe

The observable universe is a ball-shaped region of the universe consisting of all matter that can be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present time; the electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.

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Orders of magnitude (numbers)

This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantities and probabilities.

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Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres

Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1968 covering astrobiology and origins of life research.

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Otto Struve

Otto Lyudvigovich Struve (Отто Людвигович Струве; 12 August 1897 – 6 April 1963) was a Ukrainian-American astronomer of Baltic German origin.

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Pascal Lee

Pascal Lee (born 1964) is co-founder and chairman of the Mars Institute, a planetary scientist at the SETI Institute, and the Principal Investigator of the Haughton–Mars Project (HMP) at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. Drake equation and Pascal Lee are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Philip Morrison

Philip Morrison (November 7, 1915 – April 22, 2005) was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Drake equation and Philip Morrison are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Physics Today

Physics Today is the membership magazine of the American Institute of Physics.

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Planet

A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself.

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Plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Probability theory

Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

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Project Ozma

Project Ozma was a search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) experiment started in 1960 by Cornell University astronomer Frank Drake, at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank at Green Bank, West Virginia. Drake equation and Project Ozma are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Proxima Centauri b

Proxima Centauri b (or Proxima b), also referred to as Alpha Centauri Cb, is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Sun and part of the larger triple star system Alpha Centauri.

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Radio spectrum

The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 3 Hz to 3,000 GHz (3 THz).

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Radio telescope

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky.

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Rare Earth hypothesis

In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity, such as sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms on Earth, and subsequently human intelligence, required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances. Drake equation and Rare Earth hypothesis are astrobiology, astronomical hypotheses and Fermi paradox.

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Red dwarf

A red dwarf is the smallest kind of star on the main sequence.

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Ronald Greeley

Ronald Greeley (August 25, 1939 – October 27, 2011) was a Regents’ Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE) at Arizona State University (ASU), the Director of the NASA-ASU Regional Planetary Image Facility (RPIF), and Principal Investigator of the Planetary Aeolian Laboratory at NASA-Ames Research Center.

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Sara Seager

Sara Seager (born 21 July 1971) is a Canadian–American astronomer and planetary scientist.

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Saturn

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Scientific American

Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other planets. Drake equation and search for extraterrestrial intelligence are astrobiology and interstellar messages.

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SETI Institute

The SETI Institute is a not-for-profit research organization incorporated in 1984 whose mission is to explore, understand, and explain the origin and nature of life in the universe, and to use this knowledge to inspire and guide present and future generations, sharing knowledge with the public, the press, and the government. Drake equation and SETI Institute are search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Skeptical Inquirer

Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American general-audience magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) with the subtitle: The Magazine for Science and Reason.

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Sky & Telescope

Sky & Telescope (S&T) is a monthly American magazine covering all aspects of amateur astronomy, including the following.

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Snowball Earth

The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis that proposes during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface became nearly entirely frozen with no liquid oceanic or surface water exposed to the atmosphere.

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Sociocultural evolution

Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or social evolution are theories of sociobiology and cultural evolution that describe how societies and culture change over time.

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Solar analog

Solar-type stars, solar analogs (also analogues), and solar twins are stars that are particularly similar to the Sun.

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Star

A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity.

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Star formation

Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions", collapse and form stars.

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Star system

A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction.

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Star Trek

Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon.

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Statistical hypothesis test

A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently support a particular hypothesis.

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Stellar evolution

Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of its lifetime and how it can lead to the creation of a new star.

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Su-Shu Huang

Su-Shu Huang (黃授書, April 16, 1915 – September 15, 1977) was a Chinese-born American astrophysicist.

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Supernova

A supernova (supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star.

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Tau Ceti

Tau Ceti, Latinized from τ Ceti, is a single star in the constellation Cetus that is spectrally similar to the Sun, although it has only about 78% of the Sun's mass.

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Technosignature

Technosignature or technomarker is any measurable property or effect that provides scientific evidence of past or present technology. Drake equation and Technosignature are astrobiology and search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Telepolis

Telepolis is a German Internet magazine, published by the Heinz Heise Verlag since the beginning of 1996.

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Terrestrial planet

A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate, rocks or metals.

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The Astrophysical Journal

The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, established in 1895 by American astronomers George Ellery Hale and James Edward Keeler.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Planetary Society

The Planetary Society is an American internationally-active non-governmental nonprofit organization.

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The Search for Life: The Drake Equation

The Search for Life: The Drake Equation is a 2010 BBC Four television documentary about that equation, which is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy.

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The Star Trek Encyclopedia

The Star Trek Encyclopedia: A Reference Guide to the Future is a 1994 encyclopedia of in-universe information from the Star Trek television series and films.

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The Sydney Morning Herald

The Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) is a daily tabloid newspaper published in Sydney, Australia, and owned by Nine.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Titan (moon)

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest in the Solar System.

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Toby Ord

Toby David Godfrey Ord (born July 1979) is an Australian philosopher.

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University of Nottingham

The University of Nottingham is a public research university in Nottingham, England.

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Wavelength

In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

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Wired (magazine)

Wired (stylized in all caps) is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.

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World of Sleepers

World of Sleepers is the second studio album by Swedish ambient duo Carbon Based Lifeforms, released in 2006.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation

Also known as Drake formula, Drake quation, Drake's Equation, Drake's formula, Eta-Earth, Green Bank Equation, Green Bank Formula, Greenbank equation, Necessary conditions extraterrestrial life, Necessary conditions for extraterrestrial life, Order of the Dolphin, Rfsfpnefififcl, Sagan equation, The Drake Equation, The Order of the Dolphin.

, Govert Schilling, Gravitational microlensing, Great Filter, Green Bank Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia, Habitability of red dwarf systems, Habitable zone, Harlow Shapley, Hertz, Homo erectus, Hot Jupiter, Hydrogen, Hydrogen spectral series, Hypothesis, Icarus (journal), Initial mass function, Intelligence, International Journal of Astrobiology, Io9, John C. Lilly, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Jupiter, K. Eric Drexler, Kepler space telescope, Leslie Orgel, Life, Life on Mars, Light cone, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Angeles Times, Mediocrity principle, Melvin Calvin, Michael Okuda, Michael Shermer, Milky Way, Monte Carlo method, Multicellular organism, NASA, National Geographic, Natural satellite, Nature (journal), Nova, Nova (American TV program), Nova ScienceNow, Nuclear warfare, Nuclear winter, Observable universe, Orders of magnitude (numbers), Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Otto Struve, Pascal Lee, PBS, Philip Morrison, Physics Today, Planet, Plate tectonics, Princeton University Press, Probability theory, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Project Ozma, Proxima Centauri b, Radio spectrum, Radio telescope, Rare Earth hypothesis, Red dwarf, Ronald Greeley, Sara Seager, Saturn, Science (journal), Scientific American, Scientific method, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence, SETI Institute, Skeptical Inquirer, Sky & Telescope, Snowball Earth, Sociocultural evolution, Solar analog, Star, Star formation, Star system, Star Trek, Statistical hypothesis test, Stellar evolution, Su-Shu Huang, Supernova, Tau Ceti, Technosignature, Telepolis, Terrestrial planet, The Astrophysical Journal, The New York Times, The Planetary Society, The Search for Life: The Drake Equation, The Star Trek Encyclopedia, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Washington Post, Titan (moon), Toby Ord, University of Nottingham, Wavelength, Wired (magazine), World of Sleepers, YouTube.

Drake equation, the Glossary

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