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Earl, the Glossary

Earl is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom.^[1]

230 relations: Adulterine castle, Alexander II of Scotland, Amice, Countess of Rochefort, Ancient borough, Anglo-Normans, Anglo-Saxon charters, Anglophile, Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon, Battle of Lincoln (1141), Battle of the Standard, Beorn Estrithson, Bishop, British royal family, Buffer state, Cnut, Coat of arms, Collins English Dictionary, Comes, Cornish language, Coronation, Coroner, Coronet, Count, County of Meulan, County palatine, Courtesy title, Culture of Wales, Cunt, David I of Scotland, Diana, Princess of Wales, Domesday Book, Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare, Duchy, Duchy of Normandy, Duke of Leinster, Duke of Somerset, Dux, Eadric Streona, Ealdorman, Earl of Arundel, Earl of Bedford, Earl of Buckingham, Earl of Cambridge, Earl of Carrick (Ireland), Earl of Chester, Earl of Cornwall, Earl of Derby, Earl of Devon, ... Expand index (180 more) »
Earldoms
Earls
Peerages in the United Kingdom

Adulterine castle

Adulterine castles were fortifications built in England during the 12th century without royal approval, particularly during the civil war of the Anarchy between 1139 and 1154.

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Alexander II of Scotland

Alexander II (Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Uilleim; 24 August 1198 – 6 July 1249) was King of Alba (Scotland) from 1214 until his death.

See Earl and Alexander II of Scotland

Amice, Countess of Rochefort

Amice (died 1215) was a Countess of Rochefort and suo jure countess of Leicester.

See Earl and Amice, Countess of Rochefort

Ancient borough

An ancient borough was a historic unit of lower-tier local government in England and Wales.

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Anglo-Normans

The Anglo-Normans (Anglo-Normaunds, Engel-Norðmandisca) were the medieval ruling class in the Kingdom of England following the Norman Conquest.

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Anglo-Saxon charters

Anglo-Saxon charters are documents from the early medieval period in England which typically made a grant of land or recorded a privilege.

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Anglophile

An Anglophile is a person who admires or loves England, its people, its culture, its language, and/or its various accents.

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Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford

Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (– 26 December 1194) was an English noble involved in the succession conflict between King Stephen and Empress Matilda in the mid-twelfth century.

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Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia

Ælfgar (died) was the son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, by his famous wife Godgifu (Lady Godiva).

See Earl and Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia

Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon

Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon (died 4 June 1155), feudal baron of Plympton in Devon, was the son of Richard de Redvers and his wife Adeline Peverel.

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Battle of Lincoln (1141)

The Battle of Lincoln, or the First Battle of Lincoln, occurred on 2 February 1141 in Lincoln, England between King Stephen of England and forces loyal to Empress Matilda.

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Battle of the Standard

The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Moor near Northallerton in Yorkshire, England.

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Beorn Estrithson

Beorn Estrithson (died 1049) was the son of Jarl Ulf and Estrid Svendsdatter, sister of Cnut the Great.

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Bishop

A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.

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British royal family

The British royal family comprises King Charles III and his close relations.

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Buffer state

A buffer state is a country geographically lying between two rival or potentially hostile great powers.

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Cnut (Knútr; c. 990 – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute and with the epithet the Great, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035.

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Coat of arms

A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments).

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Collins English Dictionary

The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English.

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Comes

Comes (comites), often translated as count, was a Roman title or office.

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Cornish language

Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family.

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Coronation

A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a crown upon a monarch's head.

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Coroner

A coroner is a government or judicial official who is empowered to conduct or order an inquest into the manner or cause of death.

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Coronet

In British heraldry, a coronet is any crown whose bearer is less than sovereign or royal in rank, irrespective of the crown's appearance.

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Count

Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Earl and count are Men's social titles.

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County of Meulan

In the Middle Ages, the county of Meulan was a county of Île-de-France.

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County palatine

In England, Wales and Ireland a county palatine or palatinate was an area ruled by a hereditary nobleman enjoying special authority and autonomy from the rest of a kingdom.

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Courtesy title

A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but is rather used by custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title).

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Culture of Wales

The culture of Wales is distinct, with its own language, customs, festivals, music, art, mythology, history, and politics. Wales is primarily represented by the symbol of the red Welsh Dragon, but other national emblems include the leek and the daffodil.

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Cunt

Cunt is a vulgar word for the vulva.

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David I of Scotland

David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern Gaelic: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; – 24 May 1153) was a 12th century ruler and saint who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153.

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Diana, Princess of Wales

Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family.

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Domesday Book

Domesday Book (the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of King William the Conqueror.

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Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare

Donald McCarthy Mór, 1st Earl of Clancare (died 1596) was the eldest surviving son of Donald MacCormac Ladrach MacCarthy Mor.

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Duchy

A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess, a ruler hierarchically second to the king or queen in Western European tradition.

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Duchy of Normandy

The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.

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Duke of Leinster

Duke of Leinster is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier dukedom in that peerage.

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Duke of Somerset

Duke of Somerset, from the county of Somerset, is a title that has been created five times in the peerage of England.

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Dux

Dux (ducēs) is Latin for "leader" (from the noun dux, ducis, "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, dux could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.

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Eadric Streona

Eadric Streona (died 1017) was Ealdorman of Mercia from 1007 until he was killed by King Cnut.

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Ealdorman

Ealdorman was an office in the government of Anglo-Saxon England.

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Earl of Arundel

Earl of Arundel is a title of nobility in England, and one of the oldest extant in the English peerage.

See Earl and Earl of Arundel

Earl of Bedford

Earl of Bedford is a title that has been created three times in the Peerage of England and is currently a subsidiary title of the Dukes of Bedford.

See Earl and Earl of Bedford

Earl of Buckingham

Earl of Buckingham is a peerage title created several times in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Cambridge

The title of Earl of Cambridge was created several times in the Peerage of England, and since 1362 the title has been closely associated with the Royal family (see also Duke of Cambridge, Marquess of Cambridge).

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Earl of Carrick (Ireland)

Earl of Carrick, in the barony of Iffa and Offa East, County Tipperary, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland.

See Earl and Earl of Carrick (Ireland)

Earl of Chester

The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in medieval England, extending principally over the counties of Cheshire and Flintshire.

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Earl of Cornwall

The title of Earl of Cornwall was created several times in the Peerage of England before 1337, when it was superseded by the title Duke of Cornwall, which became attached to heirs-apparent to the throne.

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Earl of Derby

Earl of Derby is a title in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Devon

Earl of Devon is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of England.

See Earl and Earl of Devon

Earl of Dunbar

The title Earl of Dunbar, also called Earl of Lothian or Earl of March, applied to the head of a comital lordship in south-eastern Scotland between the early 12th century and the early 15th century.

See Earl and Earl of Dunbar

Earl of East Anglia

The Earls of East Anglia were governors of East Anglia during the 11th century.

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Earl of Essex

Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England.

See Earl and Earl of Essex

Earl of Fife

The Earl of Fife or Mormaer of Fife was the ruler of the province of Fife in medieval Scotland, which encompassed the modern counties of Fife and Kinross.

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Earl of Gloucester

The title of Earl of Gloucester was created several times in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Hereford

Earl of Hereford is a title in the ancient feudal nobility of England, encompassing the region of Herefordshire, England.

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Earl of Huntingdon

Earl of Huntingdon is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Kent

The peerage title Earl of Kent has been created eight times in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

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Earl of Lincoln

Earl of Lincoln is a title that has been created eight times in the Peerage of England, most recently in 1572.

See Earl and Earl of Lincoln

Earl of Mercia

Earl of Mercia was a title in the late Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Danish, and early Anglo-Norman period in England.

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Earl of Norfolk

Earl of Norfolk is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Northampton

Earl of Northampton is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times.

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Earl of Northumbria

Earl of Northumbria or Ealdorman of Northumbria was a title in the late Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Scandinavian and early Anglo-Norman period in England.

See Earl and Earl of Northumbria

Earl of Oxford

Earl of Oxford is a dormant title in the Peerage of England, first created for Aubrey de Vere by the Empress Matilda in 1141.

See Earl and Earl of Oxford

Earl of Pembroke

Earl of Pembroke is a title in the Peerage of England that was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England.

See Earl and Earl of Pembroke

Earl of Salisbury

Earl of Salisbury is a title that has been created several times in English and British history.

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Earl of Shrewsbury

Earl of Shrewsbury is a hereditary title of nobility created twice in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Stockton

Earl of Stockton is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

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Earl of Strathearn

Earl or Mormaer of Strathearn is a title of Scottish nobility, referring to the region of Strathearn in southern Perthshire.

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Earl of Surrey

Earl of Surrey is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times.

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Earl of Ulster

The title of Earl of Ulster has been created six times in the Peerage of Ireland and twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Earl of Ulster

Earl of Warwick

Earl of Warwick is one of the most prestigious titles in the peerages of the United Kingdom.

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Earl of Wessex

Earl of Wessex is a title that has been created twice in British history – once in the pre-Conquest Anglo-Saxon nobility of England, and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

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Earl of Winchester

Earl of Winchester was a title that was created three times in the Peerage of England during the Middle Ages.

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Earl of Worcester

Earl of Worcester is a title that has been created five times in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of York

In Anglo-Saxon England, the Earl of York or Ealdorman of York was the ruler of the southern half of Northumbria.

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Edward II of England

Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also known as Edward of Caernarfon or Caernarvon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327.

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Edward III of England

Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England from January 1327 until his death in 1377.

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Edward the Confessor

Edward the Confessor (1003 – 5 January 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon English king and saint. Usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, he ruled from 1042 until his death in 1066. Edward was the son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy. He succeeded Cnut the Great's son – and his own half-brother – Harthacnut.

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Edward the Elder

Edward the Elder (870s?17 July 924) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 until his death in 924.

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Edwin, Earl of Mercia

Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine) (died 1071) was the elder brother of Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, son of Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia and grandson of Leofric, Earl of Mercia.

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Eiríkr Hákonarson

Erik Hakonsson, also known as Eric of Hlathir or Eric of Norway (960s – 1020s), was Earl of Lade, Governor of Norway and Earl of Northumbria.

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Empire of Japan

The Empire of Japan, also referred to as the Japanese Empire, Imperial Japan, or simply Japan, was the Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the reformed Constitution of Japan in 1947.

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Empress Matilda

Empress Matilda (10 September 1167), also known as Empress Maud, was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy.

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English Channel

The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France.

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English feudal barony

In the kingdom of England, a feudal barony or barony by tenure was the highest degree of feudal land tenure, namely per baroniam (Latin for "by barony"), under which the land-holder owed the service of being one of the king's barons.

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Feudal barony of Dunster

The feudal barony of Dunster was an English feudal barony with its caput at Dunster Castle in Somerset.

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Fief

A fief (feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law.

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Flight of the Earls

The Flight of the Earls (Imeacht na nIarlaí) took place in September 1607, when Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and about ninety followers, left Ulster in Ireland for mainland Europe.

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Forum shopping is a colloquial term for the practice of litigants taking actions to have their legal case heard in the court they believe is most likely to provide a favorable judgment.

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France in the Middle Ages

The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the House of Plantagenet and their Angevin Empire, culminating in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic Black Death in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.

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Frederic William Maitland

Frederic William Maitland (28 May 1850 –) was an English historian and jurist who is regarded as the modern father of English legal history.

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Fyrd

A fyrd was a type of early Anglo-Saxon army that was mobilised from freemen or paid men to defend their Shire's lords estate, or from selected representatives to join a royal expedition.

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Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex

Geoffrey de Mandeville II, 1st Earl of Essex (died September 1144) was a prominent figure during the reign of King Stephen of England.

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Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford

Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (–1152), feudal baron of Clare in Suffolk, was created Earl of Hertford by King Stephen.

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Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke

Gilbert fitz Gilbert de Clare (6 January 1148), was created Earl of Pembroke in 1138.

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Glamorgan

Until 1974, Glamorgan, or sometimes Glamorganshire (Morgannwg or Sir Forgannwg), was an administrative county in the south of Wales, and later classed as one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales.

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Government in Anglo-Saxon England

Government in Anglo-Saxon England covers English government during the Anglo-Saxon period from the 5th century until the Norman Conquest in 1066.

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Gyrth Godwinson

Gyrth Godwinson (Old English: Gyrð Godƿinson; 1032 – 14 October 1066) was the fourth son of Earl Godwin, and thus a younger brother of Harold Godwinson.

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Harold Godwinson

Harold Godwinson (– 14 October 1066), also called Harold II, was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon English king.

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Harold Macmillan

Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.

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Henry I of England

Henry I (– 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135.

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Henry II of England

Henry II, also known as Henry Fitzempress and Henry Curtmantle, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189.

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Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272.

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Henry of Scotland

Henry of Scotland (Eanric mac Dabíd, 1114 – 12 June 1152) was heir apparent to the Kingdom of Alba.

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Heraldry

Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree.

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Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746

The Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 (20 Geo. 2. c. 43) was an Act of Parliament passed in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745 abolishing judicial rights held by Scots heritors.

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History of the English monarchy

The history of the English monarchy covers the reigns of English kings and queens from the 9th century to 1707.

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House of Godwin

The House of Godwin (Old English: Godƿin) was an Anglo-Saxon family who were one of the leading noble families in England during the last fifty years before the Norman Conquest.

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House of Normandy

The House of Normandy (Maison de Nouormandie) designates the noble family which originates from the Duchy of Normandy and whose members were dukes of Normandy, counts of Rouen, as well as kings of England following the Norman conquest of England.

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Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent

Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (c. 1170 – before 5 May 1243) was an English nobleman who served as Chief Justiciar of England (1215–1232) and Justiciar of Ireland (1232) during the reigns of King John and his son and successor King Henry III and, as Regent of England (1219–1227) during Henry's minority, was one of the most influential and powerful men in English politics in the thirteenth century.

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Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk

Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1095–1177) was the second son of Roger Bigod (also known as Roger Bigot) (died 1107), sheriff of Norfolk and royal advisor, and Adeliza, daughter of Robert de Todeni.

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Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester

Hugh d'Avranches (1047 – 27 July 1101), nicknamed le Gros (the Large) or Lupus (the Wolf), was from 1071 the second Norman Earl of Chester and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.

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Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford

Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford (born 1106) was Earl of Bedford from 1137 to 1141.

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Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster

Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster (c. 1176after December 26, 1242) was an Anglo-Norman soldier and peer.

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Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone

Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone (Irish: Aodh Mór Ó Néill; literally Hugh the Great O'Neill; – 20 July 1616) was an Irish Gaelic lord and key figure of the Irish Nine Years' War.

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Irish language

Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.

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Jacobite rising of 1745

The Jacobite rising of 1745 was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, when the bulk of the British Army was fighting in mainland Europe, and proved to be the last in a series of revolts that began in March 1689, with major outbreaks in 1715 and 1719.

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James, Earl of Wessex

James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex (born 17 December 2007), styled Viscount Severn from 2007 until 2023, is the younger child and son of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh and Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh.

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Jarl

Jarl is a rank of the nobility in Scandinavia. Earl and Jarl are Men's social titles.

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John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan

Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (born 18 December 1934 – disappeared 8 November 1974, declared dead 3 February 2016), commonly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer and an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, the eldest son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan, and Kaitlin Dawson.

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John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon

John of Scotland (or John de Scotia or John le Scot), 9th Earl of Huntingdon and 7th Earl of Chester (c. 12076 June 1237), sometimes known as "the Scot", was an Anglo-Scottish magnate, the son of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon by his wife Matilda of Chester, daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc.

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John, King of England

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216.

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Justice of the peace

A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower court, elected or appointed by means of a commission (letters patent) to keep the peace.

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Justiciar

Justiciar is the English form of the medieval Latin term or (meaning "judge" or "justice").

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Kazoku

The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947.

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Lady

Lady is a term for a woman who behaves in a polite way.

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Legitimacy (family law)

Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.

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Leofric, Earl of Mercia

Leofric (died 31 August or 30 September 1057) was an Earl of Mercia.

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Leofwine Godwinson

Leofwine Godwinson (c. 1035 – 14 October 1066) was a younger brother of King Harold Godwinson, the fifth son of Earl Godwin.

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Leofwine, Ealdorman of the Hwicce

Leofwine (died in or after 1023) was appointed Ealdorman of the Hwicce by King Æthelred the Unready of England in 994.

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List of earls in the reign of Edward III of England

The following individuals were Earls (suo jure or jure uxoris) or Countesses (suo jure) during the reign of King Edward III of England who reigned from 1327 to 1377.

See Earl and List of earls in the reign of Edward III of England

List of earls in the reign of Henry II of England

The following individuals were Earls (suo jure or jure uxoris) or Countesses (suo jure) during the reign of King Henry II of England who reigned from 1154 to 1189.

See Earl and List of earls in the reign of Henry II of England

List of earls in the reign of Henry III of England

The following individuals were Earls (suo jure, jure uxoris or jure matris) or Countesses (suo jure) during the reign of Henry III of England who reigned from 1216 to 1272.

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List of earls in the reign of King Stephen

The following individuals were Earls (suo jure or jure uxoris) or Countesses (suo jure) during the reign of Stephen, King of England who reigned from 1135 to 1154.

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List of English chief ministers

Chief minister is a term used retroactively by historians to describe servants of the English monarch who presided over the government of England, and after 1707, Great Britain, before 1721.

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List of French monarchs

France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

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List of Irish kingdoms

This article lists some of the attested Gaelic kingdoms of early medieval Ireland prior to the Norman invasion of 1169-72.

See Earl and List of Irish kingdoms

Lord

Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. Earl and Lord are Men's social titles.

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Lordship of Glamorgan

The Lordship of Glamorgan was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships.

See Earl and Lordship of Glamorgan

Lordship of Ireland

The Lordship of Ireland (Tiarnas na hÉireann), sometimes referred to retrospectively as Anglo-Norman Ireland, was the part of Ireland ruled by the King of England (styled as "Lord of Ireland") and controlled by loyal Anglo-Norman Lords between 1177 and 1542.

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Manorial court

The manorial courts were the lowest courts of law in England during the feudal period.

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Manorialism

Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, was the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages.

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Marcher lord

A marcher lord was a noble appointed by the king of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales.

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Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent

Margaret of Scotland (1193 – 25 November 1259) was a daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland and his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont.

See Earl and Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent

Marquess

A marquess (marquis) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. Earl and marquess are Men's social titles.

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Marquess of Hertford

The titles of Earl of Hertford and Marquess of Hertford have been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain.

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Midlands

The Midlands is the central part of England, bordered by Wales, Northern England, Southern England and the North Sea.

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Monarchy of Ireland

Monarchical systems of government have existed in Ireland from ancient times.

See Earl and Monarchy of Ireland

Morcar

Morcar (or Morcere) (Mōrcǣr, Mǫrukári) (died after 1087) was the son of Ælfgār (earl of Mercia) and brother of Ēadwine.

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Mormaer

In early medieval Scotland, a mormaer was the Gaelic name for a regional or provincial ruler, theoretically second only to the King of Scots, and the senior of a Toísech (chieftain).

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Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond

Murrough O'Brien, 1st Baron of Inchiquin, 1st Earl of Thomond (Murchadh an Tánaiste Ó Briain) (died 7 November 1551) was an Irish peer, Chief of Clan O'Brien, and the last King of Thomond.

See Earl and Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond

Nobility

Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy.

See Earl and Nobility

Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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Norman invasion of Wales

The Norman invasion of Wales began shortly after the Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror, who believed England to be his birthright.

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North Sea Empire

The North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age.

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Odo of Bayeux

Odo of Bayeux (died 1097) was Bishop of Bayeux in Normandy, and was also made Earl of Kent in England following the Norman Conquest.

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Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Old Norse

Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.

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Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan

Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan (1655 – 21 August 1693) was an Irish soldier and Jacobite.

See Earl and Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan

Patrick, 1st Earl of Salisbury

Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1122 – 1168) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman, and the uncle of the famous William Marshal.

See Earl and Patrick, 1st Earl of Salisbury

Pearl

A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as fossil conulariids.

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Peerage

A peerage is a legal system historically comprising various hereditary titles (and sometimes non-hereditary titles) in a number of countries, and composed of assorted noble ranks.

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Peerage of England

The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. Earl and peerage of England are peerages in the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Peerage of England

Peerage of Great Britain

The Peerage of Great Britain comprises all extant peerages created in the Kingdom of Great Britain between the Acts of Union 1707 and the Acts of Union 1800. Earl and peerage of Great Britain are peerages in the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Peerage of Great Britain

Peerage of Ireland

The Peerage of Ireland consists of those titles of nobility created by the English monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland, or later by monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Earl and Peerage of Ireland are peerages in the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Peerage of Ireland

Peerage of Scotland

The Peerage of Scotland (Moraireachd na h-Alba; Peerage o Scotland) is one of the five divisions of peerages in the United Kingdom and for those peers created by the King of Scots before 1707. Earl and peerage of Scotland are peerages in the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Peerage of Scotland

Peerage of the United Kingdom

The Peerage of the United Kingdom is one of the five Peerages in the United Kingdom. Earl and Peerage of the United Kingdom are peerages in the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Peerage of the United Kingdom

Peerages in the United Kingdom

Peerages in the United Kingdom form a legal system comprising both hereditary and lifetime titles, composed of various ranks, and within the framework of the Constitution of the United Kingdom form a constituent part of the legislative process and the British honours system.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Phonetics

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign.

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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.

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Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.

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Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (Edward Antony Richard Louis; born 10 March 1964) is a member of the British royal family.

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Ralph the Timid

Ralph the Timid, also known as Ralf of Mantes (died 1057), was Earl of Hereford between 1051 and 1055 or 1057.

See Earl and Ralph the Timid

Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim

Randall MacSorley MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim, PC (Ire) (died 1636), rebelled together with Tyrone and Tyrconnell in the Nine Years' War but having succeeded his brother, Sir James mac Sorley MacDonnell, as Lord of the Route and the Glynns in 1601, he submitted to Mountjoy, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, in 1602.

See Earl and Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim

Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester

Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester and 1st Earl of Lincoln (1170 – 26 October 1232), known in some references as the 4th Earl of Chester (in the second lineage of the title after the original family line was broken after the 2nd Earl), was one of the "old school" of Anglo-Norman barons whose loyalty to the Angevin dynasty was consistent but contingent on the receipt of lucrative favours.

See Earl and Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester

Regality

A regality was a territorial jurisdiction in old Scots law which might be created by the King or Queen only, by granting lands to a subject in liberam regalitatem, and the tract of land over which such a right extended.

See Earl and Regality

Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall

Reginald de Dunstanville (c. 1110 – 1 July 1175) (alias Reginald FitzRoy, Reginald FitzHenry, Rainald, etc., French: Renaud de Donstanville or de Dénestanville) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and an illegitimate son of King Henry I (1100–1135).

See Earl and Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall

Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

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Revolt of the Earls

The Revolt of the Earls in 1075 was a rebellion of three earls against William I of England (William the Conqueror).

See Earl and Revolt of the Earls

Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty

Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, 1st Marquess of Heusden (19 May 1767 – 24 November 1837), styled The Honourable from 1797 to 1803 and then Viscount Dunlo to 1805, was an Anglo-Irish peer, a nobleman in the Dutch nobility, and a diplomat.

See Earl and Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty

Richard, Count of Évreux

Richard, Count of Évreux (c.1015–1067) was a powerful Norman nobleman during the reign of William Duke of Normandy.

See Earl and Richard, Count of Évreux

Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester

Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (1104 – 5 April 1168) was Justiciar of England 1155–1168.

See Earl and Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester

Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester

Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester (died circa 21 October 1204) (Latinized to de Bellomonte ("from the beautiful mountain")) was an English nobleman, the last of the Beaumont earls of Leicester.

See Earl and Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester

Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby

Robert I de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby (1068 – 1139) was born in Derbyshire, England, a younger son of Henry de Ferrières and his wife Bertha (perhaps l'Aigle).

See Earl and Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby

Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester

Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester (c. 1090 – 31 October 1147David Crouch, 'Robert, first earl of Gloucester (b. c. 1090, d. 1147)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006) (alias Robert Rufus, Robert de Caen (Latinised to Robertus de Cadomo), Robert Consul) was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England.

See Earl and Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester

Robert, Count of Eu

Robert, Count of Eu and Lord of Hastings (d. between 1089 and 1093), son of William I, Count of Eu, and his wife Lesceline.

See Earl and Robert, Count of Eu

Robert, Count of Mortain

Robert, Count of Mortain, first Earl of Cornwall of 2nd creation (–) was a Norman nobleman and the half-brother (on their mother's side) of King William the Conqueror.

See Earl and Robert, Count of Mortain

Roger de Montgomery

Roger de Montgomery (died 1094), also known as Roger the Great, was the first Earl of Shrewsbury, and Earl of Arundel, in Sussex.

See Earl and Roger de Montgomery

Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell

Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (Irish: Ruaidrí Ó Domhnaill, 1d Iarla na Tír Chonaill; 1575 – 28 July 1608), was an Irish Gaelic lord and the last King of Tyrconnell. He was a younger brother of Hugh Roe O'Donnell and in 1603 became the first to be styled the Earl of Tyrconnell.

See Earl and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell

Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester

Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester (c. 11553 November 1219) was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against John, King of England, and a major figure in both the kingdoms of Scotland and England in the decades around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

See Earl and Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester

Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Earl and Scotland

Scots language

ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots.

See Earl and Scots language

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.

See Earl and Scottish Gaelic

Sheriff court

A sheriff court (Cùirt an t-Siorraim) is the principal local civil and criminal court in Scotland, with exclusive jurisdiction over all civil cases with a monetary value up to, and with the jurisdiction to hear any criminal case except treason, murder, and rape, which are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court of Justiciary.

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Shire

Shire (also) is a traditional term for an administrative division of land in Great Britain and some other English-speaking countries such as Australia.

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Shire court

A shire court, or moot was an Anglo-Saxon government institution, used to maintain law and order at a local level, and perform various administrative functions, including the collection of taxes for the central government.

See Earl and Shire court

Silver

Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag (derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₂erǵ'')) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.

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Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester

Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (– 25 June 1218), known as Simon IV (or V) de Montfort and as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was a French nobleman and knight of the early 13th century.

See Earl and Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester

Siward, Earl of Northumbria

Siward (or more recently; Siƿard) or Sigurd (Sigeweard, Sigurðr digri) was an important earl of 11th-century northern England.

See Earl and Siward, Earl of Northumbria

Stephen Baxter (historian)

Stephen David Baxter (born 1969) is a British historian.

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Stephen, King of England

Stephen (1092 or 1096 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154.

See Earl and Stephen, King of England

Strawberry

The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria in the rose family, Rosaceae, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit.

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Surrender and regrant

During the Tudor conquest of Ireland (c.1540–1603), "surrender and regrant" was the legal mechanism by which Irish clans were to be converted from a power structure rooted in clan and kin loyalties, to a late-feudal system under the English legal system.

See Earl and Surrender and regrant

Sweyn Godwinson

Sweyn Godwinson (Swegen Godƿinson) (1020 – 1052), also spelled Swein, was the eldest son of Earl Godwin of Wessex, and brother of Harold II of England.

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The Anarchy

The Anarchy was a civil war in England and Normandy between 1138 and 1153, which resulted in a widespread breakdown in law and order.

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Thegn

In later Anglo-Saxon England, a thegn (pronounced; Old English: þeġn) or thane (or thayn in Shakespearean English) was an aristocrat who owned substantial land in one or more counties.

See Earl and Thegn

Thorkell the Tall

Thorkell the Tall, also known as Thorkell the High in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Old Norse: Þorke(ti)ll inn hávi; Torkjell Høge; Swedish: Torkel Höge; Torkild den Høje), was a prominent member of the Jomsviking order and a notable lord.

See Earl and Thorkell the Tall

Tir Iarll

paren), is the traditional name of an area of Glamorgan, Wales, which has long had a particular resonance in Welsh culture. In medieval times Tir Iarll was a cwmwd covering the present-day parishes of Llangynwyd, Betws, Cynffig and Margam. It long preserved traditional customs, notably the Mari Lwyd or Grey Mare.

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Tostig Godwinson

Tostig Godwinson (102925 September 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and brother of King Harold Godwinson.

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Tudor conquest of Ireland

The Tudor conquest (or reconquest) of Ireland took place during the 16th century under the Tudor dynasty, which ruled the Kingdom of England.

See Earl and Tudor conquest of Ireland

Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde

Ulick na gCeann Burke, 12th Clanricarde or Mac William Uachtar, 1st Earl of Clanricarde (died 1544; styled MacWilliam, and na-gCeann, meaning "of the Heads", "having made a mount of the heads of men slain in battle which he covered up with earth") was an Irish noble and son of Richard Mór Burke, 9th Clanricarde (d.

See Earl and Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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Viceroy

A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

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Vill

Vill is a term used in English, Welsh and Irish history to describe a basic rural land unit, roughly comparable to that of a parish, manor, village or tithing.

See Earl and Vill

Viscount

A viscount (for male) or viscountess (for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status. Earl and viscount are Men's social titles.

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Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester

Waleran de Beaumont (1104–1166) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman.

See Earl and Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester

Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria (Wallef, Valþjóf) (died 31 May 1076) was the last of the Anglo-Saxon earls and the only English aristocrat to be executed during the reign of William I.

See Earl and Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

Welsh language

Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.

See Earl and Welsh language

Welsh Marches

The Welsh Marches (Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.

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William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel

William d'Aubigny (c. 1109Unknown), also known as William d'Albini, William de Albini and William de Albini II, was an English nobleman.

See Earl and William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel

William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle

William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle (died 1260) (Latinised as de Fortibus, sometimes spelt Deforce) played a conspicuous part in the reign of Henry III of England, notably in the Mad Parliament of 1258.

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William de Mohun, 1st Earl of Somerset

William de Mohun of Dunster, Earl of Somerset (c. 1090 – c. 1155), 2nd feudal baron of Dunster, was a favourite of Empress Matilda and a loyal supporter of her in the war against King Stephen, during which he earned the epithet of the "Scourge of the West".

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William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln

William de Romare (born c. 1096) (also Roumare or Romayre or Romay) was the Earl of Lincoln, 2nd Baron of Kendal, Lord of Bolingbroke.

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William II of England

William II (Williame; – 2 August 1100) was King of England from 26 September 1087 until his death in 1100, with powers over Normandy and influence in Scotland.

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William le Gros, Earl of York

William le Gros, William le Gras, William d'Aumale, William Crassus (died 20 August 1179) was Earl of York and Lord of Holderness in the English peerage and the Count of Aumale in France.

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William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne

William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Anglo-Irish Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782–83 during the final months of the American War of Independence.

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William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror (Bates William the Conqueror p. 33– 9 September 1087), sometimes called William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England (as William I), reigning from 1066 until his death.

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Witan

The witan was the king's council in the Anglo-Saxon government of England from before the 7th century until the 11th century.

See Earl and Witan

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl

Also known as Countess (feminine form of earl), Earldom, Earldoms, Earls, Earls in the United Kingdom.

, Earl of Dunbar, Earl of East Anglia, Earl of Essex, Earl of Fife, Earl of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, Earl of Huntingdon, Earl of Kent, Earl of Lincoln, Earl of Mercia, Earl of Norfolk, Earl of Northampton, Earl of Northumbria, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Pembroke, Earl of Salisbury, Earl of Shrewsbury, Earl of Stockton, Earl of Strathearn, Earl of Surrey, Earl of Ulster, Earl of Warwick, Earl of Wessex, Earl of Winchester, Earl of Worcester, Earl of York, Edward II of England, Edward III of England, Edward the Confessor, Edward the Elder, Edwin, Earl of Mercia, Eiríkr Hákonarson, Empire of Japan, Empress Matilda, English Channel, English feudal barony, Feudal barony of Dunster, Fief, Flight of the Earls, Forum shopping, France in the Middle Ages, Frederic William Maitland, Fyrd, Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford, Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke, Glamorgan, Government in Anglo-Saxon England, Gyrth Godwinson, Harold Godwinson, Harold Macmillan, Henry I of England, Henry II of England, Henry III of England, Henry of Scotland, Heraldry, Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, History of the English monarchy, House of Godwin, House of Normandy, Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester, Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford, Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, Irish language, Jacobite rising of 1745, James, Earl of Wessex, Jarl, John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, John, King of England, Justice of the peace, Justiciar, Kazoku, Lady, Legitimacy (family law), Leofric, Earl of Mercia, Leofwine Godwinson, Leofwine, Ealdorman of the Hwicce, List of earls in the reign of Edward III of England, List of earls in the reign of Henry II of England, List of earls in the reign of Henry III of England, List of earls in the reign of King Stephen, List of English chief ministers, List of French monarchs, List of Irish kingdoms, Lord, Lordship of Glamorgan, Lordship of Ireland, Manorial court, Manorialism, Marcher lord, Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent, Marquess, Marquess of Hertford, Midlands, Monarchy of Ireland, Morcar, Mormaer, Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond, Nobility, Norman Conquest, Norman invasion of Wales, North Sea Empire, Odo of Bayeux, Old English, Old Norse, Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, Patrick, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Pearl, Peerage, Peerage of England, Peerage of Great Britain, Peerage of Ireland, Peerage of Scotland, Peerage of the United Kingdom, Peerages in the United Kingdom, Penguin Books, Phonetics, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Primogeniture, Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh, Ralph the Timid, Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim, Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, Regality, Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall, Republic of Ireland, Revolt of the Earls, Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, Richard, Count of Évreux, Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester, Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Robert, Count of Eu, Robert, Count of Mortain, Roger de Montgomery, Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, Scotland, Scots language, Scottish Gaelic, Sheriff court, Shire, Shire court, Silver, Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, Siward, Earl of Northumbria, Stephen Baxter (historian), Stephen, King of England, Strawberry, Surrender and regrant, Sweyn Godwinson, The Anarchy, Thegn, Thorkell the Tall, Tir Iarll, Tostig Godwinson, Tudor conquest of Ireland, Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde, United Kingdom, Viceroy, Vill, Viscount, Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester, Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, Welsh language, Welsh Marches, William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, William de Mohun, 1st Earl of Somerset, William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln, William II of England, William le Gros, Earl of York, William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, William the Conqueror, Witan.

Earl, the Glossary

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