Early world maps, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 354 relations: Abraham Cresques, Abraham Ortelius, Acre, Israel, Adoptionism, Aegean Sea, Afonso V of Portugal, Africa, Agathodaemon of Alexandria, Age of Discovery, Agisymba, Al-Khwarizmi, Albi, Albi Cathedral, Alcuin, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Americas, Amerigo Vespucci, Amsterdam, Anaximander, Antarctica, Antichthones, Antillia, Antipodes, Antwerp, Apamea, Syria, Apocalypse, Arctic Circle, Aristotle, Armenia, Armenian language, Asia, Assyria, Astrology, Astronomy, Atlas, Austrian National Library, Axum, Azimuthal equidistant projection, Azores, Babylon, Balasagun, Bartholomew Columbus, Biblioteca Estense, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Black Sea, Brazil, British Library, Bronze Age, Canary Islands, ... Expand index (304 more) »

2. Historic maps of the world
3. History of geography
4. Lists of maps

Abraham Cresques

Abraham Cresques (1325–1387), whose real name was Cresques (son of) Abraham, was a 14th-century Jewish cartographer from Palma, Majorca, then part of the Crown of Aragon.

See Early world maps and Abraham Cresques

Abraham Ortelius

Abraham Ortelius (also Ortels, Orthellius, Wortels; 4 or 14 April 152728 June 1598) was a cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer from Antwerp in the Spanish Netherlands.

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Acre, Israel

Acre, known locally as Akko (עַכּוֹ) and Akka (عكّا), is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel.

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Adoptionism

Adoptionism, also called dynamic monarchianism, is an early Christian nontrinitarian theological doctrine, subsequently revived in various forms, which holds that Jesus was adopted as the Son of God at his baptism, his resurrection, or his ascension.

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Aegean Sea

The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia.

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Afonso V of Portugal

Afonso V (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), known by the sobriquet the African, was king of Portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477.

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Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

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Agathodaemon of Alexandria

Agathodaemon of Alexandria (Ἀγαθοδαίμων Ἀλεξανδρεὺς, Agathodaímōn Alexandreùs) was a Greek or Hellenized Egyptian cartographer, presumably from Alexandria, Egypt, in late Antiquity, probably in the 2nd century A.D.

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Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail. Early world maps and Age of Discovery are history of geography.

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Agisymba

Agisymba (Greek: Ἀγίσυμβα) was an unidentified country located in Africa mentioned by Ptolemy in the middle of the 2nd century AD.

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Al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (محمد بن موسى خوارزمی), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.

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Albi

Albi (Albi) is a commune in southern France.

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Albi Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saint Cecilia of Albi(French: Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile d'Albi), also known as Albi Cathedral, is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Albi.

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Alcuin

Alcuin of York (Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1451 – 22 February 1512) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Florence, from whose name the term "America" is derived.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

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Anaximander

Anaximander (Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,"Anaximander" in Chambers's Encyclopædia.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent.

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Antichthones

Antichthones, in geography, are those peoples who inhabit the antipodes, regions on opposite sides of the Earth. Early world maps and Antichthones are history of geography.

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Antillia

Antillia (or Antilia) is a phantom island that was reputed, during the 15th-century age of exploration, to lie in the Atlantic Ocean, far to the west of Portugal and Spain.

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Antipodes

In geography, the antipode of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth's surface diametrically opposite to it.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

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Apamea, Syria

Apamea (Ἀπάμεια, Apameia; آفاميا, Afamia), on the right bank of the Orontes River, was an ancient Greek and Roman city.

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Apocalypse

Apocalypse is a literary genre originating in Judaism in the centuries following the Babylonian exile (597-587 BCE) but persisting in Christianity and Islam.

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Arctic Circle

The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles, and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth at about 66° 34' N. Its southern equivalent is the Antarctic Circle.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.

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Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

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Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

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Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

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Astrology

Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Atlas

An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth.

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Austrian National Library

The Austrian National Library (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) is the largest library in Austria, with more than 12 million items in its various collections.

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Axum

Axum, also spelled Aksum (pronounced), is a town in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015).

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Azimuthal equidistant projection

The azimuthal equidistant projection is an azimuthal map projection.

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Azores

The Azores (Açores), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira).

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Babylon

Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.

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Balasagun

Balasagun (or Balasagyn) was an ancient Sogdian city in modern-day Kyrgyzstan, located in the Chüy Valley between Bishkek and the Issyk-Kul lake.

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Bartholomew Columbus

Bartholomew Columbus (Bertomê Corombo; Bartolomeu Colombo; Bartolomé Colón; Bartolomeo Colombo; – 12 August 1515) was an Italian explorer from the Republic of Genoa and the younger brother of Christopher Columbus.

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Biblioteca Estense

The Biblioteca Estense (Estense Library), was the family library of the marquises and dukes of the House of Este.

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Bibliothèque nationale de France

The ('National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as Richelieu and François-Mitterrand.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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British Library

The British Library is a research library in London that is the national library of the United Kingdom.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

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Canary Islands

The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Canopus

Canopus is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina and the second-brightest star in the night sky.

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Cantabria

Cantabria (also) is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city.

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Cantino planisphere

The Cantino planisphere or Cantino world map is a manuscript Portuguese world map preserved at the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy. Early world maps and Cantino planisphere are historic maps of the world.

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Cape Horn

Cape Horn (Cabo de Hornos) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island.

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about.

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Caribbean

The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.

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Cartography

Cartography (from χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

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Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

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Caverio map

The Caverio Map (also known as Caveri Map or Canerio Map) is a map drawn by Nicolay de Caveri or Caverio, circa 1506. Early world maps and Caverio map are historic maps of the world.

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Central America

Central America is a subregion of North America.

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Charles V of France

Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise (le Sage; Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chora Church

The Chora Church or Kariye Mosque (Kariye Camii) is a former church, now converted to a mosque (for the second time), in the Edirnekapı neighborhood of Fatih district, Istanbul, Turkey.

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Christian Topography

The Christian Topography (Χριστιανικὴ Τοπογραφία, Topographia Christiana) is a 6th-century work, one of the earliest essays in scientific geography written by a Christian author.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christie's

Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Classical Arabic

Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (the most eloquent classic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages onwards, having succeeded the Paleo-Arabic script.

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Classical Chinese

Classical Chinese is the language in which the classics of Chinese literature were written, from.

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Clime

The climes (singular clime; also clima, plural climata, from Greek κλίμα klima, plural κλίματα klimata, meaning "inclination" or "slope") in classical Greco-Roman geography and astronomy were the divisions of the inhabited portion of the spherical Earth by geographic latitude.

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Clover

Clover, also called trefoil, are plants of the genus Trifolium (from Latin tres 'three' + folium 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae originating in Europe.

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Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

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Commonwealth Bank

The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), also known as Commonwealth Bank or simply CommBank, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

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Conformal map

In mathematics, a conformal map is a function that locally preserves angles, but not necessarily lengths.

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Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome, responsible for missionary work and related activities.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.

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Conrad Celtes

Conrad Celtes (Konrad Celtes; Conradus Celtis (Protucius); 1 February 1459 – 4 February 1508) was a German Renaissance humanist scholar and poet of the German Renaissance born in Franconia (nowadays part of Bavaria).

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Contarini–Rosselli map

The Contarini–Rosselli map of 1506 was the first printed world map showing the New World. Early world maps and Contarini–Rosselli map are historic maps of the world and history of geography.

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Continent

A continent is any of several large geographical regions.

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Cosmas Indicopleustes

Cosmas Indicopleustes (lit; also known as Cosmas the Monk) was a merchant and later hermit from Alexandria in Egypt.

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Cosmogony

Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe.

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Cosmography

The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos, heaven and Earth; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scale features of the observable universe.

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Cotton library

The Cotton or Cottonian library is a collection of manuscripts that came into the hands of the antiquarian and bibliophile Sir Robert Bruce Cotton MP (1571–1631).

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island.

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Cursus publicus

The cursus publicus (Latin: "the public way"; δημόσιος δρόμος, dēmósios drómos) was the state mandated and supervised courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, whose use continued into the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Cylcon

Cylcons are among the earliest artefacts of the Aboriginal Australians.

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Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk

The (lit) is the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, compiled in 1072–74 by the Turkic Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud Kashgari who extensively documented the Turkic languages of his time.

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Degree (angle)

A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of a plane angle in which one full rotation is 360 degrees.

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Demeter

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Demeter (Attic: Δημήτηρ Dēmḗtēr; Doric: Δαμάτηρ Dāmā́tēr) is the Olympian goddess of the harvest and agriculture, presiding over crops, grains, food, and the fertility of the earth.

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Dieppe maps

The Dieppe maps are a series of world maps and atlases produced in Dieppe, France, in the 1540s, 1550s, and 1560s.

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Diogo Ribeiro

Diogo Ribeiro (d. 16 August 1533) was a Portuguese cartographer and explorer who worked most of his life in Spain, where he was known as Diego Ribero.

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Dragon's Tail (peninsula)

The Dragon's Tail is a modern name for the phantom peninsula in southeast Asia which appeared in medieval Arabian and Renaissance European world maps.

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Duchess Anna Amalia Library

The Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar, Germany, houses a major collection of German literature and historical documents.

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Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

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East

East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass.

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Eckhard Unger

Eckhard Unger (Landsberg an der Warthe, 11 April 1884 – 24 July 1966) was a German assyriologist.

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Ecumene

In ancient Greece, the term ecumene (U.S.) or oecumene (UK) denoted the known, inhabited, or habitable world.

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Eendrachtsland

Eendrachtsland or Eendraghtsland (het Landt van d'Eendracht and Land van de Eendracht) is an obsolete geographical name for an area centred on the Gascoyne region of Western Australia.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Elipandus

Elipandus (717–805) was a Spanish theologian and the archbishop of Toledo from 782.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Equirectangular projection

The equirectangular projection (also called the equidistant cylindrical projection or la carte parallélogrammatique projection), and which includes the special case of the plate carrée projection (also called the geographic projection, lat/lon projection, or plane chart), is a simple map projection attributed to Marinus of Tyre, who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about AD 100.

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Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ἐρατοσθένης; –) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.

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Ercole I d'Este

Ercole I d'Este KG (English: Hercules I; 26 October 1431 – 25 January 1505) was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505.

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Erdapfel

The paren) is a terrestrial globe in diameter, produced by Martin Behaim from 1490 to 1492. The Erdapfel is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe. It is constructed of a laminated linen ball in two halves, reinforced with wood and overlaid with a map painted on gores by Georg Glockendon. These intricate details were based on navigational charts by Jorge de Aguiar, incorporating paper maps meticulously pasted onto a parchment layer encircling the globe. Early world maps and Erdapfel are historic maps of the world.

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Eritrea

Eritrea (or; Ertra), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara.

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Estêvão Gomes

Estêvão Gomes (– 1538), also known by the Spanish version of his name Esteban Gómez, was a Portuguese explorer.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

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Etymologiae

Etymologiae (Latin for 'Etymologies'), also known as the Origines ('Origins'), usually abbreviated Orig., is an etymological encyclopedia compiled by the influential Christian bishop Isidore of Seville towards the end of his life.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European exploration of Africa

The geography of North Africa has been reasonably well known among Europeans since classical antiquity in Greco-Roman geography.

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Exploration

Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some expectation of discovery.

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Far East

The Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including East, North, and Southeast Asia.

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Felix (bishop of Urgell)

Felix (died 818) was a Christian bishop and theologian.

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Finnmark

Finnmark (Finnmárku; Finmarkku; Finnmark; Финнмарк) is a county in the northern part of Norway.

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Flat Earth

Flat Earth is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape as a plane or disk.

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Flemish people

Flemish people or Flemings (Vlamingen) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Flemish Dutch.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Fortunate Isles

The Fortunate Isles or Isles of the Blessed (μακάρων νῆσοι, makarōn nēsoi) were semi-legendary islands in the Atlantic Ocean, variously treated as a simple geographical location and as a winterless earthly paradise inhabited by the heroes of Greek mythology.

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Fra Mauro

Fra Mauro, O.S.B. Cam., (c.1400–1464) was an Italian (Venetian) cartographer who lived in the Republic of Venice.

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Fra Mauro map

The Fra Mauro map is a map of the world made around 1450 by the Italian (Venetian) cartographer Fra Mauro, which is “considered the greatest memorial of medieval cartography." It is a circular planisphere drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame that measures over two by two meters. Early world maps and fra Mauro map are historic maps of the world.

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Frederik de Wit

Frederik de Wit (born Frederik Hendriksz; – July 1706) was a Dutch cartographer and artist.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Garden of Eden

In Abrahamic religions, the Garden of Eden (גַּן־עֵדֶן|gan-ʿĒḏen; Εδέμ; Paradisus) or Garden of God (גַּן־יְהֹוֶה|gan-YHWH|label.

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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Genoese map

The Genoese map is a 1457 world map.

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Geodesy

Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D.

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Geography (Ptolemy)

The Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις,, "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the Geographia and the Cosmographia, is a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century Roman Empire. Early world maps and geography (Ptolemy) are history of geography and maps.

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Geography of Greece

Greece is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Georg Glockendon

Georg Glockendon the Elder (fl. 1484; died 1514) was a Nuremberg-based woodblock cutter, printer and painter.

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Gerardus Mercator

Gerardus Mercator (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer.

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German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

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Germanisches Nationalmuseum

The Germanisches Nationalmuseum is a museum in Nuremberg, Germany.

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Germans

Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Gervase of Ebstorf

Gervase of Ebstorf (fl. 1234-1240) is best known as the author of the Ebstorf Map, a medieval mappa mundi created between 1234 and 1240.

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Gervase of Tilbury

Gervase of Tilbury (Gervasius Tilberiensis; 1150–1220) was an English canon lawyer, statesman and cleric.

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Globe

A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.

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Globus cruciger

The cross-bearing orb, also known as stavroforos sphaira (σταυροφόρος σφαίρα) or "the orb and cross", is an orb surmounted by a cross.

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Gog and Magog

Gog and Magog (Gōg ū-Māgōg) or Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Yaʾjūju wa-Maʾjūju) are a pair of names that appear in the Bible and the Qur'an, variously ascribed to individuals, tribes, or lands.

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Gore (segment)

A gore is a sector of a curved surface or the curved surface that lies between two close lines of longitude on a globe and may be flattened to a plane surface with little distortion.

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Grand Banks of Newfoundland

The Grand Banks of Newfoundland are a series of underwater plateaus south-east of the island of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf.

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Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

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Hanover

Hanover (Hannover; Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony.

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Hecataeus of Miletus

Hecataeus of Miletus (Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Μιλήσιος;Named after the Greek goddess Hecate--> c. 550 – c. 476 BC), son of Hegesander, was an early Greek historian and geographer.

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Heinrich Bünting

Heinrich Bünting (1545 – 30 December 1606) was a German Protestant pastor and theologian.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Henricus Hondius II

Henricus Hondius II (1597 – 16 August 1651) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer, and publisher.

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Henricus Martellus Germanus

Henricus Martellus Germanus (fl. 1480-1496) was a German cartographer active in Florence between 1480 and 1496.

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Here be dragons

"Here be dragons" (hic sunt dracones) means dangerous or unexplored territories, in imitation of a medieval practice of putting illustrations of dragons, sea monsters and other mythological creatures on uncharted areas of maps where potential dangers were thought to exist.

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Hereford

Hereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and the county town of Herefordshire, England.

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Hessel Gerritsz

Hessel Gerritsz (– buried 4 September 1632) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer, and publisher.

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Hindustan

Hindūstān is a name for India, broadly referring to the entirety or northern half of the Indian subcontinent.

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Hipparchus

Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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History of cartography

The history of cartography refers to the development and consequences of cartography, or mapmaking technology, throughout human history. Early world maps and history of cartography are history of geography.

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History of Islamic economics

Between the 9th and 14th centuries, the Muslim world developed many advanced economic concepts, techniques and usages.

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Hofburg

The Hofburg is the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.

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Holdingham

Holdingham is a hamlet in the civil parish and built-up area of Sleaford, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Holy Land

The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine.

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Hongwu Emperor

Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328– 24 June 1398), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Ming, personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, courtesy name Guorui, was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398.

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Ibn Hawqal

Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal (محمد أبو القاسمبن حوقل), also known as Abū al-Qāsim b. ʻAlī Ibn Ḥawqal al-Naṣībī, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; was a 10th-century Arab Muslim writer, geographer, and chronicler who travelled from AD 943 to 969.

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Imperial Regalia

The Imperial Regalia, also called Imperial Insignia (in German Reichskleinodien, Reichsinsignien or Reichsschatz), are regalia of the Holy Roman Emperor.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.

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Inventio Fortunata

Inventio Fortunata (also Inventio Fortunate, Inventio Fortunat or Inventio Fortunatae), "Fortunate, or fortune-making, discovery", is a lost book, probably dating from the 14th century, containing a description of the North Pole as a magnetic island (the Rupes Nigra) surrounded by a giant whirlpool and four continents.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Isidore of Seville

Isidore of Seville (Isidorus Hispalensis; 4 April 636) was a Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville.

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Isle of Man

The Isle of Man (Mannin, also Ellan Vannin) or Mann, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland.

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Istakhri

Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri (آبو إسحاق إبراهيمبن محمد الفارسي الإصطخري) (also Estakhri, استخری, i.e. from the Iranian city of Istakhr, b. - d. 346 AH/AD 957) was a 10th-century travel author and Islamic geographer who wrote valuable accounts in Arabic of the many Muslim territories he visited during the Abbasid era of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Istanbul

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Itinerarium

An itinerarium (plural: itineraria) was an ancient Roman travel guide in the form of a listing of cities, villages (''vici'') and other stops on the way, including the distances between each stop and the next. Early world maps and itinerarium are maps.

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Jacopo d'Angelo

Giacomo or Jacopo d'Angelo, also surnamed De Scarperia, (1360–1411), better known by his Latin name Jacobus Angelus, was an Italian classical scholar, humanist, and translator of ancient Greek texts during the Renaissance.

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Jambudvīpa

Jambudvīpa (Sanskrit; Jambudīpa) is a name often used to describe the territory of Greater India in ancient Indian sources.

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James Cook

Captain James Cook (– 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, cartographer and naval officer famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to New Zealand and Australia in particular.

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Jan Carstenszoon

Jan Carstenszoon or more commonly Jan Carstensz was a 17th-century Dutch explorer.

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Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

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Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh

Jaunpur is a city and a municipal board in Jaunpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Jodocus Hondius

Jodocus Hondius (Latinized version of his Dutch name: Joost de Hondt) (17 October 1563 – 12 February 1612) was a Flemish and Dutch engraver and cartographer.

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Johannes Ruysch

Johannes Ruysch (? in Utrecht – 1533 in Cologne), a.k.a. Johann Ruijsch or Giovanni Ruisch was an explorer, cartographer, astronomer, manuscript illustrator and painter from the Low Countries who produced a famous map of the world: the second oldest known printed representation of the New World.

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Johannes Schöner globe

The Johannes Schöner globes are a series of globes made by Johannes Schöner (1477–1547), the first being made in 1515. Early world maps and Johannes Schöner globe are historic maps of the world.

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John Cabot

John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto; 1450 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer.

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John Freely

John Freely (26 June 1926 – 20 April 2017) was an American physicist, teacher, and author of popular travel and history books on Istanbul, Athens, Venice, Turkey, Greece, and the Ottoman Empire.

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Juan de la Cosa

Juan de la Cosa (c. 1450 – 28 February 1510) was a Castilian navigator and cartographer, known for designing the earliest European world map which incorporated the territories of the Americas discovered in the 15th century.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Kara-Khanid Khanate

The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.

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Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Kingdom of Asturias

The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius.

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Konrad Peutinger

Konrad Peutinger (14 October 1465 – 28 December 1547) was a German humanist, jurist, diplomat, politician, economist and archaeologist, serving as Emperor Maximilian I's chief archaeological adviser.

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Korea

Korea (translit in South Korea, or label in North Korea) is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula (label in South Korea, or label in North Korea), Jeju Island, and smaller islands.

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Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Latitude

In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body.

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Laurentian Library

The Laurentian Library (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana or BML) is a historic library in Florence, Italy, containing more than 11,000 manuscripts and 4,500 early printed books.

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Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis

The Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis (literally 'Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross') is a Latin work by Marino Sanuto the Elder.

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Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.

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List of Caribbean islands

Most of the Caribbean countries are islands are in the Caribbean Sea, with only a few in inland lakes.

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List of manuscripts in the Cotton library

This is an incomplete list of some of the manuscripts from the Cotton library that today form the Cotton collection of the British Library.

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Loaísa expedition

The Loaísa expedition was an early 16th-century Spanish voyage of discovery to the Pacific Ocean, commanded by (1490 – 20 July 1526) and ordered by King Charles I of Spain to colonize the Spice Islands in the East Indies.

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Longitude

Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body.

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Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

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Macrobius

Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was as widespread as Greek among the elite.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Magellan expedition

The Magellan expedition, sometimes termed the MagellanElcano expedition, was a 16th-century Spanish expedition planned and led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan.

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Mahmud al-Kashgari

Mahmud ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar.

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Majorcan cartographic school

"Majorcan cartographic school" is the term coined by historians to refer to the collection of predominantly Jewish cartographers, cosmographers and navigational instrument-makers and some Christian associates that flourished in Majorca in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries until the expulsion of the Jews.

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Malabar Coast

The Malabar Coast is the southwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Mandeville's Travels

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, commonly known as Mandeville's Travels, is a book written between 1357 and 1371 that purports to be the travel memoir of an Englishman named Sir John Mandeville across the Islamic world as far as India and China.

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Mao Kun map

Mao Kun map, usually referred to in modern Chinese sources as Zheng He's Navigation Map, is a set of navigation charts published in the Ming dynasty military treatise Wubei Zhi. Early world maps and mao Kun map are historic maps of the world.

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Map

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Early world maps and map are maps.

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Map projection

In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane.

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Mappa mundi

A mappa mundi (Latin; plural. Early world maps and mappa mundi are historic maps of the world.

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Marco Polo

Marco Polo (8 January 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295.

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Marino Sanuto the Elder

Marino Sanuto (or Sanudo) Torsello (c. 1270–1343) was a Venetian statesman and geographer.

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Martin Behaim

Martin Behaim (6 October 1459 – 29 July 1507), also known as and by various forms of, was a German textile merchant and cartographer.

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Martin Waldseemüller

Martin Waldseemüller (– 16 March 1520) was a German cartographer and humanist scholar.

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Mathematician

A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

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Matteo Ricci

Matteo Ricci (Matthaeus Riccius; 6 October 1552 – 11 May 1610) was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions.

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Matthias Ringmann

Matthias Ringmann (1482–1511), also known as Philesius Vogesigena was an Alsatian German humanist scholar and cosmographer.

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Maximus Planudes

Maximus Planudes (Μάξιμος Πλανούδης, Máximos Planoúdēs) was a Byzantine Greek monk, scholar, anthologist, translator, mathematician, grammarian and theologian at Constantinople.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

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Memory of the World Programme

UNESCO's Memory of the World (MoW) Programme is an international initiative launched to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity against collective amnesia, neglect, decay over time and climatic conditions, as well as deliberate destruction.

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Mercator projection

The Mercator projection is a conformal cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Missionary

A missionary is a member of a religious group who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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Modena

Modena (Mòdna; Mutna; Mutina) is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

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Monk

A monk (from μοναχός, monachos, "single, solitary" via Latin monachus) is a man who is a member of a religious order and lives in a monastery.

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Moses

Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi

Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi (أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Dreses; 1100–1165), was a Muslim geographer and cartographer who served in the court of King Roger II at Palermo, Sicily.

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Museo Correr

The Museo Correr is a museum in Venice, northern Italy.

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National Library of Israel

The National Library of Israel (NLI; translit; المكتبة الوطنية في إسرائيل), formerly Jewish National and University Library (JNUL; translit), is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Jewish heritage.

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Naval Museum of Madrid

The Naval Museum (Museo Naval) is a naval museum in Madrid, Spain, devoted to the history of the Spanish Navy since the Catholic Monarchs, in the 15th century, up to the present.

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Nebra sky disc

The Nebra sky disc (Himmelsscheibe von Nebra) is a bronze disc of around diameter and a weight of, having a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols.

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Neptune (mythology)

Neptune (Neptūnus) is the Roman god of freshwater and the sea in Roman religion.

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Newfoundland (island)

Newfoundland (Terre-Neuve) is a large island within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

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Niccolò de' Conti

Niccolò de' Conti (1395 – 1469) was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer.

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Nicholas of Lynn

Nicholas of Lynn or Lynne, also known in Latin as Nicolas de Linna, was an English astronomer of the 14th century.

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Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem

Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem (1 October 1620 – 18 February 1683) was a highly esteemed and prolific Dutch Golden Age painter of pastoral landscapes, populated with mythological or biblical figures, but also of a number of allegories and genre pieces.

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Nicolaes Visscher I

Nicolaes Visscher I (25 January 1618, Amsterdam – buried 11 September 1679, Amsterdam) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher.

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Nicolaus Germanus

Nicolaus Germanus was a German cartographer who modernized Ptolemy's Geography by applying new projections, adding additional maps, and contributing other innovations that were influential in the development of Renaissance cartography.

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Nicolay de Caveri

Nicolay de Caveri (14??-15??) was a map-maker from Genoa, Italy.

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Norman B. Leventhal Map Center

The Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center at the Boston Public Library is a special collections center in Boston, Massachusetts with research, educational, and exhibition programs relating to historical geography.

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Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia.

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North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

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North America

North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.

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Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.

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Ocean

The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx.

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Oceanus

In Greek mythology, Oceanus (Ὠκεανός, also Ὠγενός, Ὤγενος, or Ὠγήν) was a Titan son of Uranus and Gaia, the husband of his sister the Titan Tethys, and the father of the river gods and the Oceanids, as well as being the great river which encircled the entire world.

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Odet

The Odet (Oded) is a river in western France (Finistère department), which runs from Saint-Goazec (near Leuhan, in the Montagnes Noires of Brittany) into the Atlantic Ocean at Bénodet.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.

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Padrón Real

The Padrón Real (Royal Register), known after 2 August 1527 as the Padrón General (General Register), was the official and secret Spanish master map used as a template for the maps present on all Spanish ships during the 16th century. Early world maps and Padrón Real are historic maps of the world.

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Parchment

Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats.

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Pastor

A pastor (abbreviated to "Pr" or "Ptr" (both singular), or "Ps" (plural)) is the leader of a Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation.

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Paul du Châtellier

Paul du Châtellier (13 November 1833 - March 1911) was a French prehistorian.

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Pedro Álvares Cabral

Pedro Álvares Cabral (born Pedro Álvares de Gouveia) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil.

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Periplus

A periplus, or periplous, is a manuscript document that lists the ports and coastal landmarks, in order and with approximate intervening distances, that the captain of a vessel could expect to find along a shore. Early world maps and periplus are maps.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.

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Persephone

In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Persephone (Persephónē), also called Kore (the maiden) or Cora, is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter.

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Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

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Pietro Coppo

Pietro Coppo (1469/70 – 1555/56; Petrus Coppus) was an Italian geographer and cartographer who wrote a description of the entire world as known in the 16th century, accompanied by a set of systematically arranged maps, one of the first rutters and also a precise description of the Istrian Peninsula, accompanied by its first regional map.

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Pietro Vesconte

Pietro Vesconte (fl. 1310–1330) was a Genoese cartographer and geographer.

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Piri Reis

Ahmed Muhiddin Piri (1465 – 1553), better known as Piri Reis (Reis or Hacı Ahmet Muhittin Pîrî Bey), was an Ottoman navigator, geographer and cartographer.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Portolan chart

Portolan charts are nautical charts, first made in the 13th century in the Mediterranean basin and later expanded to include other regions.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

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Posidonius

Posidonius (Ποσειδώνιος, "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος), was a Greek politician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, historian, mathematician, and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.

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Prester John

Prester John (Presbyter Ioannes) was a legendary Christian patriarch, presbyter, and king.

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Prime meridian

A prime meridian is an arbitrarily-chosen meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°.

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Priscian

Priscianus Caesariensis, commonly known as Priscian, was a Latin grammarian and the author of the Institutes of Grammar, which was the standard textbook for the study of Latin during the Middle Ages.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Ptolemy's world map

The Ptolemy world map is a map of the world known to Greco-Roman societies in the 2nd century. Early world maps and Ptolemy's world map are historic maps of the world.

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Red Sea

The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

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Religious text

Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition.

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René II, Duke of Lorraine

René II (2 May 1451 – 10 December 1508) was Count of Vaudémont from 1470, Duke of Lorraine from 1473, and Duke of Bar from 1483 to 1508.

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Republic of Florence

The Republic of Florence (Repubblica di Firenze), known officially as the Florentine Republic (Repubblica Fiorentina), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy.

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Rhumb line

In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb, or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north.

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Roger II of Sicily

Roger II or Roger the Great (Ruggero II, Ruggeru II, Greek: Ρογέριος; 22 December 1095 – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily and Africa, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Rule of marteloio

1436 atlas The rule of marteloio is a medieval technique of navigational computation that uses compass direction, distance and a simple trigonometric table known as the toleta de marteloio.

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Safra Square

Safra Square (כיכר ספרא, Kikar Safra) is a city square in Jerusalem.

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Saint Brendan's Island

Saint Brendan's Island, also known as Saint Brendan's Isle, is a phantom island or mythical island, supposedly situated in the North Atlantic somewhere west of Northern Africa.

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Saint-Bélec slab

The Saint-Bélec slab is a stone artefact from western Brittany thought to be a map of an early Bronze Age principality.

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Saint-Sever Beatus

The Saint-Sever Beatus, also known as the Apocalypse of Saint-Sever (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS lat. 8878), is a Romanesque Illuminated manuscript from the 11th century.

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Salviati Planisphere

The Salviati Planisphere is a world map showing the Spanish view of the Earth's surface at the time of the map's creation, 1525, and includes the eastern coasts of North and South America and the Straits of Magellan. Early world maps and Salviati Planisphere are historic maps of the world.

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Samuel Dunn (mathematician)

Samuel Dunn (1723–1794) was a British mathematician, teacher, cartographer and amateur astronomer.

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Santoña

Santoña is a town in the eastern coast of the autonomous community of Cantabria, on the north coast of Spain.

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Scythia

Scythia (Scythian: Skulatā; Old Persian: Skudra; Ancient Greek: Skuthia; Latin: Scythia) or Scythica (Ancient Greek: Skuthikē; Latin: Scythica), also known as Pontic Scythia, was a kingdom created by the Scythians during the 6th to 3rd centuries BC in the Pontic–Caspian steppe.

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Shetland

Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands, is an archipelago in Scotland lying between Orkney, the Faroe Islands, and Norway.

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Sigeric (bishop)

Sigeric (died 28 October 994) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 990 to 994.

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Sky

The sky is an unobstructed view upward from the surface of the Earth.

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Sleaford

Sleaford is a market town and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Somnium Scipionis

The Dream of Scipio (Latin: Somnium Scipionis), written by Cicero, is the sixth book of De re publica, and describes a (postulated fictional or real) dream vision of the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus, set two years before he oversaw the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC.

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South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spherical Earth

Spherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of the figure of the Earth as a sphere.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

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Stadion (unit)

The stadion (plural stadia, στάδιον; latinized as stadium), also anglicized as stade, was an ancient Greek unit of length, consisting of 600 Ancient Greek feet (podes).

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Stephanus of Byzantium

Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (Stephanus Byzantinus; Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, Stéphanos Byzántios; centuryAD) was a Byzantine grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά).

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Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

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Strabo

StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.

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Svalbard

Svalbard, previously known as Spitsbergen or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.

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Syriac language

The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.

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T and O map

A T and O map or O–T or T–O map (orbis terrarum, orb or circle of the lands; with the letter T inside an O), also known as an Isidoran map, is a type of early world map that represents world geography as first described by the 7th-century scholar Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) in his De Natura Rerum and later his Etymologiae (c. 625): "...the Isidoran tradition as it was known from peninsular examples, including the earliest of the ubiquitous T-O maps.

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Tabernacle

According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle (residence, dwelling place), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (ʔōhel mōʕēḏ, also Tent of Meeting), was the portable earthly dwelling of God used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan.

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Tabula Peutingeriana

Tabula Peutingeriana (Latin for 'The Peutinger Map'), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula or Peutinger Table, is an illustrated itinerarium (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus, the road network of the Roman Empire.

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Tabula Rogeriana

The Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq (نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق, lit. "The Excursion of One Eager to Penetrate the Distant Horizons"), commonly known in the West as the (lit. "The Book of Roger" in Latin), is an atlas commissioned by the Norman King Roger II in 1138 and completed by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154. Early world maps and Tabula Rogeriana are historic maps of the world.

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Terra incognita

Terra incognita or terra ignota (Latin "unknown land"; incognita is stressed on its second syllable in Latin, but with variation in pronunciation in English) is a term used in cartography for regions that have not been mapped or documented.

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The Travels of Marco Polo

Book of the Marvels of the World (Italian:, lit. 'The Million', possibly derived from Polo's nickname "Emilione"), in English commonly called The Travels of Marco Polo, is a 13th-century travelogue written down by Rustichello da Pisa from stories told by Italian explorer Marco Polo.

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Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

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Thule

Thule (Thúlē; Thūlē also spelled as Thylē) is the most northerly location mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman literature and cartography.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

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Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).

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Tropic of Capricorn

The Tropic of Capricorn (or the Southern Tropic) is the circle of latitude that contains the subsolar point at the December (or southern) solstice.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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University of Amsterdam

The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

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Urartu

Urartu (Ուրարտու; Assyrian:,Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: Urashtu, אֲרָרָט Ararat) was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.

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Uyghurs

The Uyghurs, alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia.

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Vardø (town)

(Norwegian),, or is a town and the administrative centre of Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway.

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Vatican Library

The Vatican Apostolic Library (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat, is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City, and is the city-state's national library.

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Vellum

Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Vinland Map

The Vinland Map was claimed to be a 15th-century mappa mundi with unique information about Norse exploration of North America but is now known to be a 20th-century forgery. Early world maps and Vinland Map are historic maps of the world.

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Virtual Mappa

Virtual Mappa (VM) (https://sims2.digitalmappa.org/36) is a collaborative digital humanities project that collects, annotates and networks medieval ''mappamundi'' using the Digital Mappa resource.

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Voyages of Christopher Columbus

Between 1492 and 1504, the Italian navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus led four transatlantic maritime expeditions in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain to the Caribbean and to Central and South America.

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Waldseemüller map

The Waldseemüller map or Universalis Cosmographia ("Universal Cosmography") is a printed wall map of the world by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, originally published in April 1507. Early world maps and Waldseemüller map are historic maps of the world.

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Wanli Emperor

The Wanli Emperor (4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shenzong of Ming, personal name Zhu Yijun, art name Yuzhai, was the 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1572 to 1620.

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Weimar

Weimar is a city in the German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden.

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West Africa

West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.

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Wiley (publisher)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.

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Willem Barentsz

Willem Barentsz (– 20 June 1597), anglicized as William Barents or Barentz, was a Dutch navigator, cartographer, and Arctic explorer.

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William Griggs (inventor)

William Griggs (4 October 1832 – 7 December 1911) was an English inventor of a process of chromolithography known as photo-chromo-lithography.

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William Harris Stahl

William Harris Stahl (New York 20 December 1908 – 20 April 1969) was an American historian of science and professor of classics at New York University and Brooklyn College, known for his translation of Macrobius' Commentary on the Dream of Scipio and his 1962 book ''Roman Science''.

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World

The world is the totality of entities, the whole of reality, or everything that exists.

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World map

A world map is a map of most or all of the surface of Earth.

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Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.

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Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.

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Zeus

Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.

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See also

Historic maps of the world

• A General Map of the World, or Terraqueous Globe
• Africae Tabula Nova
• Bünting cloverleaf map
• Babylonian Map of the World
• Beatus map
• Bianco world map
• Book of Roads and Kingdoms
• Borgia map
• Cantino planisphere
• Carta Pisana
• Cartography of Latin America
• Catalan Atlas
• Caverio map
• Cheonhado
• Contarini–Rosselli map
• Da Ming Hunyi Tu
• De Virga world map
• Early world maps
• Ebstorf Map
• Erdapfel
• Fra Mauro map
• Gangnido
• Hereford Mappa Mundi
• Huayi tu
• Hunt–Lenox Globe
• Islario General
• Johannes Schöner globe
• Kunyu Quantu
• Kunyu Wanguo Quantu
• List of places depicted in the Mao Kun map
• Mao Kun map
• Map of Juan de la Cosa
• Mappa mundi
• Mercator 1569 world map
• Miller Atlas
• Padrón Real
• Piri Reis map
• Psalter world map
• Ptolemy's world map
• Salviati Planisphere
• Sawley map
• Shanhai Yudi Quantu
• Sihai Huayi Zongtu
• Tabula Rogeriana
• Teixeira planisphere
• Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
• Vinland Map
• Waldseemüller map
• Wanguo Quantu

History of geography

• Aethiopian Sea
• Age of Discovery
• Age of Sail
• Antichthones
• Atlantic World
• Bedford Level experiment
• Book of Roads and Kingdoms
• Buenaventura River (legend)
• Cartographic expeditions to Greenland
• Chorography
• Contarini–Rosselli map
• Critical geography
• Early world maps
• Erythraean Sea
• European and American voyages of scientific exploration
• Exploration of North America
• Farther India
• Four continents
• Four traditions of geography
• Frederick Cook
• Gazetteers
• Geographia Generalis
• Geography (Ptolemy)
• Hesperia (mythology)
• Historical geography
• History of cartography
• History of geography
• Iberian cartography, 1400–1600
• Inventing the Flat Earth
• Jacob Ziegler
• Major explorations after the Age of Discovery
• Mecia de Viladestes
• Philosophy of geography
• Possibilism (geography)
• Quantitative revolution
• Ravenna Cosmography
• Regional geography
• Role of geography in World War I
• Russian Geographical Society
• Sea of Zanj
• Société de Géographie
• Timeline of European exploration
• Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun

Lists of maps

• Cartography of Dublin
• Cartography of Israel
• Cartography of Jamaica
• Cartography of Jerusalem
• Cartography of Palestine
• Cartography of Sri Lanka
• Cartography of Switzerland
• Cartography of York
• Early world maps
• List of historical maps
• List of map projections

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps

Also known as Albi Mappa Mundi, Ancient world map, Ancient world maps, Anglo-Saxon Cotton world map, Cotton Map, Cotton or Anglo-Saxon map, Cotton world map, Cottonian world map, Early world map, Eratosthenes' Map of the World, Mappa Mundi of Albi, Old maps.

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