Eldgjá, the Glossary
Table of Contents
110 relations: Acid, Aerosol, Air pollution, Air travel, Alder, Alkali basalt, Archaeological site, Australia, Ófærufoss, Þjórsá Lava, Basalt, Caldera, Canyon, Christianization of Iceland, Chronicon Scotorum, Common Era, Corrosion, Crust (geology), Dendrochronology, Dense-rock equivalent, Dike (geology), Drought, Effusive eruption, Explosion crater, Explosive eruption, Eyjafjallajökull, Fault (geology), Fissure vent, Geography of Iceland, Glacial lake outburst flood, Glacial period, Glacier, Graben, Grímsvötn, Greenland, Holocene, Hornito, Huaynaputina, Hyaloclastite, Ice cap, Ice core, Iceland, Iceland hotspot, Jökulhlaup, Katla (volcano), Katla Geopark, Kirkjubæjarklaustur, Laki, Landmannalaugar, Landnámabók, ... Expand index (60 more) »
- Canyons and gorges of Iceland
- East Volcanic Zone of Iceland
- Fissure vents
- Katla (volcano)
- Volcanoes of Iceland
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.
See Eldgjá and Acid
Aerosol
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Air pollution
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
Air travel
Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight.
Alder
Alders are trees that compose the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae.
See Eldgjá and Alder
Alkali basalt
Alkali basalt or alkali olivine basalt is a dark-colored, porphyritic volcanic rock usually found in oceanic and continental areas associated with volcanic activity, such as oceanic islands, continental rifts and volcanic fields.
Archaeological site
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record.
See Eldgjá and Archaeological site
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
Ófærufoss
Ófærufoss is a waterfall situated in the Eldgjá chasm in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. Eldgjá and Ófærufoss are Katla (volcano).
Þjórsá Lava
The Great Þjórsá Lava (Icelandic: Þjórsárhraunið mikla) is the largest lava flow in Iceland (by both area and volume) and the largest lava flow that is known to have erupted in a single eruption in the Holocene. Eldgjá and Þjórsá Lava are east Volcanic Zone of Iceland.
Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
Caldera
A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption.
Canyon
A canyon (from; archaic British English spelling: cañon), gorge or chasm, is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over geologic time scales.
Christianization of Iceland
Iceland was Christianized in the year 1000 AD, when Christianity became the religion by law.
See Eldgjá and Christianization of Iceland
Chronicon Scotorum
Chronicon Scotorum, also known as Chronicum Scotorum, is a medieval Irish chronicle.
See Eldgjá and Chronicon Scotorum
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide.
Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
See Eldgjá and Crust (geology)
Dendrochronology
Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree.
See Eldgjá and Dendrochronology
Dense-rock equivalent
Dense-rock equivalent (DRE) is a volcanologic calculation used to estimate volcanic eruption volume.
See Eldgjá and Dense-rock equivalent
Dike (geology)
In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body.
Drought
A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.
Effusive eruption
An effusive eruption is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground.
See Eldgjá and Effusive eruption
Explosion crater
An explosion crater is a type of crater formed when material is ejected from the surface of the ground by an explosion at or immediately above or below the surface.
See Eldgjá and Explosion crater
Explosive eruption
In volcanology, an explosive eruption is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type.
See Eldgjá and Explosive eruption
Eyjafjallajökull
Eyjafjallajökull, sometimes referred to by the numeronym E15, is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, north of Skógar and west of Mýrdalsjökull. Eldgjá and Eyjafjallajökull are active volcanoes and east Volcanic Zone of Iceland.
See Eldgjá and Eyjafjallajökull
Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.
See Eldgjá and Fault (geology)
Fissure vent
A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. Eldgjá and fissure vent are fissure vents.
Geography of Iceland
Iceland is an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
See Eldgjá and Geography of Iceland
Glacial lake outburst flood
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood caused by the failure of a dam containing a glacial lake.
See Eldgjá and Glacial lake outburst flood
Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
Glacier
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight.
Graben
In geology, a graben is a depressed block of the crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults.
Grímsvötn
Grímsvötn (vötn. Eldgjá and Grímsvötn are active volcanoes, east Volcanic Zone of Iceland, VEI-6 volcanoes and volcanoes of Iceland.
Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Hornito
Hornitos are conical, or pipe-like, structures built up by lava spattering or being ejected through an opening in the crust of a lava flow.
Huaynaputina
Huaynaputina is a volcano in a volcanic high plateau in southern Peru. Eldgjá and Huaynaputina are VEI-6 volcanoes.
Hyaloclastite
Hyaloclastite is a volcanoclastic accumulation or breccia consisting of glass (from the Greek hyalus) fragments (clasts) formed by quench fragmentation of lava flow surfaces during submarine or subglacial extrusion.
Ice cap
In glaciology, an ice cap is a mass of ice that covers less than of land area (usually covering a highland area).
Ice core
An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet or a high mountain glacier.
Iceland
Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.
Iceland hotspot
The Iceland hotspot is a hotspot which is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the Iceland Plateau and the island of Iceland.
See Eldgjá and Iceland hotspot
Jökulhlaup
A jökulhlaup (literally "glacial run") is a type of glacial outburst flood.
Katla (volcano)
Katla is an active volcano in southern Iceland. Eldgjá and Katla (volcano) are active volcanoes, east Volcanic Zone of Iceland, mountains of Iceland and VEI-6 volcanoes.
See Eldgjá and Katla (volcano)
Katla Geopark
Katla Geopark is the first Geopark to be designated in Iceland, having gained membership of both the European Geoparks Network and the UNESCO-assisted Global Network of National Geoparks in 2011.
Kirkjubæjarklaustur
Kirkjubæjarklaustur (Icelandic for "church farm cloister", pronounced; often referred to locally as just Klaustur) is a village in the south of Iceland on the hringvegur (road no. 1 or Ring Road) between Vík í Mýrdal and Höfn.
See Eldgjá and Kirkjubæjarklaustur
Laki
Laki or Lakagígar (Craters of Laki) is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Eldgjá and Laki are active volcanoes, east Volcanic Zone of Iceland, fissure vents, mountains of Iceland and volcanoes of Iceland.
See Eldgjá and Laki
Landmannalaugar
Landmannalaugar is a location in Iceland's Fjallabak Nature Reserve in the Highlands.
See Eldgjá and Landmannalaugar
Landnámabók
Landnámabók ("Book of Settlements"), often shortened to Landnáma, is a medieval Icelandic written work which describes in considerable detail the settlement (landnám) of Iceland by the Norse in the 9th and 10th centuries CE.
Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
Jin, known as the Later Jìn (936–947) or the Shi Jin (石晉) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
See Eldgjá and Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
Lava
Lava is molten or partially molten rock (magma) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a moon onto its surface.
See Eldgjá and Lava
Lava lake
Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.
Lava tube
A lava tube, or pyroduct, is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Lineament
See also Line (geometry) A lineament is a linear feature in a landscape which is an expression of an underlying geological structure such as a fault.
List of glaciers in Iceland
The glaciers and ice caps of Iceland covered 11% of the land area of the country, up to about 2008.
See Eldgjá and List of glaciers in Iceland
List of lakes of Iceland
Iceland has over 20 lakes larger than 10 km2 (4 sq mi), and at least 40 others varying between 2.5 and 10 km2 (1 to 4 sq mi) in size.
See Eldgjá and List of lakes of Iceland
List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
This is an incomplete list of volcanic eruptions in Iceland. Eldgjá and list of volcanic eruptions in Iceland are active volcanoes and volcanoes of Iceland.
See Eldgjá and List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
List of volcanoes in Iceland
There are too many presumed extinct or now inactive volcanic features to list all of these below, so most monogenetic volcanoes can not be mentioned individually. Eldgjá and list of volcanoes in Iceland are volcanoes of Iceland.
See Eldgjá and List of volcanoes in Iceland
Locust
Locusts (derived from the Latin locusta, locust or lobster) are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae that have a swarming phase.
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Magma chamber
A magma chamber is a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth.
Magnetite
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula.
Mýrdalsjökull
Mýrdalsjökull (pronounced, Icelandic for "(the) mire dale glacier" or "(the) mire valley glacier") is an ice cap on the top of the Katla volcano in the south of Iceland. It is to the north of the town of Vík í Mýrdal and to the east of the smaller ice cap Eyjafjallajökull. Eldgjá and Mýrdalsjökull are Katla (volcano).
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge (a divergent or constructive plate boundary) located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world.
See Eldgjá and Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Monsoon
A monsoon is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator.
Moraine
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet.
Mount Tambora
Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
Natural arch
A natural arch, natural bridge, or (less commonly) rock arch is a natural landform where an arch has formed with an opening underneath.
Nile
The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.
See Eldgjá and Nile
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
See Eldgjá and Northern Hemisphere
Olivine
The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula.
Paektu Mountain
Paektu Mountain or Baekdu Mountain is an active stratovolcano on the Chinese–North Korean border. Eldgjá and Paektu Mountain are active volcanoes and VEI-6 volcanoes.
See Eldgjá and Paektu Mountain
Paleoclimatology
Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available.
See Eldgjá and Paleoclimatology
Phenocryst
Swiss side of the Mont Blanc massif, has large white phenocrysts of plagioclase (that have trapezoid shapes when cut through). 1 euro coin (diameter 2.3 cm) for scale. A phenocryst is an early forming, relatively large and usually conspicuous crystal distinctly larger than the grains of the rock groundmass of an igneous rock.
Phreatomagmatic eruption
Phreatomagmatic eruptions are volcanic eruptions resulting from interaction between magma and water.
See Eldgjá and Phreatomagmatic eruption
Plagioclase
Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group.
Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element; it has symbol Pt and atomic number 78.
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
Plinian eruption
Plinian eruptions or Vesuvian eruptions are volcanic eruptions marked by their similarity to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, which destroyed the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
See Eldgjá and Plinian eruption
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
ResearchGate
ResearchGate is a European commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators.
Rift
In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics.
See Eldgjá and Rift
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America.
See Eldgjá and Rocky Mountains
Rootless cone
A rootless cone, also formerly called a pseudocrater, is a volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted.
Scoria
Scoria is a pyroclastic, highly vesicular, dark-colored volcanic rock formed by ejection from a volcano as a molten blob and cooled in the air to form discrete grains called clasts.
Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground.
Silicic
Silicic is an adjective to describe magma or igneous rock rich in silica.
Speleothem
A speleothem is a geological formation by mineral deposits that accumulate over time in natural caves.
Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
Tephra
Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement mechanism.
Tholeiitic magma series
The tholeiitic magma series is one of two main magma series in subalkaline igneous rocks, the other being the calc-alkaline series.
See Eldgjá and Tholeiitic magma series
Timeline of volcanism on Earth
This timeline of volcanism on Earth includes a list of major volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Quaternary period (from 2.58 Mya to the present).
See Eldgjá and Timeline of volcanism on Earth
United States dollar
The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries.
See Eldgjá and United States dollar
Vatnajökull
Vatnajökull (Icelandic pronunciation:, literally "Glacier of Lakes"; sometimes translated as Vatna Glacier in English) is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland, and the second largest in area in Europe after the Severny Island ice cap of Novaya Zemlya. Eldgjá and Vatnajökull are east Volcanic Zone of Iceland.
Vatnajökull National Park
Vatnajökull National Park (Vatnajökulsþjóðgarður) is one of three national parks in Iceland.
See Eldgjá and Vatnajökull National Park
Völuspá
Völuspá (also Vǫluspá, Vǫlospá or Vǫluspǫ́; Old Norse: 'Prophecy of the völva, a seeress') is the best known poem of the Poetic Edda.
Viking Age
The Viking Age (about) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America.
Volcanic ash
Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.
Volcanic cone
Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms.
Volcanism of Iceland
Iceland experiences frequent volcanic activity, due to its location both on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary, and being over a hotspot. Nearly thirty volcanoes are known to have erupted in the Holocene epoch; these include Eldgjá, source of the largest lava eruption in human history.
See Eldgjá and Volcanism of Iceland
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Waterfall
A waterfall is any point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops.
Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian—which crosses Greenwich, London, England—and east of the 180th meridian.
See Eldgjá and Western Hemisphere
2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe. Eldgjá and 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull are east Volcanic Zone of Iceland.
See Eldgjá and 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
Paektu Mountain, also known as Changbaishan, on the border of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China erupted in late 946 CE.
See Eldgjá and 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
See also
Canyons and gorges of Iceland
East Volcanic Zone of Iceland
- Þórólfsfell
- Þjórsá Lava
- 1996 eruption of Gjálp
- 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
- 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
- 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga
- Bárðarbunga
- Bláhnjúkur
- Brennisteinsalda
- Eldgjá
- Eyjafjallajökull
- Grímsvötn
- Hekla
- Hekla 3 eruption
- Katla (volcano)
- Laki
- Tindfjallajökull
- Torfajökull
- Vatnaöldur
- Vatnafjöll
- Vatnajökull
- Veiðivötn
- Vestmannaeyjar
Fissure vents
- Alu (Ethiopia)
- Baugur (crater)
- Crack in the Ground
- Eldgjá
- Fagradalsfjall
- Fissure vent
- Fuerteventura
- Grímsnes
- Gran Canaria
- Hengill
- Hertali
- Holuhraun
- Hrómundartindur
- Kamoamoa
- Krýsuvík fires
- Krafla
- Laki
- Lanzarote
- Letha Taung
- Ljósufjöll
- Manda-Inakir
- Mount Alayta
- Newberry Volcano
- Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
- São Jorge Island
- Sundhnúkur
- Vatnafjöll
- Veiðivötn
- Vulcão da Urzelina
Katla (volcano)
- Ófærufoss
- 1918 eruption of Katla
- Eldgjá
- Katla (TV series)
- Katla (volcano)
- Mýrdalsjökull
- Mýrdalssandur
Volcanoes of Iceland
- Þórólfsfell
- Þorbjörn (mountain)
- Þrándarjökull
- Búrfell (Hafnarfjörður)
- Baugur (crater)
- Bláhnjúkur
- Borgarvirki
- Brennisteinsfjöll
- Drangey
- Dyrhólaey
- Eldborg í Bláfjöllum
- Eldgjá
- Eldvörp–Svartsengi
- Esja
- Fremrinámur
- Geirfuglasker
- Grímsnes
- Grímsvötn
- Grensdalur
- Helgafell (Hafnarfjörður)
- Helgafell (Vestmannaeyjabær)
- Hverfjall
- Ingólfsfjall
- Jólnir
- Kerið
- Kolbeinsey
- Krafla
- Laki
- Leitin
- List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
- List of volcanoes in Iceland
- Ljósufjöll
- Mælifell
- Reykjanes
- Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð
- Surtsey
- Thrihnukagigur
- Trölladyngja
- Tungnafellsjökull
- Vífilsfell
- Vatnafjöll
- Veiðivötn
- Volcanic systems of Iceland
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldgjá
Also known as Eldgjá eruption.
, Later Jin (Five Dynasties), Lava, Lava lake, Lava tube, Levant, Lineament, List of glaciers in Iceland, List of lakes of Iceland, List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland, List of volcanoes in Iceland, Locust, Maghreb, Magma chamber, Magnetite, Mýrdalsjökull, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Monsoon, Moraine, Mount Tambora, Muslim world, Natural arch, Nile, Northern Hemisphere, Olivine, Paektu Mountain, Paleoclimatology, Phenocryst, Phreatomagmatic eruption, Plagioclase, Platinum, Pleistocene, Plinian eruption, Poland, Pyroxene, ResearchGate, Rift, Rocky Mountains, Rootless cone, Scoria, Shield volcano, Silicic, Speleothem, Sulfate, Sulfur dioxide, Tephra, Tholeiitic magma series, Timeline of volcanism on Earth, United States dollar, Vatnajökull, Vatnajökull National Park, Völuspá, Viking Age, Volcanic ash, Volcanic cone, Volcanism of Iceland, Volcano, Waterfall, Western Hemisphere, 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain.