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Empiricism, the Glossary

In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.^[1]

181 relations: 'Aql, A priori and a posteriori, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, A Treatise of Human Nature, A. J. Ayer, Abductive reasoning, Active intellect, Aetius (philosopher), Age of Enlightenment, Al-Andalus, Al-Farabi, Alciphron (book), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Analytic philosophy, Analytic–synthetic distinction, Ancient Greek, Ancient philosophy, Anglicanism, Anti-realism, Antonio Persio, Arabic literature, Aristotelianism, Aristotle, Artificial intelligence, Atheism, Avicenna, Axiom, Baruch Spinoza, Bernardino Telesio, Bertrand Russell, Bias, Bonaventure, Brill Publishers, Certainty, Cf., Charles Sanders Peirce, Charvaka, Cognitive science, Contingency (philosophy), Critique of Pure Reason, Dagobert D. Runes, Darshan (Indian religions), David Hume, Deductive reasoning, Direct and indirect realism, Dogmatic school, Early modern philosophy, Education, Edward Pococke, Empiric school, ... Expand index (131 more) »
Empirical laws
Epistemological schools and traditions
Internalism and externalism
Justification (epistemology)
Philosophical methodology

'Aql

Aql (lit) is an Arabic term used in Islamic philosophy and theology for the intellect or the rational faculty of the soul that connects humans to God.

See Empiricism and 'Aql

A priori ('from the earlier') and a posteriori ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. Empiricism and a priori and a posteriori are justification (epistemology).

See Empiricism and A priori and a posteriori

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (commonly called the Principles of Human Knowledge, or simply the Treatise) is a 1710 work, in English, by Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley.

See Empiricism and A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

A Treatise of Human Nature

A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects (1739–40) is a book by Scottish philosopher David Hume, considered by many to be Hume's most important work and one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.

See Empiricism and A Treatise of Human Nature

A. J. Ayer

Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989) was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).

See Empiricism and A. J. Ayer

Abductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations.

See Empiricism and Abductive reasoning

Active intellect

In medieval philosophy, the active intellect (Latin: intellectus agens; also translated as agent intellect, active intelligence, active reason, or productive intellect) is the formal (morphe) aspect of the intellect (nous), according to the Aristotelian theory of hylomorphism.

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Aetius (philosopher)

Aetius (Ἀέτιος) was a 1st- or 2nd-century AD doxographer and Eclectic philosopher.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Al-Farabi

Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (Abū Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābī; — 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist.

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Alciphron (book)

Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher is a philosophical dialogue by the 18th-century Irish philosopher George Berkeley wherein Berkeley combated the arguments of free-thinkers such as Mandeville and Shaftesbury against the Christian religion.

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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding.

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Analytic philosophy

Analytic philosophy is a broad, contemporary movement or tradition within Western philosophy and especially anglophone philosophy, focused on analysis.

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Analytic–synthetic distinction

The analytic–synthetic distinction is a semantic distinction used primarily in philosophy to distinguish between propositions (in particular, statements that are affirmative subject–predicate judgments) that are of two types: analytic propositions and synthetic propositions.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Ancient philosophy

This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history.

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Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

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Anti-realism

In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is a position which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic.

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Antonio Persio

Antonio Persio (17 May 1542 – 11 February 1612) was an Italian philosopher of the Platonic school who opposed the Aristotelianism which predominated in the universities of his time.

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Arabic literature

Arabic literature (الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-‘Arabī) is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language.

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Aristotelianism

Aristotelianism is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Avicenna

Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.

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Axiom

An axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.

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Baruch Spinoza

Baruch (de) Spinoza (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin.

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Bernardino Telesio

Bernardino Telesio (7 November 1509 – 2 October 1588) was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist.

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.

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Bias

* Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

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Bonaventure

Bonaventure (Bonaventura da Bagnoregio.; Bonaventura de Balneoregio.; born Giovanni di Fidanza; 1221 – 15 July 1274) was an Italian Catholic Franciscan bishop, cardinal, scholastic theologian and philosopher.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Certainty

Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting.

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Cf.

The abbreviation cf. (short for either Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare') is used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed.

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Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".

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Charvaka

Charvaka (चार्वाक; IAST: Cārvāka), also known as Lokāyata, is an ancient school of Indian materialism.

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Cognitive science

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.

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Contingency (philosophy)

In logic, contingency is the feature of a statement making it neither necessary nor impossible.

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Critique of Pure Reason

The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft; 1781; second edition 1787) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics.

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Dagobert D. Runes

Dagobert David Runes (January 6, 1902 – September 24, 1982) was an immigrant publisher in the US, a philosopher and author.

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Darshan (Indian religions)

In Indian religions, a darshan (Sanskrit: दर्शन,; 'showing, appearance, view, sight') or darshanam is the auspicious sight of a deity or a holy person.

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David Hume

David Hume (born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical skepticism and metaphysical naturalism.

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Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences.

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Direct and indirect realism

In the philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, are differing models that describe the nature of conscious experiences;Lehar, Steve.

See Empiricism and Direct and indirect realism

Dogmatic school

The Dogmatic school of medicine (Dogmatics, or Dogmatici, Δογματικοί) was a school of medicine in ancient Greece and Rome.

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Early modern philosophy

Early modern philosophy (also classical modern philosophy)Richard Schacht, Classical Modern Philosophers: Descartes to Kant, Routledge, 2013, p. 1: "Seven men have come to stand out from all of their counterparts in what has come to be known as the 'modern' period in the history of philosophy (i.e., the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries): Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume and Kant".

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Education

Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms.

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Edward Pococke

Edward Pococke (baptised 8 November 160410 September 1691) was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar.

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Empiric school

The Empiric school of medicine (Empirics, Empiricists, or Empirici, Ἐμπειρικοί) was a school of medicine founded in Alexandria the middle of the third century BC.

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Empirical evidence

Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure.

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

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Experiment

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried.

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Fallibilism

Originally, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: fallibilis, "liable to error") is the philosophical principle that propositions can be accepted even though they cannot be conclusively proven or justified,Haack, Susan (1979). Empiricism and fallibilism are philosophy of science.

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Falsifiability

Falsifiability (or refutability) is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934).

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Feral child

A feral child (also called wild child) is a young individual who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, with little or no experience of human care, social behavior, or language.

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Francesco Guicciardini

Francesco Guicciardini (6 March 1483 – 22 May 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman.

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Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei or simply Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.

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George Berkeley

George Berkeley (12 March 168514 January 1753) – known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne of the Anglican Church of Ireland) – was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).

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Gianni Vattimo

Gianteresio Vattimo (4 January 1936 – 19 September 2023) was an Italian philosopher and politician.

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Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno (Iordanus Brunus Nolanus; born Filippo Bruno, January or February 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian philosopher, poet, alchemist, astronomer, cosmological theorist, and esotericist.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.

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Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.

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Hackett Publishing Company

Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. is an academic publishing house located in Indianapolis, Indiana.

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Haecceity

Haecceity (from the Latin haecceitas, which translates as "thisness") is a term from medieval scholastic philosophy, first coined by followers of Duns Scotus to denote a concept that he seems to have originated: the irreducible determination of a thing that makes it this particular thing.

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Hans Reichenbach

Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891 – April 9, 1953) was a leading philosopher of science, educator, and proponent of logical empiricism.

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Hayy ibn Yaqdhan

Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (also known as Hai Eb'n Yockdan) is an Arabic philosophical novel and an allegorical tale written by Ibn Tufail (– 1185) in the early 12th century in Al-Andalus.

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Heinemann (publisher)

William Heinemann Ltd., with the imprint Heinemann, was a London-based publisher founded in 1890 by William Heinemann.

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Hilary Putnam

Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, computer scientist, and figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century.

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History of science

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.

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Hypothesis

A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Empiricism and hypothesis are philosophy of science.

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Ibn al-Nafis

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī Ḥazm al-Qarashī (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزمالقرشي), known as Ibn al-Nafīs (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab polymath whose areas of work included medicine, surgery, physiology, anatomy, biology, Islamic studies, jurisprudence, and philosophy.

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Ibn Tufayl

Ibn Ṭufayl (full Arabic name: أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الملك بن محمد بن طفيل القيسي الأندلسي; Latinized form: Abubacer Aben Tofail; Anglicized form: Abubekar or Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail; – 1185) was an Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath: a writer, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, and vizier.

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Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

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Indiana University Press

Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.

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Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is any of various methods of reasoning in which broad generalizations or principles are derived from a body of observations.

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Inference

Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward".

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Innatism

In the philosophy of mind, innatism is the view that the mind is born with already-formed ideas, knowledge, and beliefs.

See Empiricism and Innatism

Instrumentalism

In philosophy of science and in epistemology, instrumentalism is a methodological view that ideas are useful instruments, and that the worth of an idea is based on how effective it is in explaining and predicting natural phenomena.

See Empiricism and Instrumentalism

Intellect

In the study of the human mind, intellect is the ability of the human mind to reach correct conclusions about what is true and what is false in reality; and includes capacities such as reasoning, conceiving, judging, and relating.

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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) is a scholarly online encyclopedia with 880 articles about philosophy, philosophers, and related topics.

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Intuition

Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge, without recourse to conscious reasoning or needing an explanation.

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Irvin Rock

Irvin Rock (1922–1995) was an American experimental psychologist who studied visual perception at the University of California at Berkeley.

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Islamic philosophy

Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.

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John Dewey

John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer.

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John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant.

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Kaṇāda

Kaṇāda, also known as Ulūka, Kashyapa, Kaṇabhaksha, Kaṇabhuj was an ancient Indian natural scientist and philosopher who founded the Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy that also represents the earliest Indian physics.

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Karl Popper

Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian–British philosopher, academic and social commentator.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

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Loeb Classical Library

The Loeb Classical Library (LCL; named after James Loeb) is a series of books originally published by Heinemann in London, but is currently published by Harvard University Press.

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Logical reasoning

Logical reasoning is a mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way.

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Logical truth

Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.

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Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics.

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Mathematical sciences

The mathematical sciences are a group of areas of study that includes, in addition to mathematics, those academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.

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Meditations on First Philosophy

Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated (Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur) is a philosophical treatise by René Descartes first published in Latin in 1641.

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Michael Dummett

Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett (27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011) was an English academic described as "among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality." He was, until 1992, Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Monody

In music, monody refers to a solo vocal style distinguished by having a single melodic line and instrumental accompaniment.

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Moritz Schlick

Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick (14 April 1882 – 22 June 1936) was a German philosopher, physicist, and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Natural science

Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

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Nature

Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole.

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Nelson Goodman

Henry Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906 – 25 November 1998) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism, and aesthetics.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance.

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Nicholas Maxwell

Nicholas Maxwell (born 3 July 1937) is a British philosopher.

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Nicholas Rescher

Nicholas Rescher (15 July 1928 – 5 January 2024) was a German-born American philosopher, polymath, and author, who was a professor of philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh from 1961.

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Nous

Nous, from, is a concept from classical philosophy, sometimes equated to intellect or intelligence, for the faculty of the human mind necessary for understanding what is true or real.

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Novum Organum

The Novum Organum, fully Novum Organum, sive Indicia Vera de Interpretatione Naturae ("New organon, or true directions concerning the interpretation of nature") or Instaurationis Magnae, Pars II ("Part II of The Great Instauration"), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620.

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Observation

Observation in the natural sciences is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving and the acquisition of information from a primary source. Empiricism and Observation are philosophy of science.

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On the Soul

On the Soul (Greek: Περὶ Ψυχῆς, Peri Psychēs; Latin: De Anima) is a major treatise written by Aristotle.

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Otto Neurath

Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Paracelsus

Paracelsus (1493 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance.

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Parmenides (dialogue)

Parmenides (Παρμενίδης) is one of the dialogues of Plato.

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Passive intellect

The passive intellect (Latin: intellectus possibilis; also translated as potential intellect or material intellect), is a term used in philosophy alongside the notion of the active intellect in order to give an account of the operation of the intellect (nous), in accordance with the theory of hylomorphism, as most famously put forward by Aristotle.

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Perception

Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.

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Peter Achinstein

Peter Achinstein (born June 30, 1935) is an American philosopher of science at Johns Hopkins University.

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Phaedo

Phædo or Phaedo (Φαίδων, Phaidōn), also known to ancient readers as On The Soul, is one of the best-known dialogues of Plato's middle period, along with the Republic and the Symposium. The philosophical subject of the dialogue is the immortality of the soul.

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Phantasiai

In Hellenistic philosophy, phantasiai (φαντασίαι) are pieces of information received from sense experience.

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Phenomenalism

In metaphysics, phenomenalism is the view that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves, but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softness, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space.

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Phenomenon

A phenomenon (phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event.

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Philosophical fiction

Philosophical fiction is any fiction that devotes a significant portion of its content to the sort of questions addressed by philosophy.

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Philosophical skepticism

Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. Empiricism and philosophical skepticism are philosophical methodology.

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Philosophy

Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.

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Philosophy of mind

The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world.

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Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

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Pierre Gassendi

Pierre Gassendi (also Pierre Gassend, Petrus Gassendi, Petrus Gassendus; 22 January 1592 – 24 October 1655) was a French philosopher, Catholic priest, astronomer, and mathematician.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Platonism

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato.

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Posterior Analytics

The Posterior Analytics (Ἀναλυτικὰ Ὕστερα; Analytica Posteriora) is a text from Aristotle's Organon that deals with demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge.

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Potentiality and actuality

In philosophy, potentiality and actuality are a pair of closely connected principles which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, and De Anima.

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Pragmatic maxim

The pragmatic maxim, also known as the maxim of pragmatism or the maxim of pragmaticism, is a maxim of logic formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce.

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Pragmatic theory of truth

A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism.

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Pragmatism

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Empiricism and Pragmatism are epistemological schools and traditions and philosophy of science.

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Problem of induction

The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations. Empiricism and problem of induction are philosophy of science.

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Pyrrhonism

Pyrrhonism is an Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism which rejects dogma and advocates the suspension of judgement over the truth of all beliefs.

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Pythagorean hammers

According to legend, Pythagoras discovered the foundations of musical tuning by listening to the sounds of four blacksmith's hammers, which produced consonance and dissonance when they were struck simultaneously.

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Radical empiricism

Radical empiricism is a philosophical doctrine put forth by William James.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. Empiricism and rationalism are epistemological schools and traditions.

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Reality

Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the universe, as opposed to that which is only imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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René Descartes

René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.

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Revelation

In religion and theology, revelation (or divine revelation) is the disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities.

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Richard Rorty

Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.

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Rudolf Carnap

Rudolf Carnap (18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

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Schools of Islamic theology

Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding creed.

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Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. Empiricism and scientific method are philosophy of science.

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Skepticism

Skepticism, also spelled scepticism in British English, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. Empiricism and Skepticism are epistemological schools and traditions and philosophical methodology.

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Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

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Stephen F. Barker

Stephen Francis Barker (January 11, 1927 – December 16, 2019) was an American Philosopher of Mathematics, a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University.

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Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

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Subjective idealism

Subjective idealism, or empirical idealism or immaterialism, is a form of philosophical monism that holds that only minds and mental contents exist.

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Supernatural

Supernatural refers to phenomena or entities that are beyond the laws of nature.

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Syllogism

A syllogism (συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

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Tabula rasa

Tabula rasa (Latin for "blank slate") is the idea of individuals being born empty of any built-in mental content, so that all knowledge comes from later perceptions or sensory experiences.

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Tautology (logic)

In mathematical logic, a tautology (from ταυτολογία) is a formula or assertion that is true in every possible interpretation.

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Testability

Testability is a primary aspect of science and the scientific method. Empiricism and Testability are philosophy of science.

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Theologus Autodidactus

Theologus Autodidactus (English: "The Self-taught Theologian") is an Arabic novel written by Ibn al-Nafis, originally titled The Treatise of Kāmil on the Prophet's Biography (الرسالة الكاملية في السيرة النبوية), and also known as Risālat Fādil ibn Nātiq ("The Book of Fādil ibn Nātiq").

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Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas (Aquino; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher.

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Thought experiment

A thought experiment is a hypothetical situation in which a hypothesis, theory, or principle is laid out for the purpose of thinking through its consequences. Empiricism and thought experiment are philosophical methodology.

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Tommaso Campanella

Tommaso Campanella (5 September 1568 – 21 May 1639), baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, theologian, astrologer, and poet.

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Tradition

A tradition is a system of beliefs or behaviors (folk custom) passed down within a group of people or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.

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Uninhabited island

An uninhabited island, desert island, or deserted island, is an island, islet or atoll that is not permanently populated by humans.

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Vaiśeṣika Sūtra

Vaiśeṣika Sūtra (Sanskrit: वैशेषिक सूत्र), also called Kanada sutra, is an ancient Sanskrit text at the foundation of the Vaisheshika school of Hindu philosophy.

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Vaisheshika

Vaisheshika (IAST: Vaiśeṣika;; वैशेषिक) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India.

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Value added

Value added is a term in financial economics for calculating the difference between market value of a product or service, and the sum value of its constituents.

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Verificationism

Verificationism, also known as the verification principle or the verifiability criterion of meaning, is the philosophical doctrine which asserts that a statement is meaningful only if it is either empirically verifiable (i.e. confirmed through the senses) or a truth of logic (e.g., tautologies).

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Vienna Circle

The Vienna Circle (Wiener Kreis) of logical empiricism was a group of elite philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Schlick. Empiricism and Vienna Circle are philosophy of science.

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Vincenzo Galilei

Vincenzo Galilei (3 April 1520 – 2 July 1591) was an Italian lutenist, composer, and music theorist.

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Willard Van Orman Quine

Willard Van Orman Quine (known to his friends as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century".

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William James

William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

Also known as Anglo-empiricism, British Empiricism, British Empiricist, British Empiricists, Consistent empiricism, Empiri, Empirical analysis, Empirical limits in science, Empirical question, Empirical science, Empiricalism, Empirically, Empirici, Empiricist, Empiricist epistemology, Empiricists, Empirics, Empirism, Empirisme, Emprically, English empiricist, History of empiricism, Methodological empiricism, Modern empiricism, Neo-empiricism, Scientific empiricism.

, Empirical evidence, Epistemology, Experiment, Fallibilism, Falsifiability, Feral child, Francesco Guicciardini, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, George Berkeley, Gianni Vattimo, Giordano Bruno, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gottlob Frege, Hackett Publishing Company, Haecceity, Hans Reichenbach, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Heinemann (publisher), Hilary Putnam, History of science, Hypothesis, Ibn al-Nafis, Ibn Tufayl, Immanuel Kant, Indiana University Press, Inductive reasoning, Inference, Innatism, Instrumentalism, Intellect, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Intuition, Irvin Rock, Islamic philosophy, John Dewey, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Kaṇāda, Karl Popper, Latin, Leonardo da Vinci, Loeb Classical Library, Logical reasoning, Logical truth, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Mathematical logic, Mathematical sciences, Meditations on First Philosophy, Michael Dummett, Middle Ages, Monody, Moritz Schlick, Muslims, Natural science, Nature, Nelson Goodman, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicholas Maxwell, Nicholas Rescher, Nous, Novum Organum, Observation, On the Soul, Otto Neurath, Oxford University Press, Paracelsus, Parmenides (dialogue), Passive intellect, Perception, Peter Achinstein, Phaedo, Phantasiai, Phenomenalism, Phenomenon, Philosophical fiction, Philosophical skepticism, Philosophy, Philosophy of mind, Philosophy of science, Pierre Gassendi, Plato, Platonism, Posterior Analytics, Potentiality and actuality, Pragmatic maxim, Pragmatic theory of truth, Pragmatism, Problem of induction, Pyrrhonism, Pythagorean hammers, Radical empiricism, Rationalism, Reality, Reason, Renaissance, René Descartes, Revelation, Richard Rorty, Robert Boyle, Rudolf Carnap, Scholasticism, Schools of Islamic theology, Science, Scientific method, Scotland, Skepticism, Social science, Stephen F. Barker, Stoicism, Subjective idealism, Supernatural, Syllogism, Tabula rasa, Tautology (logic), Testability, Theologus Autodidactus, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, Thought experiment, Tommaso Campanella, Tradition, Uninhabited island, Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, Vaisheshika, Value added, Verificationism, Vienna Circle, Vincenzo Galilei, Willard Van Orman Quine, William James.

Empiricism, the Glossary

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