Engesa, the Glossary
Engesa (Engenheiros Especializados S.A.) was a Brazilian company in the oil and later automotive and military sectors founded in 1958.[1]
Table of Contents
102 relations: Allis-Chalmers, AMX International AMX, Antônio Delfim Netto, Aracruz Celulose, Armored car (military), Armoured personnel carrier, Astros II, Augusto Pinochet, Avibras, Baghdad, Bahia, Banco do Brasil, Barueri, Bernardini (company), Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo, Boeing 707, Brazilian Armed Forces, Brazilian Army, Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986), Brazilian Development Bank, Brazilian Marine Corps, Brazilian Navy, British Aerospace, CAD/CAM, Capuava, Casa da Moeda do Brasil, Central Intelligence Agency, Chadian–Libyan War, Chevrolet, CINDACTA, Cold War, Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos, Correios, Cross-functional team, Cruzeiro, São Paulo, Dodge, Drawing (manufacturing), EE-11 Urutu, EE-3 Jararaca, EE-9 Cascavel, EE-T1 Osório, Egyptian–Libyan War, Embedded system, Embraer, Embraer EMB 312 Tucano, End-user certificate, Federal government of Brazil, Fernando Collor de Mello, Finep, Ford Motor Company, ... Expand index (52 more) »
- Defunct defence companies of Brazil
- Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Brazil
- Organisations based in São José dos Campos
Allis-Chalmers
Allis-Chalmers was a U.S. manufacturer of machinery for various industries.
AMX International AMX
The AMX International AMX is a ground-attack aircraft jointly developed by Brazil and Italy.
See Engesa and AMX International AMX
Antônio Delfim Netto
Antônio Delfim Netto (born 1 May 1928) is a Brazilian economist, former Minister of Finance, Agriculture, and Planning of Brazil, professor and congressman.
See Engesa and Antônio Delfim Netto
Aracruz Celulose
Aracruz Celulose S.A. was a Brazilian manufacturer of pulp and paper, founded in May 1972.
See Engesa and Aracruz Celulose
Armored car (military)
A military armored (also spelled armoured) car is a wheeled armored fighting vehicle, historically employed for reconnaissance, internal security, armed escort, and other subordinate battlefield tasks.
See Engesa and Armored car (military)
Armoured personnel carrier
An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones.
See Engesa and Armoured personnel carrier
Astros II
Astros II (Artillery Saturation Rocket System) is a self-propelled multiple rocket launcher produced in Brazil by the Avibras company.
Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army officer and military dictator who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990.
See Engesa and Augusto Pinochet
Avibras
Avibrás Indústria Aeroespacial, based in Jacareí, São José dos Campos, Brazil, is a diversified Brazilian company which designs, develops and manufactures defense products and services. Engesa and Avibras are Companies based in São Paulo (state) and Organisations based in São José dos Campos.
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Bahia
Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country.
See Engesa and Bahia
Banco do Brasil
Banco do Brasil S.A. (Bank of Brazil) is a Brazilian financial services company headquartered in Brasília, Brazil.
See Engesa and Banco do Brasil
Barueri
Barueri is a Brazilian municipality in the State of São Paulo located in the northwestern part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo.
Bernardini (company)
The Bernardini S/A Industria e Comercio (Bernardini Industrial and Commerce Company), of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was a safe manufacturer which operated from 1912 to 1992. Engesa and Bernardini (company) are Defunct defence companies of Brazil and Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Brazil.
See Engesa and Bernardini (company)
Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo
The Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo was a Brazilian main battle tank designed by Bernardini; however, it never reached production status and it never passed beyond the prototype stage (1983).
See Engesa and Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo
Boeing 707
The Boeing 707 is an early American long-range narrow-body airliner, the first jetliner developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes.
Brazilian Armed Forces
The Brazilian Armed Forces (Forças Armadas Brasileiras) are the unified military forces of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
See Engesa and Brazilian Armed Forces
Brazilian Army
The Brazilian Army (Exército Brasileiro; EB) is the branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces responsible, externally, for defending the country in eminently terrestrial operations and, internally, for guaranteeing law, order and the constitutional branches, subordinating itself, in the Federal Government's structure, to the Ministry of Defense, alongside the Brazilian Navy and Air Force.
Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)
The cruzeiro, initially denominated cruzeiro novo, was the currency of Brazil between 1967 and 1986.
See Engesa and Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)
Brazilian Development Bank
The National Bank for Economic and Social Development (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, abbreviated: BNDES) is a development bank structured as a federal public company associated with the Ministry of the Economy of Brazil.
See Engesa and Brazilian Development Bank
Brazilian Marine Corps
The Brazilian Marine Corps (CFN; Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais), is the land combat branch of the Brazilian Navy.
See Engesa and Brazilian Marine Corps
Brazilian Navy
The Brazilian Navy (Navy of Brazil) is the naval service branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces, responsible for conducting naval operations. The navy was involved in Brazil's war of independence from Portugal. Most of Portugal's naval forces and bases in South America were transferred to the newly independent country.
British Aerospace
British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a British aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer that was formed in 1977.
See Engesa and British Aerospace
CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM refers to the integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
Capuava
Capuava is a district of the municipality of Santo André, in the Brazilian state of São Paulo.
Casa da Moeda do Brasil
The Casa da Moeda do Brasil is the Brazilian mint, owned by the Brazilian government and administratively subordinated to the Ministry of Finances.
See Engesa and Casa da Moeda do Brasil
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
See Engesa and Central Intelligence Agency
Chadian–Libyan War
The Chadian–Libyan War was a series of military campaigns in Chad between 1978 and 1987, fought between Libyan and allied Chadian forces against Chadian groups supported by France, with the occasional involvement of other foreign countries and factions.
See Engesa and Chadian–Libyan War
Chevrolet
Chevrolet, colloquially referred to as Chevy, is an American automobile division of the manufacturer General Motors (GM).
CINDACTA
The air traffic control centers of Brazil are known by the acronym CINDACTA, or "Centro Integrado de Defesa Aérea e Controle de Tráfego Aéreo (Integrated Air Traffic Control and Air Defense Center).
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos
Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos (CBC) is a Brazilian ammunition and weapons factory based in Ribeirão Pires, São Paulo, Brazil. Engesa and Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos are Companies based in São Paulo (state) and multinational companies headquartered in Brazil.
See Engesa and Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos
Correios
The Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos (or ECT), also known as Correios, is a state-owned company that has operated the national postal service of Brazil since the 17th century.
Cross-functional team
A cross-functional team (XFN), also known as a multidisciplinary team or interdisciplinary team, is a group of people with different functional expertise working toward a common goal.
See Engesa and Cross-functional team
Cruzeiro, São Paulo
Cruzeiro (Portuguese meaning the Southern Cross, the Brazilian national symbol) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.
See Engesa and Cruzeiro, São Paulo
Dodge
Dodge is an American brand of automobiles and a division of Stellantis North America, based in Auburn Hills, Michigan.
See Engesa and Dodge
Drawing (manufacturing)
Drawing is a manufacturing process that uses tensile forces to elongate metal, glass, or plastic.
See Engesa and Drawing (manufacturing)
EE-11 Urutu
The EE-11 Urutu is a Brazilian amphibious armored personnel carrier.
EE-3 Jararaca
The EE-3 Jararaca is a Brazilian scout car developed for route reconnaissance, liaison, and internal security purposes.
EE-9 Cascavel
The EE-9 Cascavel (translated to Rattlesnake) is a six-wheeled Brazilian armoured car developed primarily for reconnaissance.
EE-T1 Osório
The Engesa EE-T1 Osório was a Brazilian main battle tank prototype developed by Engesa.
Egyptian–Libyan War
The Egyptian–Libyan War, also known as the Four Day War (ḥarb al-ārbaʿ ʾayyām), was a short border war fought between Libya and Egypt that lasted from 21 to 24 July 1977.
See Engesa and Egyptian–Libyan War
Embedded system
An embedded system is a computer system—a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electronic system.
See Engesa and Embedded system
Embraer
Embraer S.A. is a Brazilian multinational aerospace corporation. Engesa and Embraer are Companies based in São Paulo (state), multinational companies headquartered in Brazil and Organisations based in São José dos Campos.
Embraer EMB 312 Tucano
The Embraer EMB 312 Tucano (English: Toucan) is a low-wing, tandem-seat, single-turboprop, basic trainer and counter-insurgency aircraft that was developed and is produced by Embraer in Brazil.
See Engesa and Embraer EMB 312 Tucano
End-user certificate
An end-user certificate, or EUC, is a document used in international transfers, including sales and arms provided as aid, of weapons and ammunition to certify that the buyer is the final recipient of the materials and does not plan on transferring the materials to another.
See Engesa and End-user certificate
Federal government of Brazil
The Federal Government of Brazil (Governo Federal) is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, a republic in South America divided into 26 states and a federal district.
See Engesa and Federal government of Brazil
Fernando Collor de Mello
Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (born 12 August 1949) is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate.
See Engesa and Fernando Collor de Mello
Finep
Finep (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Funding Authority for Studies and Projects, or Financier of Studies and Projects) is an organization of the Brazilian federal government under the Ministry of Science of Technology, devoted to funding of science and technology in the country.
See Engesa and Finep
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States.
See Engesa and Ford Motor Company
Fundação Getulio Vargas
Fundação Getulio Vargas (Getulio Vargas Foundation, often abbreviated as FGV) is a Brazilian higher education institution and think tank founded on December 20, 1944.
See Engesa and Fundação Getulio Vargas
General Motors do Brasil
General Motors do Brasil is the largest subsidiary of General Motors in South America, one of the oldest and largest car producers in Brazil.
See Engesa and General Motors do Brasil
Gulf War
The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.
Gurgel
Gurgel Motores was a Brazilian automobile manufacturer, named after its founder João do Amaral Gurgel. Engesa and Gurgel are Companies based in São Paulo (state), Defunct defence companies of Brazil and Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Brazil.
IMBEL
Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil (IMBEL; Brazilian War Material Industry) is a Ministry of Defence quango, founded in 1975, which coordinates industrial activity related to the planning and production of war material through the transfer of technology and the financial and technical support of new military development. Engesa and IMBEL are Companies based in São Paulo (state).
See Engesa and IMBEL
Instituto Militar de Engenharia
The Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME; Army Engineering Institute) is an engineering institute maintained by the Brazilian Army with federal support.
See Engesa and Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.
Jandira
Jandira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.
Juiz de Fora
Juiz de Fora (Outsider Judge), also known as J.F., is a city in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, approximately from the state border with Rio de Janeiro.
Klabin
Klabin is a Brazilian paper producing, exporting and recycling company headquartered in São Paulo. Engesa and Klabin are multinational companies headquartered in Brazil.
Libyan civil war (2014–2020)
The Libyan civil war (2014–2020), also more commonly known as the Second Libyan Civil War, was a multilateral civil war which was fought in Libya between a number of armed groups, but mainly the House of Representatives (HoR) and the Government of National Accord (GNA), for six years from 2014 to 2020.
See Engesa and Libyan civil war (2014–2020)
M1 Abrams
The M1 Abrams is a third-generation American main battle tank designed by Chrysler Defense (now General Dynamics Land Systems) and named for General Creighton Abrams.
M8 Greyhound
The M8 light armored car is a 6×6 armored car produced by the Ford Motor Company during World War II.
MAA-1 Piranha
The MAA-1 Piranha is a short-range infrared homing missile and the first air-to-air missile developed by Brazil for its Air Force and Navy.
Madre de Deus, Bahia
Madre de Deus is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
See Engesa and Madre de Deus, Bahia
Main battle tank
A main battle tank (MBT), also known as a battle tank or universal tank,Ogorkiewicz 2018 p222 is a tank that fills the role of armour-protected direct fire and maneuver in many modern armies.
See Engesa and Main battle tank
Mercedes-Benz Group
The Mercedes-Benz Group AG (previously named Daimler-Benz, DaimlerChrysler and Daimler) is a German multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
See Engesa and Mercedes-Benz Group
Micro-enterprise
A micro-enterprise (or microenterprise) is generally defined as a small business employing nine people or fewer, and having a balance sheet or turnover less than a certain amount (e.g. €2 million or PhP 3 million).
See Engesa and Micro-enterprise
Military dictatorship in Brazil
The military dictatorship in Brazil (ditadura militar), occasionally referred to as the Fifth Brazilian Republic, was established on 1 April 1964, after a coup d'état by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with support from the United States government, against president João Goulart.
See Engesa and Military dictatorship in Brazil
Military light utility vehicle
Military light utility vehicle, or simply light utility vehicle (LUV), is a term used for the lightest weight class military vehicle category.
See Engesa and Military light utility vehicle
Ministry of Finance (Brazil)
The Ministry of Finance (Ministério da Fazenda) was created in 1808 with the title Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil e da Fazenda.
See Engesa and Ministry of Finance (Brazil)
Morgan Stanley
Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
MSS-1.2
The MSS 1.2 AC (Míssil Superfície-Superfície 1.2 AntiCarro, Surface-to-Surface Missile 1.2 AntiTank) is a Brazilian anti-tank guided missile (ATGM).
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by rebel forces in 2011.
See Engesa and Muammar Gaddafi
Northeast Region, Brazil
The Northeast Region of Brazil (Região Nordeste do Brasil) is one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
See Engesa and Northeast Region, Brazil
Odebrecht
Odebrecht S.A., officially known as Novonor, is a Brazilian conglomerate, headquartered in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, consisting of diversified businesses in the fields of engineering, construction, chemicals and petrochemicals. Engesa and Odebrecht are multinational companies headquartered in Brazil.
OTO Melara
OTO Melara was a subsidiary of the Italian company Finmeccanica, today Leonardo, active in the defence sector, with factories in Brescia and La Spezia.
Petrobras
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., better known by and trading as the portmanteau Petrobras, is a state-owned Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Engesa and Petrobras are multinational companies headquartered in Brazil.
Philips
Koninklijke Philips N.V., commonly shortened to Philips, is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891.
Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo
The Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo (or the Engineering School of the University of São Paulo, Portuguese: Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo) (usually called Poli, Poli-USP or EPUSP) is an engineering school at the University of São Paulo (USP) in São Paulo, Brazil.
See Engesa and Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo
Poultry farming
Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food.
See Engesa and Poultry farming
Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA), officially known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and informally known as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary force that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of Ireland.
See Engesa and Provisional Irish Republican Army
Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was an Indian politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989.
Reconnaissance
In military operations, military reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, the terrain, and civil activities in the area of operations.
Redemocratization in Brazil
The redemocratization of Brazil (lit) was the 1974–1988 period of liberalization under the country's military regime, ending with the decline of the regime, the signing of the country's new constitution, and the transition to democracy.
See Engesa and Redemocratization in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil.
See Engesa and Rio de Janeiro (state)
S.A. (corporation)
The abbreviation S.A. or SA, for the French société anonyme designates a type of limited company in certain countries, most of which have a Romance language as their official language and operates a derivative of the 1804, Napoleonic, civil law.
See Engesa and S.A. (corporation)
Salvador, Bahia
Salvador is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia.
See Engesa and Salvador, Bahia
São José dos Campos
São José dos Campos (meaning Saint Joseph of the Fields) is a major city and the seat of the municipality of the same name in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
See Engesa and São José dos Campos
São Paulo
São Paulo is the most populous city in Brazil and the capital of the state of São Paulo.
Scania AB
Scania AB, stylised SCANIA in its products, is a major Swedish manufacturer headquartered in Södertälje, focusing on commercial vehicles—specifically heavy lorries, trucks and buses.
Six-Day War
The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.
SK-105 Kürassier
The SK-105 Kürassier is an Austrian light tank armed with a rifled 105 mm gun in an oscillating turret.
See Engesa and SK-105 Kürassier
Sudene
The Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast (Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste), or Sudene for short, is a Brazilian governmental agency created in 1959, during the government of President Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961), to stimulate economic growth in the northeastern region of Brazil, one of the poorest of the country, that faces chronic droughts and has a semi-arid climate.
Tank destroyer
A tank destroyer, tank hunter or tank killer is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, predominantly intended for anti-tank duties.
Transbrasil
TransBrasil was a Brazilian airline which ceased operations on 3 December 2001.
UBS
UBS Group AG is a multinational investment bank and financial services company founded and based in Switzerland.
See Engesa and UBS
University of São Paulo
The University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is a public research university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, and the largest public university in Brazil.
See Engesa and University of São Paulo
Vale S.A.
Vale, formerly Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Doce River Valley Company), is a Brazilian multinational corporation engaged in metals and mining and one of the largest logistics operators in Brazil. Engesa and Vale S.A. are multinational companies headquartered in Brazil.
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
The War in Iraq (2013–2017) was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State.
See Engesa and War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Western Sahara conflict
The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic/Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco.
See Engesa and Western Sahara conflict
1973 oil crisis
In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.
See Engesa and 1973 oil crisis
See also
Defunct defence companies of Brazil
- Bernardini (company)
- Engesa
- Estabelecimento de Fundição e Estaleiros Ponta da Areia
- Fábrica Nacional de Motores
- Fábrica de Armas Modernas
- Ford Brasil
- Gurgel
- Indústria Nacional de Armas
- Ishikawajima do Brasil Estaleiros
- JPX (Brazilian company)
- Lerap
- Troller Veículos Especiais
- Urko Armas
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Brazil
- Amazonas Motos Especiais
- AutoLatina
- Bernardini (company)
- Brasil & Movimento
- Brumana Pugliese
- Busscar
- Dacon
- Dardo (automobile)
- Engesa
- Fábrica Nacional de Motores
- Ford Caminhões
- Gurgel
- JPX (Brazilian company)
- Kasinski
- Mafersa
- Puma (car manufacturer)
- Simca do Brasil
Organisations based in São José dos Campos
- Avibras
- Clube Atlético Joseense
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology
- Embraer
- Engesa
- Futebol Clube Primeira Camisa
- Institute of Aeronautics and Space
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
- National Institute for Space Research
- São José Esporte Clube
- São José Rugby Clube
- São Paulo State University
- SIATT
- Scott–Marcondes Cesar–São José dos Campos
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engesa
, Fundação Getulio Vargas, General Motors do Brasil, Gulf War, Gurgel, IMBEL, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Iran–Iraq War, Jandira, Juiz de Fora, Klabin, Libyan civil war (2014–2020), M1 Abrams, M8 Greyhound, MAA-1 Piranha, Madre de Deus, Bahia, Main battle tank, Mercedes-Benz Group, Micro-enterprise, Military dictatorship in Brazil, Military light utility vehicle, Ministry of Finance (Brazil), Morgan Stanley, MSS-1.2, Muammar Gaddafi, Northeast Region, Brazil, Odebrecht, OTO Melara, Petrobras, Philips, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, Poultry farming, Provisional Irish Republican Army, Rajiv Gandhi, Reconnaissance, Redemocratization in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (state), S.A. (corporation), Salvador, Bahia, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Scania AB, Six-Day War, SK-105 Kürassier, Sudene, Tank destroyer, Transbrasil, UBS, University of São Paulo, Vale S.A., War in Iraq (2013–2017), Western Sahara conflict, 1973 oil crisis.