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Engraved gem, the Glossary

An engraved gem, frequently referred to as an intaglio, is a small and usually semi-precious gemstone that has been carved, in the Western tradition normally with images or inscriptions only on one face.^[1]

229 relations: Abraham Gorlaeus, Adolf Furtwängler, Ajax the Great, Alexander I of Russia, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek art, Ancient history, Anichini family, Antikensammlung Berlin, Antinous, Antiquarian, Antique Temple, Anton Pichler, Antonio Francesco Gori, Antonio Maria Zanetti, Archaic Greece, Art Nouveau, Arthur Evans, Arundel marbles, Assyria, Athena Promachos, Augustus, Basilica of Saint-Denis, Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, Berlin, Bernard Picart, Bible, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Blacas Cameo, BnF Museum, Book of Exodus, Bracciano, British Museum, Brooch, Byzantium, Cabinet of curiosities, Cameo (carving), Cameo glass, Carnelian, Carolingian art, Catherine the Great, Ceramic art, Charlemagne, Charles Christian Reisen, Charles the Bald, Charles Townley, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VII of France, ... Expand index (179 more) »
Ancient Greek sculpture
Ancient Roman sculpture
Ancient art
Engraved gem artists
Engraving
Gemstone cutting

Abraham Gorlaeus

Abraham van Goorle or, Latinized, Abraham Gorlaeus (ca. 1549 – 1608) was a Dutch antiquary of Flemish origin.

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Adolf Furtwängler

Johann Michael Adolf Furtwängler (30 June 1853 – 10 October 1907) was a German archaeologist, teacher, art historian and museum director.

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Ajax the Great

Ajax or Aias (Aíās, Αἴαντος Aíantos; archaic ΑΣϜΑϺ) is a Greek mythological hero, the son of King Telamon and Periboea, and the half-brother of Teucer.

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Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (–), nicknamed "the Blessed", was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

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Ancient Greek art

Ancient Greek art stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body, in which largely nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation.

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Ancient history

Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.

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Anichini family

The Anichini family were Italian Renaissance sculptors, leading carvers of engraved gems for seals and medals in Renaissance Italy. Engraved gem and Anichini family are engraved gem artists.

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Antikensammlung Berlin

The Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin antiquities collection) is one of the most important collections of classical art in the world, now held in the Altes Museum and Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany.

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Antinous

Antinous, also called Antinoös, (Ἀντίνοος; –) was a Greek youth from Bithynia and a favourite and lover of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

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Antiquarian

An antiquarian or antiquary is an aficionado or student of antiquities or things of the past.

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Antique Temple

The Antique Temple is a small round temple in the west part of Sanssouci Park in Potsdam.

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Anton Pichler

Anton Pichler (April 12, 1697 – September 14, 1779) was a Tyrolean goldsmith and artist of engraved gems, and the son of a doctor. Engraved gem and Anton Pichler are engraved gem artists.

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Antonio Francesco Gori

Antonio Francesco Gori, on his titlepages Franciscus Gorius (9 December 1691 – 20 January 1757), was an Italian antiquarian, a priest in minor orders, provost of the Baptistery of San Giovanni from 1746, and a professor at the Liceo, whose numerous publications of ancient Roman sculpture and antiquities formed part of the repertory on which 18th-century scholarship as well as the artistic movement of neoclassicism were based.

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Antonio Maria Zanetti

Count Anton Maria Zanetti (1689–1767) was a Venetian artist, engraver, art critic, art dealer and connoisseur.

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Archaic Greece

Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history lasting from to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period.

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Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts.

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Arthur Evans

Sir Arthur John Evans (8 July 1851 – 11 July 1941) was a British archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age.

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Arundel marbles

The Arundel marbles are a collection of stone Roman and Ancient Greek sculptures and inscriptions collected by Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel in the early seventeenth century, the first such comprehensive collection of its kind in England.

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Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

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Athena Promachos

The Athena Promachos (Ἀθηνᾶ Πρόμαχος, "Athena who fights in the front line") was a colossal bronze statue of Athena sculpted by Pheidias, which stood between the Propylaea and the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Basilica of Saint-Denis

The Basilica of Saint-Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, now formally known as the Basilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris.

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Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse

The Basilica of Saint-Sernin (Occitan: Basilica de Sant Sarnin) is a church in Toulouse, France, the former abbey church of the Abbey of Saint-Sernin or St Saturnin.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bernard Picart

Bernard Picart or Picard (11 June 1673 – 8 May 1733), was a French draughtsman, engraver, and book illustrator in Amsterdam, who showed an interest in cultural and religious habits.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Bibliothèque nationale de France

The ('National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as Richelieu and François-Mitterrand.

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Blacas Cameo

The Blacas Cameo is an unusually large Ancient Roman cameo, high, carved from a piece of sardonyx with four alternating layers of white and brown.

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BnF Museum

The BnF Museum or Museum of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, formerly known as the Cabinet des Médailles, is a significant art and history museum in Paris.

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Book of Exodus

The Book of Exodus (from translit; שְׁמוֹת Šəmōṯ, 'Names'; Liber Exodus) is the second book of the Bible.

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Bracciano

Bracciano is a small town in the Italian region of Lazio, northwest of Rome.

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British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

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Brooch

A brooch (also) is a decorative jewellery item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together.

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Byzantium

Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.

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Cabinet of curiosities

Cabinets of curiosities (Kunstkammer and Kunstkabinett), also known as wonder-rooms (Wunderkammer), were encyclopedic collections of objects whose categorical boundaries were, in Renaissance Europe, yet to be defined.

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Cameo (carving)

Cameo is a method of carving an object such as an engraved gem, item of jewellery or vessel. Engraved gem and Cameo (carving) are gemstone cutting.

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Cameo glass

Cameo glass is a luxury form of glass art produced by cameo glass engraving or etching and carving through fused layers of differently colored glass to produce designs, usually with white opaque glass figures and motifs on a dark-colored background.

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Carnelian

Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semiprecious stone.

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Carolingian art

Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about 780 to 900—during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs—popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

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Ceramic art

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles Christian Reisen

Charles Christian Reisen (1680 – 15 December 1725) was an English gem-engraver. Engraved gem and Charles Christian Reisen are engraved gem artists.

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Charles the Bald

Charles the Bald (Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877).

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Charles Townley

Charles Townley FRS (1 October 1737 – 3 January 1805) was a wealthy English country gentleman, antiquary and collector, a member of the Towneley family.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Charles VII of France

Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called the Victorious or the Well-Served, was King of France from 1422 to his death in 1461.

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Charter

A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified.

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Chatsworth House

Chatsworth House is a stately home in the Derbyshire Dales, north-east of Bakewell and west of Chesterfield, England.

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Chatsworth, Derbyshire

Chatsworth is a civil parish in Derbyshire, England, within the area of the Derbyshire Dales and the Peak District National Park.

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Chinese jade

Chinese jade refers to the jade mined or carved in China from the Neolithic onward.

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Chios

Chios (Chíos, traditionally known as Scio in English) is the fifth largest Greek island, situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and the tenth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Christie's

Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie.

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Christina, Queen of Sweden

Christina (Kristina; 18 December 1626 – 19 April 1689) was a member of the House of Vasa and the Queen of Sweden in her own right from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.

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Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

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Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode

Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode (1730–1799) was an English book and old master print collector, and a major benefactor of the British Museum.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Consul

Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire.

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Cornell University Library

The Cornell University Library is the library system of Cornell University.

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Corning Museum of Glass

The Corning Museum of Glass is a museum in Corning, New York in the United States, dedicated to the art, history, and science of glass.

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Crafts Council

The Crafts Council is the national development agency for contemporary craft in the United Kingdom, and is funded by Arts Council England.

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Cult image

In the practice of religion, a cult image is a human-made object that is venerated or worshipped for the deity, spirit or daemon that it embodies or represents.

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Cup of the Ptolemies

The Cup of the Ptolemies (French: Coupe des Ptolémées), also known as the Cup of Saint Denis, is an onyx cameo two-handled cup, or kantharos.

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Cylinder seal

A cylinder seal is a small round cylinder, typically about one inch (2 to 3 cm) in length, engraved with written characters or figurative scenes or both, used in ancient times to roll an impression onto a two-dimensional surface, generally wet clay. Engraved gem and cylinder seal are seals (insignia).

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Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

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Decio Azzolino

Decio Azzolino (11 April 1623 – 8 June 1689) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal, code-breaker, investigator and leader of the Squadrone Volante.

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Diomedes

Diomedes (Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.) or Diomede (god-like cunning" or "advised by Zeus) is a hero in Greek mythology, known for his participation in the Trojan War.

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Egyptian hieroglyphs

Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.

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Emery (rock)

Emery, or corundite, is a dark granular rock used to make an abrasive powder.

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Engraving

Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin.

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Ephod

An ephod (ʾēp̲od̲; or) was a type of apron that, according to the Hebrew Bible, was worn by the High Priest of Israel, an artifact and an object to be revered in ancient Israelite culture, and was closely connected with oracular practices and priestly ritual.

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Farnese Cup

The Farnese Cup or Tazza Farnese is a 2nd-century BC cameo hardstone carving bowl or cup made in Hellenistic Egypt in four-layered sardonyx agate, now in the Naples National Archaeological MuseumInv.

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Fourth Crusade

The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.

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Francesco Ficoroni

Francesco (de') Ficoroni (1664 – 25 January 1747) was an Italian archaeologist, connoisseur and antiquarian in Rome closely involved with the antiquities trade.

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Francis I of France

Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.

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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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Gemma Augustea

The Gemma Augustea (Latin, Gem of Augustus) is an ancient Roman low-relief cameo engraved gem cut from a double-layered Arabian onyx stone.

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Gemma Claudia

The Gemma Claudia is a very finely carved and detailed, five-layered, cameo in sardonyx, a type of onyx that has parallel layers of sard (shades of red) which depicts members of the Roman imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty.

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Gemstone

A gemstone (also called a fine gem, jewel, precious stone, semiprecious stone, or simply gem) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or polished, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.

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George III

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820.

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George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough

George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough, (26 January 1739 – 29 January 1817), styled Marquess of Blandford until 1758, was a British courtier, nobleman, and politician from the Spencer family.

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Georgius Agricola

Georgius Agricola (born Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a German Humanist scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist.

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Gertrud Seidmann

Gertrud Seidmann, (16 September 1919 – 15 February 2013) was an Austrian-British linguist and jewellery historian, specialising in engraved gems.

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Getty Villa

The Getty Villa is an educational center and art museum located at the easterly end of the Malibu coast in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States.

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Giovanni Bernardi

Giovanni Bernardi (1494 – 22 May 1553), also known as Giovanni da Castel Bolognese and as Giovanni da Castelbolognese, was an Italian gem engraver and medallist who was born in Castel Bolognese, Italy. Engraved gem and Giovanni Bernardi are engraved gem artists.

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Giovanni Pichler

Giovanni Pichler (Born 10 January 1734 in Naples; died 25 January 1791 in Rome) was a German-Italian artist in engraved gems. Engraved gem and Giovanni Pichler are engraved gem artists.

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Gisela Richter

Gisela Marie Augusta Richter (14 or 15 August 1882 – 24 December 1972) was a British-American classical archaeologist and art historian.

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Giuseppe Antonio Torricelli

Giuseppe Antonio Torricelli (1662–1719) was an Italian sculptor and gem-engraver of the late Baroque active in Florence, often using colorful and semi-precious pietra dura, a type of workmanship that became a specialty of Florence. Engraved gem and Giuseppe Antonio Torricelli are engraved gem artists.

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Glass casting

Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies.

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Gonzaga Cameo

The Gonzaga Cameo is a Hellenistic engraved gem; a cameo of the capita jugata variety cut out from the three layers of an Indian sardonyx, dating from perhaps the 3rd century BC.

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Great Cameo of France

The Great Cameo of France (Grand Camée de France) is a five-layered sardonyx Imperial Roman cameo of either about 23 AD, or 50–54 AD.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Hardstone carving

Hardstone carving, in art history and archaeology, is the artistic carving of semi-precious stones (and sometimes gemstones), such as jade, rock crystal (clear quartz), agate, onyx, jasper, serpentinite, or carnelian, and for objects made in this way. Engraved gem and Hardstone carving are ancient Greek sculpture, ancient Roman sculpture, ancient art and sculpture.

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Helladic chronology

Helladic chronology is a relative dating system used in archaeology and art history.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612), was the eldest son and heir apparent of James VI and I, King of England and Scotland; and his wife Anne of Denmark.

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Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle

Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle KG (14 August 1694 – 3 September 1758), styled Viscount Morpeth until 1738 was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1738 when he succeeded to the Peerage as Earl of Carlisle.

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Heracles

Heracles (glory/fame of Hera), born Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.

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Hermitage Museum

The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Heron

Herons are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 72 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons.

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High Priest of Israel

In Judaism, the High Priest of Israel (lit) was the head of the Israelite priesthood.

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House of Gonzaga

The House of Gonzaga is an Italian princely family that ruled Mantua in Lombardy, northern Italy from 1328 to 1708 (first as a captaincy-general, then margraviate, and finally duchy).

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House of Medici

The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first consolidated power in the Republic of Florence under Cosimo de' Medici during the first half of the 15th century.

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Iliupersis

The Iliupersis (Greek: Ἰλίουπέρσις, Iliou persis, "Sack of Ilium"), also known as The Sack of Troy, is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature.

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Indus Valley Civilisation

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

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Isabella d'Este

Isabella d'Este (19 May 1474 – 13 February 1539) was the Marchioness of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure.

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Jacopo Caraglio

Jacopo Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio or Gian Giacomo Caraglio (– 26 August 1565) known also as Jacobus Parmensis and Jacobus Veronensis was an Italian engraver, goldsmith and medallist, born at Verona or Parma. Engraved gem and Jacopo Caraglio are engraved gem artists.

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James Robertson (photographer)

James Robertson (1813–1888) was an English gem and coin engraver who worked in the Mediterranean region, and who became a pioneering photographer working in the Crimea and possibly India. Engraved gem and James Robertson (photographer) are engraved gem artists.

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James Tassie

James Tassie (1735–1799) was a Scottish gem engraver and modeller. Engraved gem and James Tassie are engraved gem artists.

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Jasper

Jasper, an aggregate of microgranular quartz and/or cryptocrystalline chalcedony and other mineral phases, is an opaque, impure variety of silica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue.

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Jasperware

Jasperware, or jasper ware, is a type of pottery first developed by Josiah Wedgwood in the 1770s.

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Jewellery

Jewellery (or jewelry in American English) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.

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John Beazley

Sir John Davidson Beazley, (13 September 1885 – 6 May 1970) was a British classical archaeologist and art historian, known for his classification of Attic vases by artistic style.

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John Boardman (art historian)

Sir John Boardman, (20 August 1927 – 23 May 2024) was a British classical archaeologist and art historian of ancient Greek art.

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John Flaxman

John Flaxman (6 July 1755 – 7 December 1826) was a British sculptor and draughtsman, and a leading figure in British and European Neoclassicism.

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John, Duke of Berry

John of Berry or John the Magnificent (French: Jean de Berry,; 30 November 1340 – 15 June 1416) was Duke of Berry and Auvergne and Count of Poitiers and Montpensier.

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Joséphine de Beauharnais

Joséphine Bonaparte (born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I and as such Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810.

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Joseph Smith (art collector)

Joseph Smith (1682 – Venice, 6 November 1770), often known as Consul Smith, was the British consul at Venice from 1744 to 1760.

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Josiah Wedgwood

Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist.

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Julio-Claudian dynasty

The Julio-Claudian dynasty comprised the first five Roman emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Jupiter (god)

Jupiter (Iūpiter or Iuppiter, from Proto-Italic *djous "day, sky" + *patēr "father", thus "sky father" Greek: Δίας or Ζεύς), also known as Jove (gen. Iovis), is the god of the sky and thunder, and king of the gods in ancient Roman religion and mythology.

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Kenneth Clark

Kenneth Mackenzie Clark, Baron Clark (13 July 1903 – 21 May 1983) was a British art historian, museum director, and broadcaster.

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Lathe

A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, threading and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.

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Lens (geometry)

In 2-dimensional geometry, a lens is a convex region bounded by two circular arcs joined to each other at their endpoints.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

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Leone Leoni

Leone Leoni (– 22 July 1590) was an Italian sculptor of international outlook who travelled in Italy, Germany, Austria, France, Spain and the Netherlands.

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List of museums and galleries in Berlin

This is a list of museums and non-commercial galleries in Berlin, Germany.

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List of rulers of Mantua

During its history as independent entity, Mantua had different rulers who governed on the city and the lands of Mantua from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.

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Livio Odescalchi

Livio Odescalchi (March 10, 1652 — September 8, 1713), Duke of Bracciano, Ceri and Sirmium, was an Italian nobleman of the Odescalchi family.

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Lorenz Natter

Johann Lorenz Natter (1705–1763) was a German gem-engraver and medallist.

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Lorenzo de' Medici

Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici, known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico; 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492), was an Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.

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Lothair Crystal

The Lothair Crystal (also known as the Lothar Crystal or the Susanna Crystal) is an engraved gem from Lotharingia in northwest Europe, showing scenes of the biblical story of Susanna, dating from 855–869.

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Louis XV

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.

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Luigi Pichler

Luigi Pichler (January 31, 1773 in Rome – March 13, 1854 in Rome) was a German-Italian artist in engraved gems. Engraved gem and Luigi Pichler are engraved gem artists.

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Madame de Pompadour

Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour (29 December 1721 – 15 April 1764), commonly known as Madame de Pompadour, was a member of the French court.

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Mantua

Mantua (Mantova; Lombard and Mantua) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Lombardy, and capital of the province of the same name.

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Manufacture nationale de Sèvres

The Manufacture nationale de Sèvres is one of the principal European porcelain factories.

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Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC)

Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (born 92 BC; until 52 BC) was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC and son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Caecilia Metella.

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Marlborough gem

The "Marlborough gem" is a carved onyx cameo that depicts an initiation ceremony of Psyche and Eros.

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Matthew Paris

Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (lit; 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts, and cartographer who was based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He authored a number of historical works, many of which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called "tinted drawings".

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Minoan civilization

The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age culture which was centered on the island of Crete.

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Minoan seals

Minoan seals are impression seals in the form of carved gemstones and similar pieces in metal, ivory and other materials produced in the Minoan civilization.

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Mithridates VI Eupator

Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (-->Μιθριδάτης; 135–63 BC) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents.

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Monumental sculpture

The term monumental sculpture is often used in art history and criticism, but not always consistently. Engraved gem and monumental sculpture are sculpture.

See Engraved gem and Monumental sculpture

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Natural History (Pliny)

The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.

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Naxos

Naxos (Νάξος) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades.

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Near East

The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.

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Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

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Numismatics

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects.

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O. M. Dalton

Ormonde Maddock Dalton, FBA (1866–1945) was a British museum curator and archaeologist.

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Onyx

Onyx is the parallel-banded variety of chalcedony, a silicate mineral.

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Orleans Collection

The Orleans Collection was a very important collection of over 500 paintings formed by Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, mostly acquired between about 1700 and his death in 1723.

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Palladium (classical antiquity)

In Greek and Roman mythology, the Palladium or Palladion (Greek Παλλάδιον (Palladion), Latin Palladium) was a cult image of great antiquity on which the safety of Troy and later Rome was said to depend, the wooden statue (xoanon) of Pallas Athena that Odysseus and Diomedes stole from the citadel of Troy and which was later taken to the future site of Rome by Aeneas.

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Pendant

A pendant is a loose-hanging piece of jewellery, generally attached by a small loop to a necklace, which may be known as a "pendant necklace".

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Penn State University Press

The Penn State University Press, also known as The Pennsylvania State University Press, is a non-profit publisher of scholarly books and journals.

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Peter Paul Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.

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Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, (22 September 169424 March 1773) was a British statesman, diplomat, man of letters, and an acclaimed wit of his time.

See Engraved gem and Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

Philipp von Stosch

Baron Philipp von Stosch or Philippe de Stosch etc.

See Engraved gem and Philipp von Stosch

Phoenicia

Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.

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Photography

Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

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Pietro Perugino

Pietro Perugino (born Pietro Vannucci or Pietro Vanucci; – 1523), an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance.

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Plaster cast

A plaster cast is a copy made in plaster of another 3-dimensional form.

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Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.

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Pliny the Younger

Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61 –), better known as Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome.

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Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.

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Poniatowski gems

The Poniatowski gems are a collection of over 2,600 engraved gems commissioned by Prince Stanisław Poniatowski (1754–1833), a wealthy Polish nobleman, and passed off by him as genuine classical pieces.

See Engraved gem and Poniatowski gems

Pope Paul II

Pope Paul II (Paulus II; Paolo II; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 August 1464 to his death.

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Pope Pius VI

Pope Pius VI (Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799.

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Porcelain

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between.

See Engraved gem and Porcelain

Portland Vase

The Portland Vase is a Roman cameo glass vase, which is dated to between AD 1 and AD 25, though low BC dates have some scholarly support.

See Engraved gem and Portland Vase

Priestly breastplate

The priestly breastplate or breastpiece of judgment (חֹשֶׁן ḥōšen) was a sacred breastplate worn by the High Priest of the Israelites, according to the Book of Exodus.

See Engraved gem and Priestly breastplate

Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.

See Engraved gem and Prussia

Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

See Engraved gem and Ptolemaic Kingdom

Pyrgoteles

Pyrgoteles (Πυργοτέλης.) was one of the most celebrated gem-engravers of ancient Greece, living in the latter half of the 4th century BC. Engraved gem and Pyrgoteles are engraved gem artists.

See Engraved gem and Pyrgoteles

Quartz

Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).

See Engraved gem and Quartz

Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

See Engraved gem and Quran

Raphael

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

See Engraved gem and Relief

Renaissance art

Renaissance art (1350 – 1620) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.

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Richard Payne Knight

Richard Payne Knight (11 February 1751 – 23 April 1824) of Downton Castle in Herefordshire, and of 5 Soho Square,History of Parliament biography London, England, was a classical scholar, connoisseur, archaeologist and numismatist best known for his theories of picturesque beauty and for his interest in ancient phallic imagery.

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Ronald Pennell

Ronald Pennell is a British artist, engraver, especially in glass engraving, and sculptor.

See Engraved gem and Ronald Pennell

Royal Collection

The Royal Collection of the British royal family is the largest private art collection in the world.

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Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).

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Sainte-Chapelle

The Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) is a royal chapel in the Gothic style, within the medieval Palais de la Cité, the residence of the Kings of France until the 14th century, on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine in Paris, France.

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Sandro Botticelli

Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (– May 17, 1510), better known as Sandro Botticelli or simply Botticelli, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance.

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Sanssouci

Sanssouci is a historical building in Potsdam, near Berlin.

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Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. Engraved gem and sarcophagus are sculpture.

See Engraved gem and Sarcophagus

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Satyr

In Greek mythology, a satyr (σάτυρος|sátyros), also known as a silenus or silenos (σειληνός|seilēnós), and sileni (plural), is a male nature spirit with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse, as well as a permanent, exaggerated erection.

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Scarab (artifact)

Scarabs are amulets and impression seals shaped according to the eponymous beetles, which were widely popular throughout ancient Egypt. Engraved gem and Scarab (artifact) are seals (insignia).

See Engraved gem and Scarab (artifact)

Seal (emblem)

A seal is a device for making an impression in wax, clay, paper, or some other medium, including an embossment on paper, and is also the impression thus made. Engraved gem and seal (emblem) are seals (insignia).

See Engraved gem and Seal (emblem)

Seal carving

Seal carving, also seal cutting, or zhuanke in Chinese (刻), is a traditional form of art that originated in China and later spread across East Asia. Engraved gem and seal carving are seals (insignia).

See Engraved gem and Seal carving

Seal knob

Seal knob (印纽), refers to carving or small decorative reliefwork at the top or side of a seal. Engraved gem and seal knob are seals (insignia).

See Engraved gem and Seal knob

Seven Sleepers

The Seven Sleepers, also known in Christendom as Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, and in Islam as Aṣḥāb al-Kahf, lit.

See Engraved gem and Seven Sleepers

Signature

A signature (from signare, "to sign") is a handwritten (and often stylized) depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and intent.

See Engraved gem and Signature

Sistine Chapel ceiling

The Sistine Chapel ceiling (Soffitto della Cappella Sistina), painted in fresco by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art.

See Engraved gem and Sistine Chapel ceiling

Southern Italy

Southern Italy (Sud Italia,, or Italia meridionale,; 'o Sudde; Italia dû Suddi), also known as Meridione or Mezzogiorno (Miezojuorno; Menzujornu), is a macroregion of Italy consisting of its southern regions.

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St Albans Cathedral

St Albans Cathedral, officially the Cathedral and Abbey Church of St Alban, also known as "the Abbey", is a Church of England cathedral in St Albans, England.

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St Mark's Basilica

The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco), commonly known as St Mark's Basilica (Basilica di San Marco; Baxéłega de San Marco), is the cathedral church of the Patriarchate of Venice; it became the episcopal seat of the Patriarch of Venice in 1807, replacing the earlier cathedral of San Pietro di Castello.

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Stanisław Poniatowski (1754–1833)

Prince Stanisław Poniatowski (November 23, 1754 – February 13, 1833) was a Polish nobleman, politician, diplomat, a member of the wealthy Poniatowski family and a nephew of the last king of Poland, Stanisław II Augustus.

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Stoneware

Stoneware is a broad term for pottery fired at a relatively high temperature.

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Suetonius

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly referred to as Suetonius (– after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.

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Temple menorah

The menorah (מְנוֹרָה mənōrā) is a seven-branched candelabrum that is described in the Hebrew Bible and in later ancient sources as having been used in the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem.

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Temple of Venus Genetrix

The Temple of Venus Genetrix (Latin: Templum Veneris Genetricis) is a ruined temple in the Forum of Caesar, Rome, dedicated to the Roman goddess Venus Genetrix, the founding goddess of the Julian gens.

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Theophilus Presbyter

Theophilus Presbyter (fl. c. 1070–1125) is the pseudonymous author or compiler of a Latin text containing detailed descriptions of various medieval arts, a text commonly known as the Schedula diversarum artium ("List of various arts") or De diversis artibus ("On various arts"), probably first compiled between 1100 and 1120.

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Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel

Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel KG, (7 July 1585 – 4 October 1646) was an English peer, diplomat and courtier during the reigns of King James I and King Charles I, but he made his name as a Grand Tourist and art collector rather than as a politician.

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Twelve Tribes of Israel

The Twelve Tribes of Israel (שִׁבְטֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל|translit.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Victoria and Albert Museum

The Victoria and Albert Museum (abbreviated V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.8 million objects.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

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Vitreous enamel

Vitreous enamel, also called porcelain enamel, is a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between.

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Vivant Denon

Dominique Vivant, Baron Denon (4 January 1747 – 27 April 1825) was a French artist, writer, diplomat, author, and archaeologist.

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Votive crown

A votive crown is a votive offering in the form of a crown, normally in precious metals and often adorned with jewels.

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Walters Art Museum

Walters Art Museum is a public art museum located in the Mount Vernon section of Baltimore, Maryland.

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Wilhelm Furtwängler

Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler (25 January 188630 November 1954) was a German conductor and composer.

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William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire

William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire (1672 – 4 June 1729) was a British nobleman and politician.

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William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough

William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough (1704 – 11 March 1793) was a British politician and public servant.

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William Tassie

William Tassie (177726 October 1860) was a British gem engraver and cameo modeller of Scottish descent, who worked in London in the early 19th century. Engraved gem and William Tassie are engraved gem artists.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gem

Also known as Ancient glyptic art, Antique gem, Antique gems, Carved gem, Carved gems, Engraved gems, Gem carving, Gem engraver, Gem engraving, Gem-engraving, Gems, engraving of, Intaglio (gemology), Intaglio (jewellery), Intaglio (jewelry), Intaglio (sculpture), Intaglio gem.

, Charter, Chatsworth House, Chatsworth, Derbyshire, Chinese jade, Chios, Christie's, Christina, Queen of Sweden, Cicero, Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode, Constantinople, Consul, Cornell University Library, Corning Museum of Glass, Crafts Council, Cult image, Cup of the Ptolemies, Cylinder seal, Cyprus, Decio Azzolino, Diomedes, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Emery (rock), Engraving, Ephod, Farnese Cup, Fourth Crusade, Francesco Ficoroni, Francis I of France, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick the Great, French Revolution, Gemma Augustea, Gemma Claudia, Gemstone, George III, George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough, Georgius Agricola, Gertrud Seidmann, Getty Villa, Giovanni Bernardi, Giovanni Pichler, Gisela Richter, Giuseppe Antonio Torricelli, Glass casting, Gonzaga Cameo, Great Cameo of France, Greece, Hardstone carving, Helladic chronology, Hellenistic period, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle, Heracles, Hermitage Museum, Heron, High Priest of Israel, House of Gonzaga, House of Medici, Iliupersis, Indus Valley Civilisation, Isabella d'Este, Jacopo Caraglio, James Robertson (photographer), James Tassie, Jasper, Jasperware, Jewellery, John Beazley, John Boardman (art historian), John Flaxman, John, Duke of Berry, Joséphine de Beauharnais, Joseph Smith (art collector), Josiah Wedgwood, Julio-Claudian dynasty, Julius Caesar, Jupiter (god), Kenneth Clark, Lathe, Lens (geometry), Leonardo da Vinci, Leone Leoni, List of museums and galleries in Berlin, List of rulers of Mantua, Livio Odescalchi, Lorenz Natter, Lorenzo de' Medici, Lothair Crystal, Louis XV, Luigi Pichler, Madame de Pompadour, Mantua, Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC), Marlborough gem, Matthew Paris, Mesopotamia, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Michelangelo, Middle Ages, Minoan civilization, Minoan seals, Mithridates VI Eupator, Monumental sculpture, Napoleon, Natural History (Pliny), Naxos, Near East, Neoclassicism, Numismatics, O. M. Dalton, Onyx, Orleans Collection, Palladium (classical antiquity), Pendant, Penn State University Press, Peter Paul Rubens, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, Philipp von Stosch, Phoenicia, Photography, Pietro Perugino, Plaster cast, Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Pompey, Poniatowski gems, Pope Paul II, Pope Pius VI, Porcelain, Portland Vase, Priestly breastplate, Prussia, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Pyrgoteles, Quartz, Quran, Raphael, Relief, Renaissance art, Richard Payne Knight, Ronald Pennell, Royal Collection, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Sainte-Chapelle, Sandro Botticelli, Sanssouci, Sarcophagus, Sasanian Empire, Satyr, Scarab (artifact), Seal (emblem), Seal carving, Seal knob, Seven Sleepers, Signature, Sistine Chapel ceiling, Southern Italy, St Albans Cathedral, St Mark's Basilica, Stanisław Poniatowski (1754–1833), Stoneware, Suetonius, Temple menorah, Temple of Venus Genetrix, Theophilus Presbyter, Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel, Twelve Tribes of Israel, Venice, Victoria and Albert Museum, Vienna, Vitreous enamel, Vivant Denon, Votive crown, Walters Art Museum, Wilhelm Furtwängler, William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire, William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough, William Tassie.

Engraved gem, the Glossary

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