European bison, the Glossary
The European bison (bison) (Bison bonasus) or the European wood bison, also known as the wisent, the zubr, or sometimes colloquially as the European buffalo, is a European species of bison.[1]
Table of Contents
264 relations: Alladale Wilderness Reserve, Almindingen, Altai Mountains, Ameghiniana, American bison, American Bison Society, Ancient Greece, Ancient woodland, Ardennes, Aristotle, Asia, Asiatic lion, August Gaul, Augustus II the Strong, Aurochs, Őrség National Park, Żubr (beer), Żubrówka, Żywiec, Bad Berleburg, Bank Pekao, Banteng, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Beefalo, Before Present, Belarus, Belarus–Poland border, Białowieża, Białowieża Forest, Białowieża National Park, Biological specificity, Bison, Bison schoetensacki, Book of Deuteronomy, Bornholm, Bos, Bovini, Breeding back, Brest Region, Brexit, British Isles, Browsing (herbivory), Bubalina, Bucșani, Dâmbovița, Bulgaria, Capital punishment, Captive breeding, Carbon, Carl Linnaeus, Carpathian wisent, ... Expand index (214 more) »
- Bison
- Near threatened biota of Europe
Alladale Wilderness Reserve
Alladale Wilderness Reserve is a highland estate in the Caledonian Forest in Sutherland, in the Scottish Highlands.
See European bison and Alladale Wilderness Reserve
Almindingen
Almindingen ("the common") is one of the largest forests in Denmark.
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Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains, also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia and Eastern Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.
See European bison and Altai Mountains
Ameghiniana
Ameghiniana is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering palaeontology published by the Asociación Paleontológica Argentina.
See European bison and Ameghiniana
American bison
The American bison (Bison bison;: bison), also called the American buffalo, or simply buffalo (not to be confused with true buffalo), is a species of bison native to North America. European bison and American bison are bison and mammals described in 1758.
See European bison and American bison
American Bison Society
The American Bison Society (ABS) was founded in 1905 by the New York Zoological Society to help save the bison from extinction and raise public awareness about the species by pioneering conservationists and sportsmen including Ernest Harold Baynes (the Society's first secretary), William T. Hornaday, Madison Grant and Theodore Roosevelt.
See European bison and American Bison Society
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
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Ancient woodland
In the United Kingdom, ancient woodland is that which has existed continuously since 1600 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (or 1750 in Scotland).
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Ardennes
The Ardennes (Ardenne; Ardennen; Ardennen; Årdene; Ardennen), also known as the Ardennes Forest or Forest of Ardennes, is a region of extensive forests, rough terrain, rolling hills and ridges primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg, extending into Germany and France.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
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Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
Asiatic lion
The Asiatic lion is a lion population of the subspecies Panthera leo leo.
See European bison and Asiatic lion
August Gaul
August Gaul (October 22, 1869 – October 18, 1922) was a German sculptor and expressionism artist, born in Großauheim (now part of Hanau).
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Augustus II the Strong
Augustus II the Strong (12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733), was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1697 to 1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733.
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Aurochs
The aurochs (Bos primigenius) is an extinct cattle species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic cattle.
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Őrség National Park
Őrség National Park (Őrségi Nemzeti Park) is a Hungarian National Park established in 2002 with a total area of.
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Żubr (beer)
Żubr beer (Polish for Bison) is a Polish lager brewed by the Kompania Piwowarska SA.
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Żubrówka
Żubrówka Bison Grass Vodka is a flavored Polish vodka which contains a blade of bison grass (Hierochloe odorata) in every bottle.
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Żywiec
Żywiec (Saybusch) is a town on the River Soła in southern Poland with 31,194 inhabitants (2019).
Bad Berleburg
Bad Berleburg (earlier also Berleburg) is a town, in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Bank Pekao
Bank Polska Kasa Opieki Spółka Akcyjna, commonly using the shorter name Bank Pekao S.A., is a universal bank and currently the second largest bank in Poland with its headquarters in Warsaw.
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Banteng
The banteng (Bos javanicus), also known as tembadau, is a species of wild bovine found in Southeast Asia.
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Bartholomaeus Anglicus
Bartholomaeus Anglicus (before 1203–1272), also known as Bartholomew the Englishman and Berthelet, was an early 13th-century Scholastic of Paris, a member of the Franciscan order.
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Beefalo
Beefalo constitute a hybrid offspring of domestic cattle (Bos taurus), usually a male in managed breeding programs, and the American bison (Bison bison), usually a female in managed breeding programs.
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Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s.
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Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.
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Belarus–Poland border
The Belarusian–Polish border is the state border between the Republic of Poland (EU member) and the Republic of Belarus (Union State).
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Białowieża
Białowieża is a village in Poland's Podlaskie Voivodeship, in the middle of the Białowieża Forest, to which it gave its name.
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Białowieża Forest
Białowieża Forest is a large forest complex on the border between Poland and Belarus.
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Białowieża National Park
Białowieża National Park (Białowieski Park Narodowy) is a national park in Podlaskie Voivodeship, in Eastern Poland adjacent to the border with Belarus.
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Biological specificity
Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.
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Bison
A bison (bison) is a large bovine in the genus Bison (Greek: "wild ox" (bison)) within the tribe Bovini.
Bison schoetensacki
Bison schoetensacki, commonly as the Pleistocene woodland bison or Pleistocene wood bison, was a species of bison that lived from the Early Pleistocene to at least the early Middle Pleistocene from western Europe to southern Siberia. European bison and bison schoetensacki are bison.
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Book of Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy (second law; Liber Deuteronomii) is the fifth book of the Torah (in Judaism), where it is called (דְּבָרִים|Dəḇārīm| words) and the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament.
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Bornholm
Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of Poland.
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Bos
Bos (from Latin bōs: cow, ox, bull) is a genus of bovines, which includes, among others, wild and domestic cattle.
Bovini
The tribe Bovini or wild cattle are medium to massive bovines that are native to Eurasia, North America, and Africa.
Breeding back
Breeding back is a form of artificial selection by the deliberate selective breeding of domestic (but not exclusively) animals, in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a phenotype that resembles a wild type ancestor, usually one that has gone extinct.
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Brest Region
Brest Region, also known as Brest Oblast or Brest Voblasts (Bresckaja voblasć; Brestskaya oblast), is one of the six regions of Belarus.
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Brexit
Brexit (portmanteau of "British exit") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU).
British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands.
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Browsing (herbivory)
Browsing is a type of herbivory in which a herbivore (or, more narrowly defined, a folivore) feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high-growing, generally woody plants such as shrubs.
See European bison and Browsing (herbivory)
Bubalina
Bubalina is a subtribe of wild cattle that includes the various species of true buffalo.
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Bucșani, Dâmbovița
Bucșani is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
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Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.
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Captive breeding
Captive breeding, also known as captive propagation, is the process of keeping plants or animals in controlled environments, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, botanic gardens, and other conservation facilities.
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Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.
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Carpathian wisent
The Carpathian wisent (Bison bonasus hungarorum) is an extinct subspecies of the European bison that inhabited the Carpathian Mountains, Moldavia and Transylvania regions of Europe.
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Caspian tiger
The Caspian tiger was a Panthera tigris tigris population native to eastern Turkey, northern Iran, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus around the Caspian Sea, Central Asia to northern Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region in western China. European bison and Caspian tiger are mammals described in 1758.
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Castile and León
Castile and León is an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.
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Cattle
Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male cattle are oxen or bullocks, and castrated male cattle are known as steers. European bison and cattle are mammals described in 1758.
Caucasian wisent
The Caucasian wisent (Bison bonasus caucasicus) or dombay (домбай) was a subspecies of European bison that inhabited the Caucasus Mountains of Eastern Europe.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
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Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
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Caucasus Nature Reserve
Caucasus Nature Reserve is a Russian zapovednik (strict ecological reserve) covering a heavily mountainous section of the Northwest Caucasus Mountains.
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Cave of Altamira
The Cave of Altamira (Cueva de Altamira) is a cave complex, located near the historic town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain.
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Cave painting
In archaeology, cave paintings are a type of parietal art (which category also includes petroglyphs, or engravings), found on the wall or ceilings of caves.
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Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Chernobyl
Chernobyl (Чернобыль) or Chornobyl (Чорнобиль) is a partially abandoned city in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, situated in the Vyshhorod Raion of northern Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine.
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Chernobyl exclusion zone
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Zone of Alienation is an officially designated exclusion zone around the site of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster.
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Chersky (urban-type settlement)
Chersky (also anglicized Cherskiy) (Че́рский; Черскэй, Çerskey) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Nizhnekolymsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Kolyma River, east from Yakutsk, the capital of the republic.
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Claudius Aelianus
Claudius Aelianus (Κλαύδιος Αἰλιανός, Greek transliteration Kláudios Ailianós), commonly Aelian, born at Praeneste, was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severus and probably outlived Elagabalus, who died in 222.
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Continental Biogeographic Region
The Continental Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of Europe that extends in a broad band from east to west through the center of the continent.
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Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Corona Regni Poloniae) was a political and legal idea formed in the 14th century, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state.
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Delfi (web portal)
Delfi (occasionally capitalized as DELFI) is a news website in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania providing daily news, ranging from gardening to politics.
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Delphi
Delphi, in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), was an ancient sacred precinct and the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world.
Der Spiegel
(stylized in all caps) is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
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Desna (river)
The Desna (Десна; Десна) is a river in Russia and Ukraine, a major left-tributary of the Dnieper.
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Doggerland
Doggerland was an area of land in Northern Europe, now submerged beneath the southern North Sea.
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Drinking horn
A drinking horn is the horn of a bovid used as a drinking vessel.
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Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
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East Thrace
East Thrace or eastern Thrace (Doğu Trakya or simply Trakya; Anatolikí Thráki; Iztochna Trakiya), also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of Turkey that is geographically a part of Southeast Europe.
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Eastern Poland
Eastern Poland is a macroregion in Poland comprising the Lublin, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Świętokrzyskie, and Warmian-Masurian voivodeships.
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Endangered species (IUCN status)
Endangered species, as classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), are species which have been categorized as very likely to become extinct in their known native ranges in the near future.
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Eurasian brown bear
The Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is one of the most common subspecies of the brown bear, and is found in much of Eurasia.
See European bison and Eurasian brown bear
Eurasian wolf
The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf,Mech, L. David (1981), The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 354, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Europe and Asia. European bison and Eurasian wolf are mammals described in 1758.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European Wildlife
The European Wildlife is a Pan-European non-profit organization.
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Extinct in the wild
A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only consisting of living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.
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Țarcu Mountains
The Țarcu Mountains are a mountain range in southwestern Romania, at the western edge of the Southern Carpathians.
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Flevoland
Flevoland is the twelfth and newest province of the Netherlands, established in 1986, when the southern and eastern Flevopolders, together with the Noordoostpolder, were merged into one provincial entity.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids.
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Frankfurt Zoological Garden
The Frankfurt Zoological Garden is the zoo of Frankfurt, Germany.
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Fruška Gora
Fruška gora (Фрушка гора; Tarcal-hegység) is a mountain in Syrmia, with most of the mountain being part of Serbia and its westernmost edge extending into eastern Croatia.
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Gaius Julius Solinus
Gaius Julius Solinus, better known simply as Solinus, was a Latin grammarian, geographer, and compiler who probably flourished in the early 3rd century AD.
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Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
Gaur
The gaur (Bos gaurus) is a bovine native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986.
Gayal
The gayal (Bos frontalis), also known as the Drung ox or mithun, is a large domestic cattle distributed in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and in Yunnan, China.
Gene flow
In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another.
See European bison and Gene flow
Genetic divergence
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there is not any genetic exchange anymore.
See European bison and Genetic divergence
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
Glass art
Glass art refers to individual works of art that are substantially or wholly made of glass.
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Gloss (annotation)
A gloss is a brief notation, especially a marginal or interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text.
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
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Grazing
In agriculture, grazing is a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock are allowed outdoors to free range (roam around) and consume wild vegetations in order to convert the otherwise indigestible (by human gut) cellulose within grass and other forages into meat, milk, wool and other animal products, often on land that is unsuitable for arable farming.
See European bison and Grazing
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Grodno Region
Grodno Region or Hrodna Region, also known as Grodno Oblast or Hrodna Voblasts (Hrodzienskaja voblasć; Grodnenskaya oblast; Obwód Grodzieński), is one of the regions of Belarus.
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Hațeg
Hațeg (Wallenthal; Hátszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County, Romania with a population of 8,793 as of 2021.
Hajnówka
Hajnówka (Гайнаўка, Hajnaŭka; Podlachian: Hájnuvka; האַדזשנאָװקאַ, Hachnovka) is a town and a powiat seat in eastern Poland (Podlaskie Voivodeship) with 21,442 inhabitants (2014).
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Hajnówka County
Hajnówka County (powiat hajnowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Podlaskie Voivodeship, north-eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus.
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Heck cattle
The Heck or Munich-Berlin is a German breed or type of domestic cattle.
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Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
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Heraldry
Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree.
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Herd
A herd is a social group of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic.
Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal.
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Hierochloe odorata
Hierochloe odorata or Anthoxanthum nitens (commonly known as sweet grass, manna grass, Mary’s grass or vanilla grass, and as holy grass in the UK, bison grass e.g. by Polish vodka producers) is an aromatic herb native to northern Eurasia and North America.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
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Inbreeding depression
Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness that has the potential to result from inbreeding (the breeding of related individuals).
See European bison and Inbreeding depression
Incomplete lineage sorting
Incomplete lineage sorting, also termed hemiplasy, deep coalescence, retention of ancestral polymorphism, or trans-species polymorphism, describes a phenomenon in population genetics when ancestral gene copies fail to coalesce (looking backwards in time) into a common ancestral copy until deeper than previous speciation events.
See European bison and Incomplete lineage sorting
Indian aurochs
The Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus; انڊين جهنگلي ڏاند) is an extinct subspecies of aurochs that inhabited West Asia and the Indian subcontinent from the Late Pleistocene until its eventual extinction during the South Asian Stone Age.
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International Union for Conservation of Nature
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
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Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight (/waɪt/ ''WYTE'') is an island, English county and unitary authority in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, across the Solent.
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Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
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Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Jabel
Jabel is a municipality in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
Janów Forests Landscape Park
Janów Forests Landscape Park, (Polish: Park Krajobrazowy Lasy Janowskie), is a Polish Landscape Park designated protected area in southeastern Poland.
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John Minsheu
John Minsheu (or Minshew) (1560–1627) was an English linguist and lexicographer.
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John Ray
John Ray FRS (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705) was a Christian English naturalist widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English parson-naturalists.
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John Trevisa
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higdin, Monachi Cestrensis, 1865 John Trevisa (or John of Trevisa; Ioannes Trevisa; fl. 1342–1402 AD) was a Cornish writer and professional translator.
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Julius Riemer
Julius Riemer (* 4 April 1880 in Berlin; † 17 November 1958 in Lutherstadt Wittenberg) was a German factory owner, natural history and ethnological collector and museum founder.
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Körös-Maros National Park
Körös-Maros National Park is one of the 10 national parks in Hungary (area 501.34 km2), located in Békés county, in the Southern Great Plain.
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Kent
Kent is a county in the South East England region, the closest county to continental Europe.
Kent Wildlife Trust
Kent Wildlife Trust (KWT) is a conservation charity in the United Kingdom that was founded in 1958, previously known as the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation.
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Kiel
Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021).
King James Version
on the title-page of the first edition and in the entries in works like the "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", etc.--> The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.
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Kortezubi
Kortezubi is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Autonomous Community, northern Spain.
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Kyiv Zoo
The Kyiv Zoo (translit) is the only large zoo in Kyiv, Ukraine and one of the largest zoos in the former Soviet Union.
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Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (Ozero Baykal; Baigal dalai) is a large rift lake in Russia.
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Lascaux
Lascaux (Grotte de Lascaux, "Lascaux Cave") is a network of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France.
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Last Glacial Period
The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.
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Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
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Late Pleistocene
The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as the Upper Pleistocene from a stratigraphic perspective.
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LIFE programme
The LIFE programme (French: L’Instrument Financier pour l’Environnement) is the European Union's funding instrument for the environment and climate action.
See European bison and LIFE programme
Lille Vildmose
Lille Vildmose (meaning: “little wild bog”) is a raised bog in the hinterland in the municipalities of Aalborg and Mariagerfjord, Denmark.
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List of Lithuanian monarchs
The monarchy of Lithuania concerned the monarchical head of state of Lithuania, which was established as an absolute and hereditary monarchy.
See European bison and List of Lithuanian monarchs
List of national animals
This is a list of countries that have officially designated one or more animals as their national animals.
See European bison and List of national animals
List of Russian monarchs
This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.
See European bison and List of Russian monarchs
Lutz Heck
Ludwig Georg Heinrich Heck, called Lutz Heck (23 April 1892 in Berlin, German Empire – 6 April 1983 in Wiesbaden, West Germany) was a German zoologist, animal researcher, animal book author and director of the Berlin Zoological Garden where he succeeded his father in 1932.
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Lypovets
Lypovets is a small city in Vinnytsia Raion, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.
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Marginalia
Marginalia (or apostils) are marks made in the margins of a book or other document.
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Martial
Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial; March, between 38 and 41 AD – between 102 and 104 AD) was a Roman poet born in Hispania (modern Spain) best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan.
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Massif Central
The is a highland region in south-central France, consisting of mountains and plateaus.
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Matriarchy
Matriarchy is a social system in which positions of responsibility, dominance and privilege are held by women.
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Max Hilzheimer
Otto Jacob Max Hilzheimer (15 November 1877, Kehnert - 10 January 1946, Berlin-Charlottenburg) was a German zoologist who specialized in the mammals and was a pioneer of conservation in Berlin.
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Mediterranean Biogeographic Region
The Mediterranean Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region around and including the Mediterranean Sea.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
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Mihály Zichy
Mihály Zichy (Michael von Zichy; 15 October 1827 – 28 February 1906) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist.
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Mikołaj Hussowczyk
Mikołaj Hussowczyk (Mikola Husoŭski, Mikalojus Husovianas, Nicolaus Hussovianus).
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Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
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Moscow
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.
Moulting
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.
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Musk
Musk is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery.
Narewka
Narewka (Narawka) is a village in eastern Poland, with its population estimated at 935 residents (as of 2011).
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Natural History (Pliny)
The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.
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Nature reserve
A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.
See European bison and Nature reserve
Near-threatened species
A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.
See European bison and Near-threatened species
Niederfischbach
Niederfischbach is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.
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Nils Seethaler
Nils Seethaler (born August 18, 1981, in West Berlin) is a German cultural anthropologist.
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North Brabant
North Brabant (Noord-Brabant; Brabantian), also unofficially called Brabant, is a province in the south of the Netherlands.
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North Macedonia
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.
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North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia or North-Rhine/Westphalia, commonly shortened to NRW, is a state (Land) in Western Germany. With more than 18 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state in Germany. Apart from the city-states, it is also the most densely populated state in Germany. Covering an area of, it is the fourth-largest German state by size.
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Northern Dvina
The Northern Dvina (Се́верная Двина́,; Výnva) is a river in northern Russia flowing through Vologda Oblast and Arkhangelsk Oblast into the Dvina Bay of the White Sea. Along with the Pechora River to the east, it drains most of Northwest Russia into the Arctic Ocean. It should not be confused with the Western Dvina, with which it is not connected.
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Ograzhden (mountain)
Ograzhden (Огражден, pronounced in Bulgarian and in Macedonian) is a mountain range shared by southwestern Bulgaria and southeastern North Macedonia.
See European bison and Ograzhden (mountain)
Oostvaardersplassen
The Oostvaardersplassen is a nature reserve in the Netherlands, managed by the Staatsbosbeheer (state forestry service).
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Oppian
Oppian (Ὀππιανός,; Oppianus), also known as Oppian of Anazarbus, of Corycus, or of Cilicia, was a 2nd-century Greco-Roman poet during the reign of the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, who composed the Halieutica, a five-book didactic epic on fishing.
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.
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Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house.
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Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire (abbreviated Oxon) is a ceremonial county in South East England.
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Paeonians
Paeonians were an ancient Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia.
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Pape Nature Reserve
Pape Nature Reserve is a Nature Reserve in Latvia about 15 km south of Liepaja.
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Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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Pausanias (geographer)
Pausanias (Παυσανίας) was a Greek traveler and geographer of the second century AD.
See European bison and Pausanias (geographer)
Pădurea Domnească
The Princely Forest Nature Reserve (Rezervația naturală Pădurea Domnească) is a scientific reserve in Glodeni District, Moldova, which founded in 1993.
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Perloja
Perloja is a village in Varėna district, Lithuania.
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Petroglyph
A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art.
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Philemon Holland
Philemon Holland (1552 – 9 February 1637) was an English schoolmaster, physician and translator.
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Pilot experiment
A pilot experiment, pilot study, pilot test or pilot project is a small-scale preliminary study conducted to evaluate feasibility, duration, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project.
See European bison and Pilot experiment
Plains bison
The plains bison (Bison bison bison) is one of two subspecies/ecotypes of the American bison, the other being the wood bison (B. b. athabascae). European bison and plains bison are mammals described in 1758.
See European bison and Plains bison
Pleistocene Park
Pleistocene Park (Pleystotsenovyy park) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to re-create the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.
See European bison and Pleistocene Park
Pleistocene rewilding
Pleistocene rewilding is the advocacy of the reintroduction of extant Pleistocene megafauna, or the close ecological equivalents of extinct megafauna.
See European bison and Pleistocene rewilding
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
See European bison and Pliny the Elder
Poaching
Poaching is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights.
See European bison and Poaching
Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)
The Podlaskie Voivodeship was formed in 1513 by Sigismund I the Old as a voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from a split off part of the Trakai Voivodeship.
See European bison and Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)
Poiana Ruscă Mountains
The Poiana Ruscă Mountains (part of the Western Carpathians) are a Carpathian mountain range in western Romania.
See European bison and Poiana Ruscă Mountains
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
Polish Academy of Sciences
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning.
See European bison and Polish Academy of Sciences
Polish language
Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.
See European bison and Polish language
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
See European bison and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poloniny National Park
Poloniny National Park (Národný park Poloniny) is a national park in northeastern Slovakia at the Polish and Ukrainian borders, in the Bukovské vrchy mountain range, which belongs to the Eastern Carpathians.
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Pomian coat of arms
Pomian is a Polish coat of arms.
See European bison and Pomian coat of arms
Population bottleneck
A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling.
See European bison and Population bottleneck
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
See European bison and Portugal
Poznań
Poznań is a city on the River Warta in west Poland, within the Greater Poland region.
Preboreal
The Preboreal is an informal stage of the Holocene epoch.
See European bison and Preboreal
Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve
Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Biosphere Reserve (Приокско-Террасный государственный природный биосферный заповедник Priokska-Tyerrasnyy gosudarstvyennyy prirodnyy biasfyernyy zapavyednik) is one of Russia's smallest zapovedniks (nature reserves), sprawling over an area of 5,000 hectares along the left bank of the Oka River in the Serpukhov District of Moskva Oblast.
See European bison and Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See European bison and Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
See European bison and Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Slavic language
Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages.
See European bison and Proto-Slavic language
Pszczyna
Pszczyna (Pleß, Pština) is a town in southern Poland, population 25,823 (2019), and is the seat of a local gmina (commune) and district.
See European bison and Pszczyna
Pubal
Pubal (or, born) was a male European bison, or zubr, that became renowned in southeast Poland for his friendly interactions with humans and unwillingness to reintegrate into the wild. European bison and Pubal are bison.
Pygarg
The pygarg is an animal mentioned in the Bible in as one of the animals permitted for food.
Quaternary International
Quaternary International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on quaternary science published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union for Quaternary Research.
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Randers
Randers is a city in Randers Municipality, Central Denmark Region on the Jutland peninsula.
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Randle Cotgrave
Randle Cotgrave was an English lexicographer.
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ResearchGate
ResearchGate is a European commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators.
See European bison and ResearchGate
Rewilding Europe
Rewilding Europe is a non-profit organization based in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, dedicated to creating rewilded landscapes throughout Europe.
See European bison and Rewilding Europe
Rhodope Mountains
The Rhodopes (Родопи, Rodopi; Ροδόπη, Rodopi; Rodoplar) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece.
See European bison and Rhodope Mountains
Roman people
The Roman people was the body of Roman citizens (Rōmānī; Ῥωμαῖοι) during the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
See European bison and Roman people
Rothaarsteig
The Rothaarsteig is a 154.80 km long hiking trail along the crest of the Rothaargebirge mountain range in Germany in the border region between the states of North Rhine-Westphalia (NW) and Hesse (HE).
See European bison and Rothaarsteig
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Seneca the Younger
Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (AD 65), usually known mononymously as Seneca, was a Stoic philosopher of Ancient Rome, a statesman, dramatist, and in one work, satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature.
See European bison and Seneca the Younger
Shoot (botany)
In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages like leaves, lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds.
See European bison and Shoot (botany)
Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
See European bison and Siberia
Sigismund II Augustus
Sigismund II Augustus (Zygmunt II August, Žygimantas Augustas; 1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548.
See European bison and Sigismund II Augustus
Slavic languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.
See European bison and Slavic languages
Sochi National Park
Sochi National Park (Сочинский национальный парк, also Sochinsky National Park) is Russia's oldest national park, established on May 5, 1983.
See European bison and Sochi National Park
Sokółka
Sokółka (Саку́лка, Sokolke) is a town in northeastern Poland, seat of the Sokółka County in Podlaskie Voivodeship.
See European bison and Sokółka
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
See European bison and Speciation
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
See European bison and Species
Species reintroduction
Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival.
See European bison and Species reintroduction
Springe
Springe is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
See European bison and Springe
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Steppe bison
The steppe bisonSeveral literatures address the species as primeval bison. European bison and steppe bison are bison.
See European bison and Steppe bison
Subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies (subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed.
See European bison and Subspecies
Suchy
Suchy is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Svislach
Svislach or Svisloch (Svislač,; Свислочь; Świsłocz; סיסלעוויטש) is a town in Grodno Region, Belarus.
See European bison and Svislach
Szlachta
The szlachta (Polish:; Lithuanian: šlėkta) were the noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and, as a social class, dominated those states by exercising political rights and power.
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Terrestrial animal
Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g. cats, chickens, ants, spiders), as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e.g. fish, lobsters, octopuses), and semiaquatic animals, which rely on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats (e.g.
See European bison and Terrestrial animal
The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
See European bison and The Independent
Tikveš plain
Tikveš plain (Тиквеш) is situated in central North Macedonia.
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Topoľčianky
Topoľčianky (Kistapolcsány) is a village and municipality in Zlaté Moravce District of the Nitra Region, in western-central Slovakia.
See European bison and Topoľčianky
Trakai Voivodeship
Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship (Palatinatus Trocensis, Trakų vaivadija, Województwo trockie), was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.
See European bison and Trakai Voivodeship
Transylvania
Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal; Erdély; Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically Überwald, also Siweberjen in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania.
See European bison and Transylvania
Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin (Unia lubelska; Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries in Europe at the time.
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Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
See European bison and Upper Paleolithic
Vama Buzăului
Vama Buzăului (Bodzau; Bodzavám) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania.
See European bison and Vama Buzăului
Vaud
Vaud ((Canton de) Vaud), more formally the Canton of Vaud, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation.
Vânători-Neamț Natural Park
The Vânători-Neamț Natural Park (Parcul Natural Vânători-Neamț) is situated in north-east Romania, in Neamț County, on the border with Suceava County.
See European bison and Vânători-Neamț Natural Park
Veluwe
The Veluwe is a forest-rich ridge of hills (1100 km2; 420 sq. mi.) in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands.
Volga
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.
Vologda Oblast
Vologda Oblast (Vologodskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).
See European bison and Vologda Oblast
Vosges
The Vosges (Vogesen; Franconian and Vogese) are a range of medium mountains in Eastern France, near its border with Germany.
Vulnerable species
A vulnerable species is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being threatened with extinction unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve.
See European bison and Vulnerable species
Weasel
Weasels are mammals of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae.
Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen
Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen is a municipality in the district of Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
See European bison and Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen
West Blean and Thornden Woods
West Blean and Thornden Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Canterbury in Kent.
See European bison and West Blean and Thornden Woods
Western Belorussia
Western Belorussia or Western Belarus (translit; Zachodnia Białoruś; translit) is a historical region of modern-day Belarus which belonged to the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period.
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Western Caucasus
The Western Caucasus is a western region of the North Caucasus in Southern Russia, extending from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus.
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Wieniawa coat of arms
Wieniawa is a Polish coat of arms.
See European bison and Wieniawa coat of arms
Wood bison
The wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) or mountain bison (often called the wood buffalo or mountain buffalo), is a distinct northern subspecies or ecotype of the American bison.
See European bison and Wood bison
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
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World Wide Fund for Nature
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment.
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Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.
See European bison and Y chromosome
Yak
The yak (Bos grunniens), also known as the Tartary ox, grunting ox, or hairy cattle, is a species of long-haired domesticated cattle found throughout the Himalayan region of Gilgit-Baltistan (Kashmir, Pakistan), Nepal, Sikkim (India), the Tibetan Plateau, (China), Tajikistan and as far north as Mongolia and Siberia.
Zambrów County
Zambrów County (powiat zambrowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Podlaskie Voivodeship, north-eastern Poland.
See European bison and Zambrów County
Zebu
The zebu (Bos indicus), sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle, Camel cow or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. European bison and zebu are mammals described in 1758.
Zubří
Zubří is a town in Vsetín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic.
Zuid-Kennemerland National Park
Zuid-Kennemerland National Park (Dutch: Nationaal Park Zuid-Kennemerland) is a conservation area on the west coast of the province of North Holland.
See European bison and Zuid-Kennemerland National Park
10th edition of Systema Naturae
The 10th edition of Systema Naturae (Latin; the English title is A General System of Nature) is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature.
See European bison and 10th edition of Systema Naturae
7th millennium BC
The 7th millennium BC spanned the years 7000 BC to 6001 BC (c. 9 ka to c. 8 ka).
See European bison and 7th millennium BC
See also
Bison
- American bison
- Bison
- Bison antiquus
- Bison latifrons
- Bison occidentalis
- Bison schoetensacki
- Buffalo burger
- Buffalo coat
- Buffalo dance
- Buffalo nickel
- Buffalo robe
- European bison
- Great Race (Native American legend)
- Hornaday Camp
- National Bison Day
- Plains hide painting
- Pubal
- Society for the Protection of the European Bison
- Steppe bison
- Vincennes Trace
Near threatened biota of Europe
- Acicula hausdorfi
- Anthogona britannica
- Arabis armena
- Aria lancastriensis
- Blacktip shark
- Blonde ray
- Carum foetidum
- Cotoneaster granatensis
- Cucujus cinnaberinus
- European bison
- European pond turtle
- Hermann's tortoise
- Little bustard
- Quercus × cerrioides
- Thornback ray
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_bison
Also known as Bison bonasus, Bison bonasus montanus, Bos bonasus, Enichires, Enychyros, Eurasian Buffalo, European bisons, Higgs bison, Visent, Wisent.
, Caspian tiger, Castile and León, Cattle, Caucasian wisent, Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains, Caucasus Nature Reserve, Cave of Altamira, Cave painting, Cell nucleus, Chernobyl, Chernobyl exclusion zone, Chersky (urban-type settlement), Claudius Aelianus, Continental Biogeographic Region, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Delfi (web portal), Delphi, Der Spiegel, Desna (river), Doggerland, Drinking horn, Early Middle Ages, East Thrace, Eastern Poland, Endangered species (IUCN status), Eurasian brown bear, Eurasian wolf, Europe, European Wildlife, Extinct in the wild, Țarcu Mountains, Flevoland, Foot-and-mouth disease, Frankfurt Zoological Garden, Fruška Gora, Gaius Julius Solinus, Gaul, Gaur, Gayal, Gene flow, Genetic divergence, Genome, Glass art, Gloss (annotation), Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grazing, Greece, Grodno Region, Hațeg, Hajnówka, Hajnówka County, Heck cattle, Hellenistic period, Heraldry, Herd, Hermann Göring, Hierochloe odorata, Iberian Peninsula, Inbreeding depression, Incomplete lineage sorting, Indian aurochs, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Isle of Wight, Italian Peninsula, Italy, Jabel, Janów Forests Landscape Park, John Minsheu, John Ray, John Trevisa, Julius Riemer, Körös-Maros National Park, Kent, Kent Wildlife Trust, Kiel, King James Version, Kortezubi, Kyiv Zoo, Lake Baikal, Lascaux, Last Glacial Period, Late antiquity, Late Pleistocene, LIFE programme, Lille Vildmose, List of Lithuanian monarchs, List of national animals, List of Russian monarchs, Lutz Heck, Lypovets, Marginalia, Martial, Massif Central, Matriarchy, Max Hilzheimer, Mediterranean Biogeographic Region, Middle Ages, Mihály Zichy, Mikołaj Hussowczyk, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrion, Moscow, Moulting, Musk, Narewka, Natural History (Pliny), Nature reserve, Near-threatened species, Niederfischbach, Nils Seethaler, North Brabant, North Macedonia, North Rhine-Westphalia, Northern Dvina, Ograzhden (mountain), Oostvaardersplassen, Oppian, Overexploitation, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxfordshire, Paeonians, Pape Nature Reserve, Partitions of Poland, Pausanias (geographer), Pădurea Domnească, Perloja, Petroglyph, Philemon Holland, Pilot experiment, Plains bison, Pleistocene Park, Pleistocene rewilding, Pliny the Elder, Poaching, Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795), Poiana Ruscă Mountains, Poland, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish language, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poloniny National Park, Pomian coat of arms, Population bottleneck, Portugal, Poznań, Preboreal, Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Slavic language, Pszczyna, Pubal, Pygarg, Quaternary International, Randers, Randle Cotgrave, ResearchGate, Rewilding Europe, Rhodope Mountains, Roman people, Rothaarsteig, Russia, Seneca the Younger, Shoot (botany), Siberia, Sigismund II Augustus, Slavic languages, Sochi National Park, Sokółka, Spain, Speciation, Species, Species reintroduction, Springe, Steppe, Steppe bison, Subspecies, Suchy, Svislach, Szlachta, Terrestrial animal, The Independent, Tikveš plain, Topoľčianky, Trakai Voivodeship, Transylvania, Union of Lublin, Upper Paleolithic, Vama Buzăului, Vaud, Vânători-Neamț Natural Park, Veluwe, Volga, Vologda Oblast, Vosges, Vulnerable species, Weasel, Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen, West Blean and Thornden Woods, Western Belorussia, Western Caucasus, Wieniawa coat of arms, Wood bison, World War I, World Wide Fund for Nature, Y chromosome, Yak, Zambrów County, Zebu, Zubří, Zuid-Kennemerland National Park, 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 7th millennium BC.