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Evolution of the horse, the Glossary

193 relations: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Alaska, Almogaver, American Museum of Natural History, Anagenesis, Anchitherium, Ancient DNA, Antelope, Arabian horse, Argentina, Armadillo, Asinus, Astrohippus, Athens, Before Present, Bering Strait, Beringia, Big Bone Lick State Park, Biological specificity, Botai culture, Brazil, Browsing (herbivory), Caspar Wistar (physician), Centromere, Cerebral hemisphere, Charles Darwin, Christopher Columbus, Chromosomal inversion, Chromosomal translocation, Cladogenesis, Climate variability and change, Clovis culture, Common descent, Condylarthra, Conservatoire de Paris, Copecion, Cormohipparion, Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, Danian, Dinohippus, DNA, Domestication of the horse, Dun gene, Ectocion, Endemism, Eocene, Eodesmatodon, Eohippus, Epihippus, Equidae, ... Expand index (143 more) »
Cenozoic events
Cenozoic mammals
Horse history and evolution
Horse subspecies

Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, formerly the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Americas.

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Alaska

Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America.

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Almogaver

Almogaver is an extinct possible odd-toed ungulate genus in the family Phenacodontidae.

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American Museum of Natural History

The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.

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Anagenesis

Anagenesis is the gradual evolution of a species that continues to exist as an interbreeding population.

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Anchitherium

Anchitherium (meaning near beast) was a fossil horse with a three-toed hoof.

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Ancient DNA

Ancient DNA (aDNA) is DNA isolated from ancient sources (typically specimens, but also environmental DNA).

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The term antelope refers to numerous extant or recently extinct species of the ruminant artiodactyl family Bovidae that are indigenous to most of Africa, India, the Middle East, Central Asia, and a small area of Eastern Europe.

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Arabian horse

The Arabian or Arab horse (الحصان العربي, DMG al-ḥiṣān al-ʿarabī) is a breed of horse with historic roots on the Arabian Peninsula.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Armadillo

Armadillos (little armored ones) are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata.

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Asinus

Asinus is a subgenus of Equus that encompasses several subspecies of the Equidae commonly known as wild asses, characterized by long ears, a lean, straight-backed build, lack of a true withers, a coarse mane and tail, and a reputation for considerable toughness and endurance.

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Astrohippus

Astrohippus ("Star horse") is an extinct member of the Equidae tribe Equini, the same tribe that contains the only living equid genus, Equus.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Before Present

Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s.

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Bering Strait

The Bering Strait (Beringov proliv) is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.

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Beringia

Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72° north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Big Bone Lick State Park

Big Bone Lick State Park is located at Big Bone in Boone County, Kentucky.

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Biological specificity

Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.

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Botai culture

The Botai culture is an archaeological culture (c. 3700–3100 BC) of prehistoric northern Central Asia.

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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Browsing (herbivory)

Browsing is a type of herbivory in which a herbivore (or, more narrowly defined, a folivore) feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high-growing, generally woody plants such as shrubs.

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Caspar Wistar (physician)

Caspar Wistar (September 13, 1761January 22, 1818) was an American physician and anatomist.

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Centromere

The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division.

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Cerebral hemisphere

The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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Chromosomal inversion

An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome becomes inverted within its original position.

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Chromosomal translocation

In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes.

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Cladogenesis

Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, forming a clade.

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Climate variability and change

Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more.

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Clovis culture

The Clovis culture is an archaeological culture from the Paleoindian period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years Before Present.

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Common descent

Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time.

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Condylarthra

Condylarthra is an informal group – previously considered an order – of extinct placental mammals, known primarily from the Paleocene and Eocene epochs.

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Conservatoire de Paris

The Conservatoire de Paris, also known as the Paris Conservatory, is a college of music and dance founded in 1795.

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Copecion

Copecion was a genus of early herbivorous mammals that was part of the family Phenacodontidae.

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Cormohipparion

Cormohipparion is an extinct genus of horse belonging to the tribe Hipparionini that lived in North America during the late Miocene to Pliocene (Hemphillian to Blancan in the NALMA classification).

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Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago.

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Danian

The Danian is the oldest age or lowest stage of the Paleocene Epoch or Series, of the Paleogene Period or System, and of the Cenozoic Era or Erathem.

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Dinohippus

Dinohippus (Greek: "Terrible horse") is an extinct equid which was endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian stage of the Miocene through the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene (10.3—3.6 mya) and in existence for approximately.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Domestication of the horse

How and when horses became domesticated has been disputed. Evolution of the horse and Domestication of the horse are horse history and evolution.

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Dun gene

The dun gene is a dilution gene that affects both red and black pigments in the coat color of a horse.

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Ectocion

Ectocion (sometimes Ectocyon) is an extinct genus of placental mammals of the family Phenacodontidae.

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Endemism

Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.

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Eocene

The Eocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma).

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Eodesmatodon

Eodesmatodon was an early herbivorous mammal that was part of the Aegialodontidae family.

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Eohippus

Eohippus is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates.

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Epihippus

Epihippus is an extinct genus of the modern horse family Equidae that lived in the Eocene, from 46 to 38 million years ago.

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Equidae

Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, asses, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils.

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Equus (genus)

Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, asses, and zebras.

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Evidence of common descent

Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.

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Evolution of the horse

The evolution of the horse, a mammal of the family Equidae, occurred over a geologic time scale of 50 million years, transforming the small, dog-sized, forest-dwelling Eohippus into the modern horse. Evolution of the horse and evolution of the horse are Cenozoic events, Cenozoic mammals, horse history and evolution and horse subspecies.

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Feral

A feral animal or plant is one that lives in the wild but is descended from domesticated individuals.

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Feral horse

A feral horse is a free-roaming horse of domesticated stock.

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Fission (biology)

Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Florida Museum of Natural History

The Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) is Florida's official state-sponsored and chartered natural history museum.

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Fossa (anatomy)

In anatomy, a fossa (fossae; from Latin fossa, "ditch" or "trench") is a depression or hollow usually in a bone, such as the hypophyseal fossa (the depression in the sphenoid bone).

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Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.

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Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe).

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Gallic horse

Gallic horse, also known as Equus caballus gallicus, is a prehistoric subspecies of Equus caballus (the horse) that lived in the Upper Paleolithic.

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Genetic divergence

Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there is not any genetic exchange anymore.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.

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Geologic time scale

The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.

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George Gaylord Simpson

George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 – October 6, 1984) was an American paleontologist.

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Georges Cuvier

Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology".

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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist.

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Grévy's zebra

Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi), also known as the imperial zebra, is the largest living wild equid and the most threatened of the three species of zebra, the other two being the plains zebra and the mountain zebra.

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Great American Interchange

The Great American Biotic Interchange (commonly abbreviated as GABI), also known as the Great American Interchange and the Great American Faunal Interchange, was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic biotic interchange event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America to South America via Central America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents.

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Gypsum

Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula.

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Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument

Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument is a Pliocene-age site near Hagerman, Idaho.

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Hagerman horse

Equus simplicidens, sometimes known as the Hagerman horse or the American zebra is an extinct species in the horse family native to North America during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene.

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Haringtonhippus

Haringtonhippus is an extinct genus of equine from the Pleistocene of North America The genus is monospecific, consisting of the species H. francisci, initially described in 1915 by Oliver Perry Hay as Equus francisci.

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Herbivore

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

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Hernando de Soto

Hernando de Soto (1497 – 21 May 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula.

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Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Hipparion

Hipparion is an extinct genus of three-toed, medium-sized equine belonging to the extinct tribe Hipparionini, who lived about 10-5 million years ago.

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Hippidion

Hippidion (meaning little horse) is an extinct genus of equine that lived in South America from the Late Pliocene to the end of the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian), between 2.5 million and 11,000 years ago.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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Holarctic realm

The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Hoof

The hoof (hooves) is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, which is covered and strengthened with a thick and horny keratin covering.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. Evolution of the horse and horse are horse subspecies.

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Hypohippus

Hypohippus (Greek: "under" (hypos), "horse" (hippos)) is an extinct genus of three-toed horse, which lived 17–11 million years ago.

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Iberian horse

The Iberian horse is a designation given to a number of horse breeds native to the Iberian peninsula.

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Idaho

Idaho is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Isthmus of Panama

The Isthmus of Panama (Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.

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Joseph Leidy

Joseph Mellick Leidy (September 9, 1823 – April 30, 1891) was an American paleontologist, parasitologist and anatomist.

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Journal of Heredity

The Journal of Heredity is a peer-reviewed scientific journal concerned with heredity in a biological sense, covering all aspects of genetics.

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Journal of Molecular Evolution

The Journal of Molecular Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers molecular evolution.

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Karyotype

A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

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Kiang

The kiang (Equus kiang) is the largest of the Asinus subgenus.

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Land bridge

In biogeography, a land bridge is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonize new lands.

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Lineage (evolution)

An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant.

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Lip

The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans.

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List of horse breeds

The following list of horse and pony breeds includes standardized breeds, some strains within breeds that are considered distinct populations, types of horses with common characteristics that are not necessarily standardized breeds but are sometimes described as such, and terms that describe groupings of several breeds with similar characteristics.

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List of perissodactyls

Perissodactyla is an order of placental mammals composed of odd-toed ungulates – hooved animals which bear weight on one or three of their five toes with the other toes either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing backwards.

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Mammal

A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.

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Megafauna

In zoology, megafauna (from Greek μέγας megas "large" and Neo-Latin fauna "animal life") are large animals.

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Megahippus

Megahippus (Greek: "great" (mega), "horse" (hippos)) is an extinct equid genus belonging to the subfamily Anchitheriinae.

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Meniscotherium

Meniscotherium is an extinct genus of dog-sized mammal which lived 54–38 million years ago.

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Merychippus

Merychippus is an extinct proto-horse of the family Equidae that was endemic to North America during the Miocene, 15.97–5.33 million years ago.

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Mesohippus

Mesohippus (Greek: μεσο/ meaning "middle" and ιππος/ meaning "horse") is an extinct genus of early horse.

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In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, also known as the "palm bones", are the appendicular bones that form the intermediate part of the hand between the phalanges (fingers) and the carpal bones (wrist bones), which articulate with the forearm.

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The metatarsal bones or metatarsus (metatarsi) are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which form the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges (toes).

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Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

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Million years ago

Million years ago, abbreviated as Mya, Myr (megayear) or Ma (megaannum), is a unit of time equal to (i.e. years), or approximately 31.6 teraseconds.

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Miocene

The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).

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Miohippus

Miohippus (meaning "small horse") is an extinct genus of horse existing longer than most Equidae.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Montmartre

Montmartre is a large hill in Paris's northern 18th arrondissement.

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Most recent common ancestor

In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA), of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended.

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Muntjac

Muntjacs, also known as the barking deer or rib-faced deer, (URL is Google Books) are small deer of the genus Muntiacus native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.

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Mustang

The mustang is a free-roaming horse of the Western United States, descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadors.

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Nannippus

Nannippus is an extinct genus of three-toed horse endemic to North America during the Miocene through Pleistocene, about 13.3—1.8 million years ago (Mya), living around 11.5 million years.

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National Science Foundation

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Neo-Darwinism

Neo-Darwinism is generally used to describe any integration of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics.

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Neohipparion

Neohipparion (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion)) is an extinct genus of equid, from the Neogene (Miocene to Pliocene) of North America and Central America.

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Neontology

Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

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Oligocene

The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.

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Omnivore

An omnivore is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter.

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Onager

The onager, also known as hemione or Asiatic wild ass, is a species of the family Equidae native to Asia.

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Order (biology)

Order (ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.

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Orthaspidotherium

Orthaspidotherium was a European Paleocene genus of early herbivorous mammals of the family Pleuraspidotheriidae.

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Othniel Charles Marsh

Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American professor of Paleontology in Yale College and President of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Overexploitation

Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.

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Paleocene

The Paleocene, or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya).

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Paleozoology

Palaeozoology, also spelled as Paleozoology (Greek: παλαιόν, palaeon "old" and ζῷον, zoon "animal"), is the branch of paleontology, paleobiology, or zoology dealing with the recovery and identification of multicellular animal remains from geological (or even archeological) contexts, and the use of these fossils in the reconstruction of prehistoric environments and ancient ecosystems.

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Panama

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.

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Parahippus

Parahippus ("near to horse"), is an extinct equid, a relative of modern horses, asses and zebras.

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Parapet

A parapet is a barrier that is an upward extension of a wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Patagonia

Patagonia is a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile.

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Perissodactyla

Perissodactyla is an order of ungulates.

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Permafrost

Permafrost is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more: the oldest permafrost had been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Phenacodontidae

Phenacodontidae is an extinct family of large herbivorous mammals traditionally placed in the “wastebasket taxon” Condylarthra, which may instead represent early-stage perissodactyls.

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Phenacodus

Phenacodus (Greek: "deception" (phenax), "tooth' (odus)) is an extinct genus of mammals from the late Paleocene through middle Eocene, about 55 million years ago.

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Phylogenetics

In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

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Pleistocene

The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.

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Plesippus

Plesippus is a genus of extinct horse from the Pleistocene of North America.

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Pleuraspidotherium

Pleuraspidotherium is an extinct genus of condylarth of the family Pleuraspidotheriidae, whose fossils have been found in the Late Paleocene Marnes de Montchenot of France and the Tremp Formation of modern Spain.

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Pliocene

The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.

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Pliohippus

Pliohippus (Greek πλείων ("more") and ἵππος ("horse")) is an extinct genus of Equidae, the "horse family".

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Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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PLOS Biology

PLOS Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology.

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Poaceae

Poaceae, also called Gramineae, is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses.

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Pony

A pony is a type of small horse (Equus ferus caballus).

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Prairie

Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type.

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Premolar

The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

See Evolution of the horse and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Propalaeotherium

Propalaeotherium was an early genus of perissodactyl endemic to Europe and Asia during the early Eocene.

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Protohippus

Protohippus is an extinct three-toed genus of horse.

See Evolution of the horse and Protohippus

Przewalski's horse

Przewalski's horse ((Пржевальский);; Equus ferus przewalskii or Equus przewalskii), also called the takhi (Тахь), Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered subspecies of horse originally native to the steppes of Central Asia. Evolution of the horse and Przewalski's horse are horse subspecies.

See Evolution of the horse and Przewalski's horse

Pseudhipparion

Pseudhipparion is an extinct genus of three-toed horse endemic to North America during the Miocene.

See Evolution of the horse and Pseudhipparion

Rhinoceros

A rhinoceros (rhinoceros or rhinoceroses), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae; it can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea.

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Richard Owen

Sir Richard Owen (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist.

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Sand

Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles.

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Santa Fe, Argentina

Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz (usually called just Santa Fe, lit. "Holy Faith") is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Second voyage of HMS Beagle

The second voyage of HMS Beagle, from 27 December 1831 to 2 October 1836, was the second survey expedition of HMS ''Beagle'', made under her newest commander, Robert FitzRoy.

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Sheep

Sheep (sheep) or domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are a domesticated, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.

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Sinohippus

Sinohippus ("Chinese horse") is an extinct equid genus belonging to the subfamily Anchitheriinae.

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Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile.

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Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.

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Stratum

In geology and related fields, a stratum (strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes.

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Tail

The tail is the section at the rear end of certain kinds of animals' bodies; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso.

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TalkOrigins Archive

The TalkOrigins Archive is a website that presents scientific perspectives on the antievolution claims of young-earth, old-earth, and "intelligent design" creationists.

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Tapir

Tapirs are large, herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Tapiridae.

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The American Naturalist

The American Naturalist is the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the American Society of Naturalists, whose purpose is "to advance and to diffuse knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles so as to enhance the conceptual unification of the biological sciences." It was established in 1867 and is published by the University of Chicago Press.

See Evolution of the horse and The American Naturalist

Thomas Henry Huxley

Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist who specialized in comparative anatomy.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, planter, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Tongue

The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod.

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Tooth

A tooth (teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.

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Tooth enamel

Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish.

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Transitional fossil

A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

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Tropical forest

Tropical forests are forested ecoregions with tropical climates – that is, land areas approximately bounded by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing winds.

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Tundra

In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.

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Turkmenian kulan

The Turkmenian kulan (Equus hemionus kulan), also called Transcaspian wild ass, Turkmenistani onager or simply the kulan, is a subspecies of onager (Asiatic wild ass) native to Central Asia.

See Evolution of the horse and Turkmenian kulan

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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Vestigiality

Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species.

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Whole genome sequencing

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.

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Wild horse

The wild horse (Equus ferus) is a species of the genus ''Equus'', which includes as subspecies the modern domesticated horse (Equus ferus caballus) as well as the endangered Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, sometimes treated as a separate species i.e. Equus przewalskii).

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William Clark

William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor.

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Wind River (Wyoming)

The Wind River is the name applied to the upper reaches of the Bighorn River in Wyoming in the United States.

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Wyoming

Wyoming is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Ypresian

In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene.

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Yukon

Yukon (formerly called the Yukon Territory and referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories.

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Zebra

Zebras (subgenus Hippotigris) are African equines with distinctive black-and-white striped coats.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse

Also known as Ancestral horse, Browsing-horse, Donkey evolution, Equidae evolution, Equine evolution, Equus americanus, Equus curvidens, Evolution of Equidae, Evolution of horses, Evolution of the horse family, Evolutionary history of horses, First horse, Horse Ancestry, Horse Evolution, Origin of horses, Prehistoric horse.

, Equus (genus), Evidence of common descent, Evolution of the horse, Feral, Feral horse, Fission (biology), Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, Fossa (anatomy), Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Frontal lobe, Gallic horse, Genetic divergence, Genome, Geologic time scale, George Gaylord Simpson, Georges Cuvier, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Grévy's zebra, Great American Interchange, Gypsum, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Hagerman horse, Haringtonhippus, Herbivore, Hernando de Soto, Hernán Cortés, Hipparion, Hippidion, Hispaniola, Holarctic realm, Hoof, Horse, Hypohippus, Iberian horse, Idaho, Isthmus of Panama, Joseph Leidy, Journal of Heredity, Journal of Molecular Evolution, Karyotype, Kazakhstan, Kiang, Land bridge, Lineage (evolution), Lip, List of horse breeds, List of perissodactyls, Mammal, Megafauna, Megahippus, Meniscotherium, Merychippus, Mesohippus, Metacarpal bones, Metatarsal bones, Mexico, Million years ago, Miocene, Miohippus, Mitochondrial DNA, Montmartre, Most recent common ancestor, Muntjac, Mustang, Nannippus, National Science Foundation, Natural selection, Nature (journal), Neo-Darwinism, Neohipparion, Neontology, New World, Oligocene, Omnivore, Onager, Order (biology), Orthaspidotherium, Othniel Charles Marsh, Overexploitation, Paleocene, Paleozoology, Panama, Parahippus, Parapet, Paris, Patagonia, Perissodactyla, Permafrost, Peru, Phenacodontidae, Phenacodus, Phylogenetics, Pleistocene, Plesippus, Pleuraspidotherium, Pliocene, Pliohippus, Ploidy, PLOS Biology, Poaceae, Pony, Prairie, Premolar, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Propalaeotherium, Protohippus, Przewalski's horse, Pseudhipparion, Rhinoceros, Richard Owen, Sand, Santa Fe, Argentina, Science (journal), Second voyage of HMS Beagle, Sheep, Sinohippus, Spanish colonization of the Americas, Steppe, Stratum, Tail, TalkOrigins Archive, Tapir, The American Naturalist, Thomas Henry Huxley, Thomas Jefferson, Tongue, Tooth, Tooth enamel, Transitional fossil, Tropical forest, Tundra, Turkmenian kulan, Ukraine, Vestigiality, Whole genome sequencing, Wild horse, William Clark, Wind River (Wyoming), Wyoming, Ypresian, Yukon, Zebra.

Evolution of the horse, the Glossary

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