Forced conversion, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 479 relations: A History of the Crusades, A Short History of Christianity, Abbas II of Persia, Abbas the Great, Abbasid Caliphate, Abdul Haq (politician), Abraham ibn Ezra, Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Abu Bakr, Abu Hanifa, Abu Yusuf, Abydos (Hellespont), Aden, Afridi, Agence France-Presse, Ahmad S. Dallal, Ahmadiyya, Al Jazeera English, Al-Andalus, Al-Baladhuri, Al-Baqara 256, Al-Shawkani, Al-Walid I, Alexander Jannaeus, Alhambra Decree, Almohad Caliphate, Amorium, Anecdote, Anthropologist, Anti-Catholicism, Anti-clericalism, Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania, Antioch, Antisemitism, Apostasy in Islam, Apostolos Vakalopoulos, Arianism, Aristobulus I, Armenian genocide, Assolna, Assyrian people, Aurangzeb, Avitus of Clermont, Ayyubid dynasty, Aztecs, İzmir, Şükrullah, Balkans, Baltic states, Banda Singh Bahadur, ... Expand index (429 more) »

2. Christianization
3. Forced religious conversion
4. Islamization
5. Persecution by atheist states
6. Religious policy

A History of the Crusades

A History of the Crusades by Steven Runciman, published in three volumes during 1951–1954 (vol. I - The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem; vol. II - The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187; vol. III - The Kingdom of Accre and the Later Crusades), is an influential work in the historiography of the Crusades, including the events that led up to those expeditions to the Holy Land and an extensive study of primary sources.

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A Short History of Christianity

A Short History of Christianity is a non-fiction book on the history of the Christian religion written by the Australian historian Geoffrey Blainey.

See Forced conversion and A Short History of Christianity

Abbas II of Persia

Abbas II (born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666.

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Abbas the Great

Abbas I (translit; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (translit), was the fifth shah of Safavid Iran from 1588 to 1629.

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Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abdul Haq (politician)

Abdul Haq is a Muslim cleric and Pakistani politician.

See Forced conversion and Abdul Haq (politician)

Abraham ibn Ezra

Abraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra (ר׳ אַבְרָהָם בֶּן מֵאִיר אִבְּן עֶזְרָא ʾAḇrāhām ben Mēʾīr ʾībən ʾĒzrāʾ, often abbreviated as; إبراهيمالمجيد ابن عزرا Ibrāhim al-Mājid ibn Ezra; also known as Abenezra or simply Ibn Ezra, 1089 / 1092 – 27 January 1164 / 23 January 1167)Jewish Encyclopedia; Chambers Biographical Dictionary gives the dates 1092/93 – 1167 was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages.

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Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani

Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Iṣfahānī (أبو الفرج الأصفهاني), also known as Abul-Faraj, (full form: Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥaytham al-Umawī al-Iṣfahānī) (897–967CE / 284–356AH) was a writer, historian, genealogist, poet, musicologist and scribe.

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Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.

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Abu Hanifa

Abu Hanifa (translit; September 699–767) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, ascetic,Pakatchi, Ahmad and Umar, Suheyl, "Abū Ḥanīfa", in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary.

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Abu Yusuf

Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari, better known as Abu Yusuf (Abū Yūsuf) (729–798) was a student of jurist Abu Hanifa (d.767) who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the government positions that he held.

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Abydos (Hellespont)

Abydos (Ἄβυδος, Abydus) was an ancient city and bishopric in Mysia.

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Aden

Aden (Old South Arabian: 𐩲𐩵𐩬) is a port city located in Yemen in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, positioned near the eastern approach to the Red Sea.

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Afridi

The Afrīdī (اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

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Ahmad S. Dallal

Ahmad S. Dallal is a scholar of Islamic studies and an academic administrator.

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Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ) is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam; as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.

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Al Jazeera English

Al Jazeera English (AJE; lit) is a 24-hour English-language news channel operating under Al Jazeera Media Network, which is partially funded by the government of Qatar.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Al-Baladhuri

ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir al-Balādhurī (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري) was a 9th-century Muslim historian.

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Al-Baqara 256

The verse (ayah) 256 of Al-Baqara is a very famous verse in the Islamic scripture, the Quran.

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Al-Shawkani

Muḥammad ibn Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Abd Allah, better known as al-Shawkānī (1759–1834), was a prominent Yemeni Sunni Islamic scholar, jurist, theologian and reformer.

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Al-Walid I

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.

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Alexander Jannaeus

Alexander Jannaeus (Ἀλέξανδρος Ἰανναῖος; יַנַּאי Yannaʾy; born Jonathan יהונתן) was the second king of the Hasmonean dynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

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Almohad Caliphate

The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.

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Amorium

Amorium, also known as Amorion (Ἀμόριον), was a city in Phrygia, Asia Minor which was founded in the Hellenistic period, flourished under the Byzantine Empire, and declined after the Arab sack of 838.

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Anecdote

An anecdote is "a story with a point", such as to communicate an abstract idea about a person, place, or thing through the concrete details of a short narrative or to characterize by delineating a specific quirk or trait.

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Anthropologist

An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.

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Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Catholicism, also known as Catholophobia is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents.

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Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

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Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania

The anti-religious campaign of communist Romania was initiated by the People's Republic of Romania and continued by the Socialist Republic of Romania, which under the doctrine of Marxist–Leninist atheism took a hostile stance against religion and set its sights on the ultimate goal of an atheistic society wherein religion would be recognized as the ideology of the bourgeoisie. Forced conversion and anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania are persecution by atheist states.

See Forced conversion and Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania

Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Apostasy in Islam

Apostasy in Islam (translit or label) is commonly defined as the abandonment of Islam by a Muslim, in thought, word, or through deed.

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Apostolos Vakalopoulos

Apostolos Evangelou Vakalopoulos (Απόστολος ΕυαγγέλουΒακαλόπουλος; 11 August 1909 – 10 July 2000) was a distinguished Greek historian, specializing in the Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Greece, and in modern Greek history.

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Arianism

Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.

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Aristobulus I

Judah Aristobulus I, or Aristobulus I (Aristóboulos was the High Priest of Israel and the first Hasmonean king of Judaea, reigning from 104 BCE until his death the following year. He was the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader. The Roman-Jewish historian Josephus states that he was the first Jew in "four hundred and eighty-three years and three months" to have established a monarchy since the return from the Babylonian captivity.

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Armenian genocide

The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

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Assolna

Assolna (Osollnnem) is a big village in the Salcete ''taluka'' of South Goa district, in the state of Goa, India.

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Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

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Aurangzeb

Muhi al-Din Muhammad (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known as italics, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707.

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Avitus of Clermont

Avitus (French: Avit) was a bishop of the Diocese of Clermont in the 6th century.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

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Aztecs

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

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İzmir

İzmir is a metropolitan city on the west coast of Anatolia, and capital of İzmir Province.

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Şükrullah

Şükrullah was a 15th-century Ottoman historian and diplomat.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Banda Singh Bahadur

Banda Singh Bahadur (born Lachman Dev) (27 October 1670 – 9 June 1716), was a Sikh warrior and a general of the Khalsa Army.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

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Bangladesh genocide

The Bangladesh genocide (Bengali: একাত্তরের গণহত্যা, romanized: Ekāttorer Gôṇôhôtyā, lit. '71's genocide', Bengali: বাঙালি গণহত্যা, romanized: Bāṅāli Gôṇôhôtyā, lit. 'Bengali genocide') was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars.

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Bardez taluka

Bardez or Bardes (IPA) is a ''taluka'' of the North Goa district in the Indian state of Goa.

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Baylor University

Baylor University is a private Baptist research university in Waco, Texas.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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Bengali Hindus

Bengali Hindus (translit) are an ethnoreligious population who make up the majority in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Jharkhand, and Assam's Barak Valley region.

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Bharatiya Janata Party

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is a political party in India and one of the two major Indian political parties alongside the Indian National Congress.

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Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

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Boston

Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Cairo Geniza

The Cairo Geniza, alternatively spelled the Cairo Genizah, is a collection of some 400,000 Jewish manuscript fragments and Fatimid administrative documents that were kept in the genizah or storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat or Old Cairo, Egypt.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Calles Law

The Calles Law, or Law for Reforming the Penal Code (ley de tolerancia de cultos, "law of worship tolerance"), was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926, under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles, to enforce restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Capital punishment in Islam

Capital punishment in Islam is traditionally regulated by the Islamic law (sharīʿa), which derived from the Quran, ''ḥadīth'' literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime).

See Forced conversion and Capital punishment in Islam

Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae

Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae (Latin, variously translated as 'Ordinances concerning Saxony' or the 'Saxon Capitularies' or 'Capitulary of Paderborn')For example, Pierre Riché (1993:105) renders the Latin as 'Ordinances concerning Saxony', whereas Ingrid Rembold translates the phrase as 'Saxon Capitularies' or Saxon Capitulary' (Rembold 2018: 25) was a legal code issued by Charlemagne and promulgated amongst the Saxons during the Saxon Wars. Forced conversion and Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae are Christianization.

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Catholic (term)

The word catholic (derived via Late Latin catholicus, from the ancient Greek adjective καθολικός) comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου, and is a combination of the Greek words κατά and ὅλος.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Herald

The Catholic Herald is a London-based Roman Catholic monthly magazine, founded in 1888 and a sister organisation to the non-profit Catholic Herald Institute, based in New York.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles II of Naples

Charles II, also known as Charles the Lame (Charles le Boiteux; Carlo lo Zoppo; 1254 – 5 May 1309), was King of Naples, Count of Provence and Forcalquier (1285–1309), Prince of Achaea (1285–1289), and Count of Anjou and Maine (1285–1290); he also was King of Albania (1285–1294), and claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1285.

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Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh is a landlocked state in Central India.

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Chilperic I

Chilperic I (539 – September 584) was the king of Neustria (or Soissons) from 561 to his death.

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Chin people

The Chin people are an ethnic group native to the Chin State of Myanmar.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chinese Communist Party

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.

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Christian martyr

In Christianity, a martyr is a person who was killed for their testimony for Jesus or faith in Jesus.

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Christian Solidarity International

Christian Solidarity International (CSI) is a Christian human rights NGO that is "committed to defending religious liberty, helping victims of religious repression, victimized children, and victims of disaster." It is based in Switzerland, with affiliates in the United States, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, and South Korea.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christianity in Pakistan

Christianity is the third largest religion in Pakistan, making up about 1.37% of the population according to the 2023 Census.

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Christianization of Goa

The indigenous population of the erstwhile Portuguese colony of Goa, Daman and Diu underwent Christianisation following the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510, which was followed by the Goa Inquisition from 1560 onwards. Forced conversion and Christianization of Goa are Christianization.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Clique

A clique (AusE, CanE, or), in the social sciences, is a small group of individuals who interact with one another and share similar interests rather than include others.

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Codex Theodosianus

The Codex Theodosianus ("Theodosian Code") is a compilation of the laws of the Roman Empire under the Christian emperors since 312.

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Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan

In Pakistan, it is estimated that several hundred people belonging to the minority Hindu, Christian, and Sikh communities are kidnapped and forcefully converted or coerced through societal pressures to convert to Islam each year. Forced conversion and coerced religious conversion in Pakistan are forced religious conversion.

See Forced conversion and Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan

Coercion

Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner by the use of threats, including threats to use force against that party.

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Colima

Colima, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Colima (Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima), is among the 31 states that make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist state

A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.

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Compassion

Compassion is a social feeling that motivates people to go out of their way to relieve the physical, mental, or emotional pains of others and themselves.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy (humanistic or rationalistic), religion, theory of government, or way of life.

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Constantine the Great and Christianity

During the reign of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (306–337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire. Forced conversion and Constantine the Great and Christianity are Christianization.

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Constantinian shift

Constantinian shift is used by some theologians and historians of antiquity to describe the political and theological changes that took place during the 4th-century under the leadership of Emperor Constantine the Great.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Constitution of Mexico

The current Constitution of Mexico, formally the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), was drafted in Santiago de Querétaro, in the State of Querétaro, Mexico, by a constituent convention during the Mexican Revolution.

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Conversion to Christianity

Conversion to Christianity is the religious conversion of a previously non-Christian person that brings about changes in what sociologists refer to as the convert's "root reality" including their social behaviors, thinking and ethics.

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Conversions of Jews to Christianity

There is a long history of Jewish conversion to Christianity, both voluntarily and forced conversion. Forced conversion and conversions of Jews to Christianity are forced religious conversion.

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Converso

A converso (feminine form conversa), "convert", was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants.

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Copts

Copts (niremənkhēmi; al-qibṭ) are a Christian ethnoreligious group indigenous to North Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt since antiquity.

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Cristero War

The Cristero War (La Guerra Cristera), also known as the Cristero Rebellion or italics, was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929 in response to the implementation of secularist and anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution.

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Criticism of atheism

Criticism of atheism is criticism of the concepts, validity, or impact of atheism, including associated political and social implications.

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Criticism of religion

Criticism of religion involves criticism of the validity, concept, or ideas of religion.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne.

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Crypto-Christianity

Crypto-Christianity is the secret adherence to Christianity, while publicly professing to be another faith; people who practice crypto-Christianity are referred to as "crypto-Christians".

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Crypto-Islam

Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims." The word has mainly been used in reference to Spanish Muslims and Sicilian Muslims during the Inquisition (i.e., the Moriscos and Saraceni and their usage of Aljamiado).

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Crypto-Judaism

Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').

See Forced conversion and Crypto-Judaism

Crypto-paganism

Crypto-paganism is the secret adherence to paganism while publicly professing to be of another faith.

See Forced conversion and Crypto-paganism

Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

See Forced conversion and Cultural Revolution

Cuncolim

Cuncolim is a town in South Goa district in the state of Goa, India.

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Daniel and companions

Daniel and companions were seven Friars Minor martyred at Ceuta on 10 October 1227, according to the Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor.

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Dönmeh

The Dönme (Dōnme, دونمه, Dönme) were a group of Sabbatean crypto-Jews in the Ottoman Empire who coercively converted outwardly to Islam, but retained their Jewish faith and Kabbalistic beliefs in secret.

See Forced conversion and Dönmeh

De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

See Forced conversion and De facto

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion itself. Forced conversion and Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution are Christianization.

See Forced conversion and Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

Demetrios Constantelos

Demetrios J. Constantelos (Δημήτριος Κωνσταντέλος; July 27, 1927 – January 10, 2017) was a Greek researcher in Byzantology and a professor emeritus of history and religious studies at Stockton University, Pomona, NJ.

See Forced conversion and Demetrios Constantelos

Deobandi movement

The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that adheres to the Hanafi school of law.

See Forced conversion and Deobandi movement

Devshirme

Devshirme (collecting, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax") was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam.

See Forced conversion and Devshirme

Dhimmi

(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

See Forced conversion and Dhimmi

Dhu Nuwas

Dhū Nuwās, (ذُو نُوَاس), real name Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar (Musnad: 𐩺𐩥𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧, Yws¹f ʾs¹ʾr Yṯʾr), Yosef Nu'as (יוסף נואס), or Yūsuf ibn Sharhabil (يُوْسُف ٱبْن شَرْحَبِيْل), also known as Masruq in Syriac, and Dounaas (Δουναας) in Medieval Greek, was a Jewish king of Himyar reigning between 522–530 AD who came to renown on account of his persecutions of peoples of other religions, notably Christians, living in his kingdom.

See Forced conversion and Dhu Nuwas

Doukas (historian)

Doukas or Dukas (after 1462) was a Byzantine Greek historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor.

See Forced conversion and Doukas (historian)

Druze

The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.

See Forced conversion and Druze

Dunya News

Dunya News HD (دنیا نیوز) is a 24 hours Urdu language news and current affairs television channel from Pakistan.

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Dwight Morrow

Dwight Whitney Morrow (January 11, 1873October 5, 1931) was an American businessman, diplomat, and politician, best known as the U.S. ambassador who improved U.S.–Mexico relations, mediating the religious conflict in Mexico known as the Cristero rebellion (1926–29), but also contributing to an easing of conflict between the two countries over oil.

See Forced conversion and Dwight Morrow

Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

See Forced conversion and Early Christianity

Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.

See Forced conversion and Early Middle Ages

Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

See Forced conversion and Early Muslim conquests

East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

See Forced conversion and East Asia

East Timor

East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. The western half of the island of Timor is administered by Indonesia.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

See Forced conversion and Eastern Bloc

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

See Forced conversion and Eastern Europe

Edict of Thessalonica

The Edict of Thessalonica (also known as Cunctos populos), issued on 27 February AD 380 by Theodosius I, made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.

See Forced conversion and Edict of Thessalonica

Edinburgh

Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.

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Edirne

Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Adrianoúpolis), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace.

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Edom

Edom (Edomite: 𐤀𐤃𐤌; אֱדוֹם, lit.: "red"; Akkadian: 𒌑𒁺𒈪, 𒌑𒁺𒈬; Ancient Egyptian) was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan, located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east.

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Egypt in the Middle Ages

Following the Islamic conquest in 641-642, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Umayyad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 750 the Umayyads were overthrown.

See Forced conversion and Egypt in the Middle Ages

Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth or Elizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та Петро́вна) was Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.

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Euchaita

Euchaita (Εὐχάϊτα) was a Byzantine city and diocese in Helenopontus, the Armeniac Theme (northern Asia Minor), and an important stop on the Ancyra-Amasea Roman road.

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European colonization of the Americas

During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century. Forced conversion and European colonization of the Americas are Christianization.

See Forced conversion and European colonization of the Americas

Evangelism

In Christianity, evangelism or witnessing is the act of preaching the gospel with the intention of sharing the message and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See Forced conversion and Evangelism

EWTN

The Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) is an American basic cable television network which presents around-the-clock Catholic-themed programming.

See Forced conversion and EWTN

Falun Gong

Falun Gong or Falun Dafa is a new religious movement.

See Forced conversion and Falun Gong

Faqīh

A faqīh (fuqahā, فقيه;: ‏فقهاء&lrm) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law.

See Forced conversion and Faqīh

Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

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Filippo Sassetti

Filippo Sassetti (1540–1588) was a traveller and merchant from a long-established Florentine mercantile family, who was born in Florence in 1540.

See Forced conversion and Filippo Sassetti

Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

See Forced conversion and Fiqh

Forced marriage

Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without their consent or against their will.

See Forced conversion and Forced marriage

Forced monasticism

Forced monasticism is the practice of compelling a person to enter a monastic life without their consent.

See Forced conversion and Forced monasticism

Four Olds

The Four Olds refer to categories used by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution to characterize elements of Chinese culture prior to the Chinese Communist Revolution that they were attempting to destroy.

See Forced conversion and Four Olds

Frankism

Frankism is a Sabbatean religious movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, created in Podolia, named after its founder, Jacob Frank.

See Forced conversion and Frankism

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See Forced conversion and French Revolution

Gaul

Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.

See Forced conversion and Gaul

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

The Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (Геноцид над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској) was the systematic persecution and extermination of Serbs committed during World War II by the fascist Ustaše regime in the Nazi German puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia (Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH) between 1941 and 1945.

See Forced conversion and Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

Geoffrey Blainey

Geoffrey Norman Blainey, (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian historian, academic, best selling author and commentator.

See Forced conversion and Geoffrey Blainey

Germanic paganism

Germanic paganism or Germanic religion refers to the traditional, culturally significant religion of the Germanic peoples.

See Forced conversion and Germanic paganism

Gnosticism

Gnosticism (from Ancient Greek:, romanized: gnōstikós, Koine Greek: ɣnostiˈkos, 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems that coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects.

See Forced conversion and Gnosticism

God

In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.

See Forced conversion and God

Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain

The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, which coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, was a period of Muslim rule during which Jews were accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life flourished.

See Forced conversion and Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain

Grace period

A grace period is a period immediately after the deadline for an obligation during which a late fee, or other action that would have been taken as a result of failing to meet the deadline, is waived provided that the obligation is satisfied during the grace period.

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Gratian

Gratian (Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383.

See Forced conversion and Gratian

Greater Germanic Reich

The Greater Germanic Reich (Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (Großgermanisches Reich der Deutschen Nation.), was the official state name of the political entity that Nazi Germany tried to establish in Europe during World War II.

See Forced conversion and Greater Germanic Reich

Greek genocide

The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia, which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) – including the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) – on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.

See Forced conversion and Greek genocide

Gregory of Tours

Gregory of Tours (born italic; 30 November – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours during the Merovingian period and is known as the "father of French history".

See Forced conversion and Gregory of Tours

Guanajuato

Guanajuato, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato (Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato), is one of the 32 states that make up the Federal Entities of Mexico.

See Forced conversion and Guanajuato

Gulag

The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.

See Forced conversion and Gulag

Guru Tegh Bahadur

Guru Tegh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ (Gurmukhi);; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675) was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675.

See Forced conversion and Guru Tegh Bahadur

Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s.

See Forced conversion and Hamidian massacres

Hanafi school

The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

See Forced conversion and Hanafi school

Hanbali school

The Hanbali school or Hanbalism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

See Forced conversion and Hanbali school

Hangu District, Pakistan

Hangu District (هنګو ولسوالۍ, ضلع ہنگو) is a district within the Kohat Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

See Forced conversion and Hangu District, Pakistan

Harold W. Attridge

Harold William Attridge (born November 24, 1946) is an American New Testament scholar and historian of Christianity known for his work in New Testament exegesis, especially the Epistle to the Hebrews, the study of Hellenistic Judaism, and the history of early Christianity.

See Forced conversion and Harold W. Attridge

Hasmonean dynasty

The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.

See Forced conversion and Hasmonean dynasty

Himyarite Kingdom

The Himyarite Kingdom was a polity in the southern highlands of Yemen, as well as the name of the region which it claimed.

See Forced conversion and Himyarite Kingdom

Hindu Mahasabha

Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha is a Hindu nationalist political party in India.

See Forced conversion and Hindu Mahasabha

Hindu terrorism

Hindu terrorism, sometimes called Hindutva terror or, metonymically, saffron terror, refer to terrorist acts carried out on the basis of motivations in broad association with Hindu nationalism or Hindutva.

See Forced conversion and Hindu terrorism

Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

See Forced conversion and Hinduism

Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

See Forced conversion and Hindus

Hindustan

Hindūstān is a name for India, broadly referring to the entirety or northern half of the Indian subcontinent.

See Forced conversion and Hindustan

History of European Jews in the Middle Ages

History of European Jews in the Middle Ages covers Jewish history in the period from the 5th to the 15th century.

See Forced conversion and History of European Jews in the Middle Ages

History of slavery in the Muslim world

The history of slavery in the Muslim world began with institutions inherited from pre-Islamic Arabia.

See Forced conversion and History of slavery in the Muslim world

History of the Jews in Spain

The history of the Jews in the current-day Spanish territory stretches back to Biblical times according to Jewish tradition, but the settlement of organised Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula possibly traces back to the times after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

See Forced conversion and History of the Jews in Spain

Holy Spirit in Judaism

In Judaism, the Holy Spirit (רוח הקודש, ruach ha-kodesh) refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the universe or over God's creatures, in given contexts.

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Hormuz Island

Hormuz Island (translit), also spelled Ormus, is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf.

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Human history

Human history is the development of humankind from prehistory to the present.

See Forced conversion and Human history

Human Rights Commission of Pakistan

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (ماموریہ برائے انسانی حقوق پاکستان) (HRCP) is an independent, democratic non-profit organisation.

See Forced conversion and Human Rights Commission of Pakistan

Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.

See Forced conversion and Human trafficking

Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

See Forced conversion and Iberian Peninsula

Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (or IRB;, CISR), established in 1989 by an Act of Parliament, is an independent administrative tribunal that is responsible for making decisions on immigration and refugee matters.

See Forced conversion and Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

Inca Empire

The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

See Forced conversion and Inca Empire

India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

See Forced conversion and India

India Today

India Today is a weekly Indian English-language news magazine published by Living Media India Limited.

See Forced conversion and India Today

Indian History Congress

Indian History Congress is the largest professional and academic body of Indian historians with over 35,000 members.

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Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

See Forced conversion and Indonesia

Infobase

Infobase is an American publisher of databases, reference book titles and textbooks geared towards the North American library, secondary school, and university-level curriculum markets.

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.

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Institute for Advanced Study

The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry located in Princeton, New Jersey.

See Forced conversion and Institute for Advanced Study

Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, also known as the War in North-West Pakistan or Pakistan's war on terror, is an ongoing armed conflict involving Pakistan and Islamist militant groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Jundallah, Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI), TNSM, al-Qaeda, and their Central Asian allies such as the ISIL–Khorasan (ISIL), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, East Turkistan Movement, Emirate of Caucasus, and elements of organized crime.

See Forced conversion and Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)

The International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) (ICT of Bangladesh) is a domestic war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

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Ira M. Lapidus

Ira M. Lapidus is an Emeritus Professor of Middle Eastern and Islamic History at The University of California at Berkeley.

See Forced conversion and Ira M. Lapidus

Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

See Forced conversion and Iraq

Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

See Forced conversion and Irreligion

Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

See Forced conversion and Islam

Islam and blasphemy

In Islam, blasphemy is impious utterance or action concerning God, but is broader than in normal English usage, including not only the mocking or vilifying of attributes of Islam but denying any of the fundamental beliefs of the religion.

See Forced conversion and Islam and blasphemy

Islam in India

Islam is India's second-largest religion, with 14.2% of the country's population, or approximately 172.2 million people, identifying as adherents of Islam in a 2011 census.

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Islamic Human Rights Commission

The Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) is a non-profit organisation based in London.

See Forced conversion and Islamic Human Rights Commission

Islamic State

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.

See Forced conversion and Islamic State

Islamic views on slavery

Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought,Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.

See Forced conversion and Islamic views on slavery

Islamism

Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.

See Forced conversion and Islamism

Islamophobia

Islamophobia is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general.

See Forced conversion and Islamophobia

Ismail I

Ismail I (translit; 14 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524.

See Forced conversion and Ismail I

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Иван IV Васильевич; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.

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Jackson–Vanik amendment

The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Soviet Bloc) that restrict freedom of Jewish emigration and other human rights.

See Forced conversion and Jackson–Vanik amendment

Jacob Frank

Jacob Joseph Frank (יעקב פרנק; Jakub Józef Frank; born Jakub Lejbowicz; 1726 – 10 December 1791) was a Polish-Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi (1626–1676) and also of the biblical patriarch Jacob.

See Forced conversion and Jacob Frank

Jainism

Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.

See Forced conversion and Jainism

Jalisco

Jalisco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

See Forced conversion and Jalisco

Janissary

A janissary (yeŋiçeri) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

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Jean-Baptiste Tavernier

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689) was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler.

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Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.

See Forced conversion and Jewish philosophy

Jewish Publication Society

The Jewish Publication Society (JPS), originally known as the Jewish Publication Society of America, is the oldest nonprofit, nondenominational publisher of Jewish works in English.

See Forced conversion and Jewish Publication Society

Jewish religious clothing

Jewish religious clothing is apparel worn by Jews in connection with the practice of the Jewish religion.

See Forced conversion and Jewish religious clothing

Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

See Forced conversion and Jews

Jizya

Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

See Forced conversion and Jizya

John Hyrcanus

John Hyrcanus (Yoḥānān Hurqanos; Iōánnēs Hurkanós) was a Hasmonean (Maccabean) leader and Jewish High Priest of Israel of the 2nd century BCE (born 164 BCE, reigned from 134 BCE until he died in 104 BCE). Forced conversion and John Hyrcanus are forced religious conversion.

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John of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato

John of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato, were both Franciscan friars, who in 1216, were sent by St. Francis, to preach and convert the Moors, at Teruel and Valencia.

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Josephus

Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.

See Forced conversion and Josephus

Josh Kopelman

Joshua Kopelman is an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and philanthropist.

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Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

See Forced conversion and Judaism

Kabbalah

Kabbalah or Qabalah (קַבָּלָה|Qabbālā|reception, tradition) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism.

See Forced conversion and Kabbalah

Kafir

Kafir (kāfir; كَافِرُون, كُفَّار, or كَفَرَة; كَافِرَة; كَافِرَات or كَوَافِر) is an Arabic term in Islam which refers to a person who disbelieves the God in Islam, denies his authority, rejects the tenets of Islam, or simply is not a Muslim—one who does not believe in the guidance of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Forced conversion and Kafir

Kakure Kirishitan

Kakure Kirishitan is a modern term for a member of the Catholic Church in Japan who went underground at the start of the Edo period in the early 17th century (lifted in 1873) due to Christianity's repression by the Tokugawa shogunate (April 1638).

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Kashmir Valley

The Kashmir Valley, also known as the Vale of Kashmir, is an intermontane valley in northern Jammu and Kashmir, a region in Indian-administered Kashmir.

See Forced conversion and Kashmir Valley

Khanate of Kazan

The Khanate of Kazan (Old Tatar: قزان خانلغی‎; Qazan xanlığı; Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552.

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Kharaj

Kharāj (خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce, regardless of the religion of the owners, developed under Islamic law.

See Forced conversion and Kharaj

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خېبر پښتونخوا; Hindko and,; abbr. KP), formerly known as North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a province of Pakistan.

See Forced conversion and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.

See Forced conversion and Kievan Rus'

Kingdom of Aksum

The Kingdom of Aksum (ʾÄksum; 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣,; Axōmítēs) also known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of Asturias

The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius.

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Kirchenkampf

Kirchenkampf (lit. 'church struggle') is a German term which pertains to the situation of the Christian churches in Germany during the Nazi period (1933–1945).

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Kolkata

Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta (its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal.

See Forced conversion and Kolkata

Konya

Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province.

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Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)

The Czech lands, then also known as Lands of the Bohemian Crown, were largely subject to the Habsburgs from the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

See Forced conversion and Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)

Late antiquity

Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.

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League of Militant Atheists

The League of Militant Atheists, also Society of the Godless or Union of the Godless, was an atheistic and antireligious organization of workers and intelligentsia that developed in Soviet Russia under influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1947. Forced conversion and League of Militant Atheists are persecution by atheist states.

See Forced conversion and League of Militant Atheists

Leiden

Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

See Forced conversion and Levant

List of Frankish kings

The Franks, Germanic-speaking peoples that invaded the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, were first led by individuals called dukes and reguli.

See Forced conversion and List of Frankish kings

List of Jewish messiah claimants

The Messiah in Judaism means anointed one; it included Jewish priests, prophets and kings such as David and Cyrus the Great.

See Forced conversion and List of Jewish messiah claimants

Livonian Brothers of the Sword

The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, Schwertbrüderorden) was a Catholic military order established in 1202 during the Livonian Crusade by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treydend).

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Livonian Crusade

The Livonian crusade consists of the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal-sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century.

See Forced conversion and Livonian Crusade

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Love jihad conspiracy theory

Love jihad (or Romeo jihad) is an Islamophobic conspiracy theory promoted by right-wing Hindutva activists.

See Forced conversion and Love jihad conspiracy theory

Ludwig Feuerbach

Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (28 July 1804 – 13 September 1872) was a German anthropologist and philosopher, best known for his book The Essence of Christianity, which provided a critique of Christianity that strongly influenced generations of later thinkers, including Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Engels, Mikhail Bakunin, Richard Wagner, Frederick Douglass and Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Lurianic Kabbalah

Lurianic Kabbalah is a school of Kabbalah named after Isaac Luria (1534–1572), the Jewish rabbi who developed it.

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Lynne Rienner Publishers

Lynne Rienner Publishers is an independent scholarly and textbook publishing firm based in Boulder, Colorado.

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Madhhab

A madhhab (way to act,, pl. label) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence.

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Mahdids

The Mahdids (Banī Mahdī) were a dynasty in Yemen who briefly held power in the period between 1159 and 1174.

See Forced conversion and Mahdids

Mahmud of Ghazni

Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.

See Forced conversion and Mahmud of Ghazni

Maimonides

Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.

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Mainland Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia (also known Indochina or the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia.

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Maliki school

The Maliki school or Malikism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Maluku (province)

Maluku is a province of Indonesia.

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Mamluk

Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.

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Mandaeans

Mandaeans (المندائيون), also known as Mandaean Sabians (الصابئة المندائيون) or simply as Sabians (الصابئة), are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism.

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Manuel Ávila Camacho

Manuel Ávila Camacho (24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955) was a Mexican politician and military leader who served as the President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946.

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Mappila Muslims

Mappila Muslim, generally in recent times, is a member of the Muslim community of same name found predominantly in Kerala and Lakshadweep Islands in Southern India, and historically used to identify Muslims from Northern Kerala.

See Forced conversion and Mappila Muslims

María Rosa Menocal

María Rosa Menocal (April 9, 1953 – October 15, 2012) was a Cuban-born scholar of medieval culture and history and Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University.

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Marrano

Marranos is one of the terms used in relation to Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted or were forced by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns to convert to Christianity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it, referred to as Crypto-Jews.

See Forced conversion and Marrano

Martyrdom in Judaism

Martyrdom in Judaism is one of the main examples of Jews doing a kiddush Hashem, a Hebrew term which means "sanctification of the Name".

See Forced conversion and Martyrdom in Judaism

Marxist–Leninist atheism

Marxist–Leninist atheism, also known as Marxist–Leninist scientific atheism, is the antireligious element of Marxism–Leninism.

See Forced conversion and Marxist–Leninist atheism

Mashhad

Mashhad (مشهد) is the second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran.

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Massacre

A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless.

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Massacre of Verden

The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782.

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Maurice Sartre

Maurice Sartre (born 3 October 1944) is a French historian, an Emeritus professor of ancient history at the François Rabelais University, a specialist in ancient Greek and Eastern Roman history, especially the Hellenized Middle East, from Alexander to Islamic conquests.

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Maximato

The Maximato was a transitional period in the historical and political development of Mexico from 1928 to 1934.

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Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the lands of central and southern Mexico, all of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

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Messiah in Judaism

The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews.

See Forced conversion and Messiah in Judaism

Michoacán

Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Purépecha: P'uɽempo), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo (Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico.

See Forced conversion and Michoacán

Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD. Forced conversion and Middle Ages are Christianization.

See Forced conversion and Middle Ages

Minority religion

A minority religion is a religion held by a minority of the population of state or which is otherwise politically marginalized.

See Forced conversion and Minority religion

Moab

Moab is an ancient Levantine kingdom whose territory is today located in southern Jordan.

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Morisco

Moriscos (mouriscos; Spanish for "Moorish") were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Catholic Church and Habsburg Spain commanded to forcibly convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed Islam.

See Forced conversion and Morisco

Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

See Forced conversion and Morocco

Mortara case

The Mortara case (caso Mortara) was an Italian cause célèbre that captured the attention of much of Europe and North America in the 1850s and 1860s.

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Mucur

Mucur, formerly known as Niza, is a town in Kırşehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey.

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Mudéjar

Mudéjar were Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period following the Christian reconquest.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Muhammad of Ghor

Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam (translit; 15 March 1206), also known as Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori, was a ruler from the Ghurid dynasty based in the Ghor region of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206.

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Murad II

Murad II (Murād-ı sānī, II.; 16 June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.

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Muslim Council of Britain

The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) is an umbrella body of Muslim organisations in the United Kingdom, with over 500 affiliated mosques and organisations.

See Forced conversion and Muslim Council of Britain

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See Forced conversion and Muslims

Myanmar

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest.

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Mysorean invasion of Malabar

The Mysorean invasion of Malabar (1766–1792) was the military invasion of the Malabar region of Kerala, including the territories of the Zamorin of Calicut, by the then-de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, Hyder Ali.

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Najran

Najran (نجران), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

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Nathan of Gaza

Nathan of Gaza (נתן העזתי; 1643–1680), also Nathan Benjamin ben Elisha Hayyim haLevi Ashkenazi or Ghazzati, was a theologian and author born in Jerusalem.

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New Christian

New Christian (Novus Christianus; Cristiano Nuevo; Cristão-Novo; Cristià Nou; Kristiano muevo) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

See Forced conversion and New York City

Nicaea

Nicaea (also spelled Nicæa or Nicea), also known as Nikaia (Νίκαια, Attic:, Koine), was an ancient Greek city in the north-western Anatolian region of Bithynia that is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christian Church), the Nicene Creed (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, until the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261.

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Nicene Christianity

Nicene Christianity includes those Christian denominations that adhere to the teaching of the Nicene Creed, which was formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 and amended at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381.

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Noakhali riots

The Noakhali riots were a series of semi-organized massacres, rapes and abductions, combined with looting and arson of Hindu properties, perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh) in October–November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule.

See Forced conversion and Noakhali riots

North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

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North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

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Northern Crusades

The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian East Slavs.

See Forced conversion and Northern Crusades

Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

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Old Prussian language

Old Prussian is an extinct West Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region.

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Orang Rimba people

The Orang Batin Sembilan, Orang Rimba or Anak Dalam are mobile, animist peoples who live throughout the lowland forests of southeast Sumatra.

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Orhan

Orhan Ghazi (اورخان غازی; Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan; died 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362.

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Orphans' Decree

The Orphans' Decree was a law in Yemen mandating the forced conversion of Jewish orphans to Islam promulgated by the Zaydi. Forced conversion and Orphans' Decree are forced religious conversion.

See Forced conversion and Orphans' Decree

Ottoman Albania

Ottoman Albania refers to a period in Albanian history from the Ottoman conquest in the late 15th century to the Albanian declaration of Independence and official secession from the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The Ottomans first entered Albania in 1385 upon the invitation of the Albanian noble Karl Thopia to suppress the forces of the noble Balša II during the Battle of Savra.

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Ottoman Egypt

Ottoman Egypt was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ODB) is a three-volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pact of Umar

The Pact of Umar (also known as the Covenant of Umar, Treaty of Umar or Laws of Umar; شروط عمر or عهد عمر or عقد عمر) is a treaty between the Muslims and non-Muslims who were conquered by Umar during his conquest of the Levant (Syria and Lebanon) in the year 637 CE that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence.

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Pakistan Observer

Pakistan Observer is one of the oldest and widely read English-language daily newspapers of Pakistan.

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Pakistani Taliban

The Pakistani Taliban, formally called the Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan (TTP), is an umbrella organization of various Islamist armed militant groups operating along the Afghan–Pakistani border.

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Palestine (region)

The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.

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Pasrur

Pasrur (Punjabi and پسرُور), is a historical city of Sialkot District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

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Passover

Passover, also called Pesach, is a major Jewish holidayand one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.

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Pella, Jordan

Pella (Πέλλα) was an ancient city in what is now northwest Jordan, and contains ruins from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Canaanite, Hellenistic and Islamic periods.

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People of the Book

People of the Book or Ahl al-kitāb (أهل الكتاب) is an Islamic term referring to followers of those religions which Muslims regard as having been guided by previous revelations, generally in the form of a scripture.

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Persecution of Christians

The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.

See Forced conversion and Persecution of Christians

Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire

Christians were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire, beginning in the 1st century AD and ending in the 4th century.

See Forced conversion and Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire

Persecution of Jews

The persecution of Jews has been a major event in Jewish history prompting shifting waves of refugees and the formation of diaspora communities.

See Forced conversion and Persecution of Jews

Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal

On 5 December 1496, King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims to take effect by the end of October of the next year.

See Forced conversion and Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal

Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire

Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire began during the reign of Constantine the Great (306–337) in the military colony of Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem), when he destroyed a pagan temple for the purpose of constructing a Christian church.

See Forced conversion and Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire

Philadelphia

Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the nation, with a population of 1,603,797 in the 2020 census.

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Plutarco Elías Calles

Plutarco Elías Calles (born Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano; 25 September 1877 – 19 October 1945) was a Mexican soldier and politician who served as President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928.

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Polish anti-religious campaign

The Polish anti-religious campaign was initiated by the Communist government in the Polish People's Republic which, under the doctrine of Marxism, actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheisation.

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Political party

A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections.

See Forced conversion and Political party

Polygyny in Islam

Traditional Sunni and Shia Islamic marital jurisprudence allows Muslim men to be married to multiple women (a practice known as polygyny).

See Forced conversion and Polygyny in Islam

Polytheism

Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god.

See Forced conversion and Polytheism

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216.

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Population control

Population control is the practice of artificially maintaining the size of any population.

See Forced conversion and Population control

Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

See Forced conversion and Portugal

Portuguese Inquisition

The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa), officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal, was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III.

See Forced conversion and Portuguese Inquisition

Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

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Proselytism

Proselytism is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs.

See Forced conversion and Proselytism

Prussian Crusade

The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize under duress the pagan Old Prussians.

See Forced conversion and Prussian Crusade

Psalms

The Book of Psalms (תְּהִלִּים|Tehillīm|praises; Psalmós; Liber Psalmorum; Zabūr), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called ("Writings"), and a book of the Old Testament.

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Qajar Iran

The Sublime State of Iran, commonly referred to as Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, Sublime State of Persia, and also the Guarded Domains of Iran, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.

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Rabbi

A rabbi (רַבִּי|translit.

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Rabwah Times

Rabwah Times (ربوہ ٹائمز) (ISSN No. 2415-5616) is an independent digital media publication which was founded in 2006 by Ehsan Rehan.

See Forced conversion and Rabwah Times

Ransom

Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice.

See Forced conversion and Ransom

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Forced conversion and Rashidun Caliphate

Razakars (Pakistan)

The Razakar (رضا کار, literally "volunteer"; রাজাকার) was an East Pakistani paramilitary force organised by General Tikka Khan in then East Pakistan, now called Bangladesh, during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

See Forced conversion and Razakars (Pakistan)

Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Forced conversion and Reconquista

Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

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Red Shirts (Mexico)

The Red Shirts (Camisas Rojas) were a paramilitary organization, existing in the 1930s, founded by the atheist and anti-Catholic anticlerical Governor of Tabasco, Mexico, Tomás Garrido Canabal, during his second term. Forced conversion and Red Shirts (Mexico) are persecution by atheist states.

See Forced conversion and Red Shirts (Mexico)

Refuge in Buddhism

In Buddhism, refuge or taking refuge refers to a religious practice which often includes a prayer or recitation performed at the beginning of the day or of a practice session.

See Forced conversion and Refuge in Buddhism

Religion

Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.

See Forced conversion and Religion

Religion in Egypt

Religion in Egypt controls many aspects of social life and is endorsed by law.

See Forced conversion and Religion in Egypt

Religion in politics

Religion in politics covers various topics related to the effects of religion on politics.

See Forced conversion and Religion in politics

Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia

Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia included indigenous Arabian polytheism, ancient Semitic religions, Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism, and Zoroastrianism.

See Forced conversion and Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia

Religious conversion

Religious conversion is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others.

See Forced conversion and Religious conversion

Religious discrimination

Religious discrimination is treating a person or group differently because of the particular beliefs which they hold about a religion.

See Forced conversion and Religious discrimination

Religious fanaticism

Religious fanaticism, or religious extremism, is a pejorative designation used to indicate uncritical zeal or obsessive enthusiasm that is related to one's own, or one's group's, devotion to a religion – a form of human fanaticism that could otherwise be expressed in one's other involvements and participation, including employment, role, and partisan affinities.

See Forced conversion and Religious fanaticism

Religious intolerance

Religious intolerance is intolerance of another's religious beliefs, practices, faith or lack thereof.

See Forced conversion and Religious intolerance

Religious persecution

Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or their lack thereof.

See Forced conversion and Religious persecution

Religious segregation

Religious segregation is the separation of people according to their religion.

See Forced conversion and Religious segregation

Religious tolerance

Religious tolerance or religious toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful".

See Forced conversion and Religious tolerance

Religious violence

Religious violence covers phenomena in which religion is either the subject or the object of violent behavior.

See Forced conversion and Religious violence

Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

See Forced conversion and Reuters

Rhineland massacres

The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 or Gzerot Tatnó (גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856"), were a series of mass murders of Jews perpetrated by mobs of French and German Christians of the People's Crusade in the year 1096, or 4856 according to the Hebrew calendar.

See Forced conversion and Rhineland massacres

Ridda Wars

The Ridda Wars (lit) were a series of military campaigns launched by the first caliph Abu Bakr against rebellious Arabian tribes, some of which were led by rival prophet claimants.

See Forced conversion and Ridda Wars

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See Forced conversion and Roman Empire

Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

See Forced conversion and Roman law

Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.

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Sabbatai Zevi

Sabbatai Zevi (Sabetay Sevi; August 1, 1626 –) was an Ottoman Jewish mystic, and ordained rabbi from Smyrna (now İzmir, Turkey).

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Sabbateans

The Sabbateans (or Sabbatians) were a variety of Jewish followers, disciples, and believers in Sabbatai Zevi (1626–1676), an Ottoman Jewish rabbi and Kabbalist who was proclaimed to be the Jewish Messiah in 1666 by Nathan of Gaza.

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Sabians

The Sabians, sometimes also spelled Sabaeans or Sabeans, are a mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the Quran (as الصابئون, in later sources الصابئة), where it is implied that they belonged to the 'People of the Book'.

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Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

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Saladin

Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Samaritans

The Samaritans (שומרונים; السامريون), often prefering to be called Israelite Samaritans, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Hebrews and Israelites of the ancient Near East.

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Samsat

Samsat (Samîsad, Ottoman Turkish صمصاد Semisat), formerly Samosata (Σαμόσατα) is a small town in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river.

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Samuel Davidson

Samuel Davidson (September 18061 April 1898) was an Irish biblical scholar.

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Satanism

Satanism refers to a group of religious, ideological, and/or philosophical beliefs based on Satan – particularly his worship or veneration.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.

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Saxon Wars

The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of tribesmen was defeated.

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Saxons

The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.

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Sayfo

The Sayfo (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.

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Sectarian violence

Sectarian violence and/or sectarian strife is a form of communal violence which is inspired by sectarianism, that is, discrimination, hatred or prejudice between different sects of a particular mode of an ideology or different sects of a religion within a nation/community.

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Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

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Serapion of Algiers

Serapion of Algiers (1179 – 14 November 1240) was an English Catholic Mercedarian priest and martyr.

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Serbian Orthodox Church

The Serbian Orthodox Church (Srpska pravoslavna crkva) is one of the autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox Christian churches.

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Shafi'i school

The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shiv Sena

Shiv Sena (IAST: Śhiva Sēnā) is a right-wing Marathi regionalist and Hindu ultranationalist political party in India founded in 1966 by Bal Thackeray.

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Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)

The siege of Nicaea by the forces of Orhan I from 1328 to 1331, resulted in the conquest of a key Byzantine Greek city by the Ottoman Turks.

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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.

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Sikandar Shah Miri

Shingara, better known as Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri (Kashmiri:سلطان سِکَندَر شَاہ مِیرِی, Persian: سلطان سکندر شاہ مِیرِی), also by his sobriquet Sikandar Butshikan (lit. Sikandar the Iconoclast) was the seventh Sultan of Kashmir and a member of Shah Mir dynasty who ruled from 1389 until his death in 1413.

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Sikh gurus

The Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469.

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Sikhism in Pakistan

Sikhism in Pakistan has an extensive heritage and history, although Sikhs form a small community in Pakistan today.

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Sikhism in the United Kingdom

British Sikhs number over 535,000 people and account for 0.8% of the British population as of 2021, forming the United Kingdom's fourth-largest religious group.

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Sikhs

Sikhs (singular Sikh: or; sikkh) are an ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak.

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The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) was a Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989).

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Soltan Hoseyn

Soltan Hoseyn (Soltān-Hoseyn; 1668 – 9 September 1727) was the Safavid shah of Iran from 1694 to 1722.

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South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

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Speros Vryonis

Speros Vryonis Jr. (Σπυρίδων "Σπύρος" Βρυώνης, July 18, 1928 – March 12, 2019) was an American historian of Greek descent and a specialist in Byzantine, Balkan, and Greek history.

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State (polity)

A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.

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State atheism

State atheism or atheist state is the incorporation of hard atheism or non-theism into political regimes. Forced conversion and state atheism are persecution by atheist states and religious policy.

See Forced conversion and State atheism

State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state. Forced conversion and state religion are religious policy.

See Forced conversion and State religion

Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

See Forced conversion and Sunni Islam

Supreme Court of Pakistan

The Supreme Court of Pakistan (عدالتِ عظمیٰ پاکستان; Adālat-e-Uzma Pākistān) is the apex court in the judicial hierarchy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

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Tabasco

Tabasco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco (Estado Libre y Soberano de Tabasco), is one of the 32 Federal Entities of the United Mexican States.

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Taghlib

The Banu Taghlib, also known as Taghlib ibn Wa'il, were an Arab tribe that originated in Jazira.

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Taoism

Taoism or Daoism is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao—generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation ultimately underlying reality.

See Forced conversion and Taoism

Teor (island)

Teor is an island in the Indonesian province of Maluku (the Moluccas).

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Tetrarchy

The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares.

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Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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Thall Tehsil

Thall is a tehsil located in Hangu District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Thatta

Thatta (ٺٽو, IPA: ʈɦəʈːoː;, IPA: ʈɦəʈːɑː) is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh.

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The Express Tribune

The Express Tribune is a daily English-language newspaper based in Pakistan.

See Forced conversion and The Express Tribune

The Irish Times

The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper and online digital publication.

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The Jewish Encyclopedia

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.

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The New Republic

The New Republic is an American publisher focused on domestic politics, news, culture, and the arts, with ten magazines a year and a daily online platform.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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Theodosius I

Theodosius I (Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395.

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Theodosius II

Theodosius II (Θεοδόσιος; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450) was Roman emperor from 402 to 450.

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Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

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Thomas Hartwell Horne

Thomas Hartwell Horne (20 October 1780 – 27 January 1862) was an English theologian and librarian.

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Three Jewels and Three Roots

In Tibetan Buddhism, the Three Jewels and Three Roots are supports in which a Buddhist takes refuge by means of a prayer or recitation at the beginning of the day or of a practice session.

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Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism is a form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet, Bhutan and Mongolia.

See Forced conversion and Tibetan Buddhism

Tipu Sultan

Tipu Sultan (Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore", was an Indian ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India.

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Tribes of Arabia

The tribes of Arabia or Arab tribes denote ethnic Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula.

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Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).

See Forced conversion and Trinity

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See Forced conversion and Turkey

Twelver Shi'ism

Twelver Shīʿism (ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة), also known as Imāmiyya (إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa, comprising about 90% of all Shīas.

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Ulama

In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.

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Ulcinj

Ulcinj (Улцињ,; or Ulqini; Dulcigno) is a town in Coastal region of Montenegro and the capital of Ulcinj Municipality.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

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Umayyad state of Córdoba

The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

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United Nations Human Rights Council

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.

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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is a U.S. federal government commission created by the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the U.S. Senate charged with leading foreign-policy legislation and debate in the Senate.

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Ustaše

The Ustaše, also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croatian, fascist and ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret).

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Uyghurs

The Uyghurs, alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia.

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Valentinian II

Valentinian II (Valentinianus; 37115 May 392) was a Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman empire between AD 375 and 392.

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Valentinian III

Valentinian III (Placidus Valentinianus; 2 July 41916 March 455) was Roman emperor in the West from 425 to 455.

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Vandals

The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.

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Vishva Hindu Parishad

Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) is an Indian far-right Hindu organisation based on Hindu nationalism.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vladimir the Great

Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (Volodiměr Svętoslavič; Christian name: Basil; 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox Church canonised him as Saint Vladimir.

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Voice of America

Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international radio broadcasting state media agency owned by the United States of America.

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Vorpahavak

Following the Armenian genocide, vorpahavak (որբահաւաք) was the organized effort to rescue "hidden" Armenian women and children who had survived the genocide by being abducted and adopted into Muslim families and forcibly converted to Islam. Forced conversion and vorpahavak are forced religious conversion.

See Forced conversion and Vorpahavak

Wael Hallaq

Wael B. Hallaq is the Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he has been teaching ethics, law, and political thought since 2009.

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War crime

A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.

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Watubela archipelago

Watubela is an archipelago in the Maluku Islands, east of Ceram and north of Kai Islands, southeast of the Gorong archipelago, and southwest of the Bomberai Peninsula of Papua, Indonesia.

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Wendish Crusade

The Wendish Crusade (Wendenkreuzzug) was a military campaign in 1147, one of the Northern Crusades, led primarily by the Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire and directed against the Polabian Slavs (or "Wends").

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Women in Pakistan

Women in Pakistan make up 48.76% of the population according to the 2017 census of Pakistan.

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Woodstock, Oxfordshire

Woodstock is a market town and civil parish, north-west of Oxford in West Oxfordshire in the county of Oxfordshire, England.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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World War II in Yugoslavia

World War II in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the country was invaded and swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned among Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and their client regimes.

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Worms massacre (1096)

The Worms massacre was the murder of at least 800 to 1000 Jews from Worms, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany), at the hands of crusaders under Count Emicho in May 1096.

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Xinjiang internment camps

The Xinjiang internment camps, officially called vocational education and training centers (w) by the government of China, are internment camps operated by the government of Xinjiang and the Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee.

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Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din

Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din (or Imam Yahya) (يحيى محمد حميد الدين., 18 June 1869 – 17 February 1948) was the first king of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1918 until his assassination in 1948.

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Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Yaqub al-Mansur

Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Abd al-Muʾmin al-Manṣūr (d. 23 January 1199), commonly known as Yaqub al-Mansur or Moulay Yacoub, was the third Almohad Caliph.

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Yazidis

Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (translit), are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran.

See Forced conversion and Yazidis

Yellow badge

The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (Judenstern), was a special accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history.

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Zacatecas

Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas), is one of the 31 states of Mexico.

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Zafar, Yemen

Ẓafār (ظفار), also called Dhafar or Dhofar, is an ancient Himyarite site situated in Yemen, some 130 km south-south-east of today's capital, Sana'a, and c. southeast of Yarim.

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Zahiri school

The Ẓāhirī school (translit) or Zahirism is a Sunnī school of Islamic jurisprudence founded in the 9th century by Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī, a Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

See Forced conversion and Zoroastrianism

1998 Prankote massacre

The 1998 Prankote massacre was the beheading and killing of 29 Hindus in the villages of Prankote and Dakikote by militants in the Udhampur district (now in Reasi district) of the former Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir on 17 April, 1998.

See Forced conversion and 1998 Prankote massacre

See also

Christianization

• Agora (film)
• Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
• Bagram Bible program
• Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae
• Catholicisation
• Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4
• Christian mission
• Christianity and paganism
• Christianization
• Christianization of Europe
• Christianization of Goa
• Christianization of saints and feasts
• Civilizing mission
• Coelum Stellatum Christianum
• Conquistador
• Constantine the Great and Christianity
• Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
• Discovery of Brazil
• European colonisation of Southeast Asia
• European colonization of the Americas
• Forced conversion
• Forced religious conversion
• History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
• Inculturation
• Interpretatio Christiana
• Maanexit
• Magunkaquog
• Middle Ages
• Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of the Apostles
• Obando Fertility Rites
• Orosius
• Persecution of Pagans
• Phillippe de Oliveira
• Praying Indian
• Quinnatisset
• Religious policies of Constantine the Great
• Taiping Rebellion

Forced religious conversion

• 2008 Kandhamal violence
• Albigensian Crusade
• Anti-conversion law
• Anusim
• Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan
• Conversions of Jews to Christianity
• Forced conversion
• Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
• Islamization of Egypt
• John Hyrcanus
• Mecia de Viladestes
• Omar Saidou Tall
• Orphans' Decree
• Persecution of Yazidis
• Religion of the Yellow Stick
• Savoyard–Waldensian wars
• Vorpahavak

Islamization

• Bengali language movement
• Cultural Revolution in Iran
• Cultural Revolution in Libya
• Eurabia
• Eurabia conspiracy theory
• Faith Campaign
• Federal Shariah Court verdict on interest system in Pakistan
• Federal Shariat Court
• Forced conversion
• Forced religious conversion
• Islam in Syria
• Islamic economics in Pakistan
• Islamism in the Gaza Strip
• Islamization conspiracy
• Islamization in Pakistan
• Islamization of Albania
• Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Islamization of Egypt
• Islamization of Iran
• Islamization of Jerusalem
• Islamization of the Sudan region
• Malikization of the Maghreb
• Ninth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
• Tabligh
• Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin

Persecution by atheist states

• Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania
• Antireligious campaigns in China
• Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
• Forced conversion
• Hujum
• Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
• League of Militant Atheists
• Operation North
• Persecution of Christians in North Korea
• Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
• Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
• Persecution of Falun Gong
• Red Shirts (Mexico)
• Religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
• Songbun
• State atheism
• USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
• USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
• USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)
• USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)
• Walter Ciszek
• Xiagang Church

Religious policy

• 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
• Clericalism
• Everson v. Board of Education
• Forced conversion
• Forced religious conversion
• Governmental lists of cults and sects
• Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
• Lemon v. Kurtzman
• MIVILUDES
• Religion law
• Secular state
• Secularism in Azerbaijan
• Secularism in France
• Secularism in Taiwan
• Secularism in Tajikistan
• Secularism in Turkey
• Separation of church and state
• State atheism
• State religion

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion

Also known as Asha Kumari, Coercive conversion, Conversion or death, Convert or die, Forced baptism, Forced conversion in Islam, Forced conversion to Buddhism, Forced conversion to Christianity, Forced conversion to Islam, Forced conversions, Forced religious conversion, Forced to convert, Forced to convert to Christianity, Forced to convert to Islam, Forcefully convert, Forcefully converted, Forcible conversion, Forcible conversion to Christianity, Forcible conversion to Islam, Forcible religious conversion, Forcibly converted, Forcibly converted to Islam, Lata Kumari, Rinkle Kumari.

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