Fossil, the Glossary
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.[1]
Table of Contents
392 relations: Absolute dating, Accretion (geology), Adaptation, Agate, Albert of Saxony (philosopher), Amber, Amino acid, Ammonoidea, Ancient Greece, Animal, Animal track, Antacid, Aphrodisiac, Aragonite, Araucaria, Araucaria mirabilis, Araucarioxylon arizonicum, Archean, Arctic, Arecaceae, Argentina, Argon–argon dating, Aristotle, Arthropod, Asaphus kowalewskii, Associated Press, Astrobiology (journal), Atlas Obscura, Atmosphere, Austria, Authigenesis, Autotroph, Avicenna, Aviculopecten, Baltic Sea, Bamboo, Bezoar, Biochemistry, Biofilm, Biomineralization, Biosignature, Biosphere, Biostratigraphy, Biotic material, Bird Spring Formation, Bivalvia, Bone, Botanical name, Brachiopod, Bryozoa, ... Expand index (342 more) »
- Fossils
Absolute dating
Absolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology.
See Fossil and Absolute dating
Accretion (geology)
In geology, accretion is a process by which material is added to a tectonic plate at a subduction zone, frequently on the edge of existing continental landmasses.
See Fossil and Accretion (geology)
Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
Agate
Agate is the banded variety of chalcedony, which comes in a wide variety of colors.
See Fossil and Agate
Albert of Saxony (philosopher)
Albert of Saxony (Latin: Albertus de Saxonia; c. 1320 – 8 July 1390) was a German philosopher and mathematician known for his contributions to logic and physics.
See Fossil and Albert of Saxony (philosopher)
Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin.
See Fossil and Amber
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Ammonoidea
Ammonoids are extinct spiral shelled cephalopods comprising the subclass Ammonoidea.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
Animal track
__notoc__ An animal track is an imprint left behind in soil, snow, or mud, or on some other ground surface, by an animal walking across it.
Antacid
An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or an upset stomach.
Aphrodisiac
An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior.
Aragonite
Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate, the others being calcite and vaterite.
Araucaria
Araucaria (original pronunciation) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae.
Araucaria mirabilis
Araucaria mirabilis is an extinct species of coniferous tree from Patagonia, Argentina.
See Fossil and Araucaria mirabilis
Araucarioxylon arizonicum
Araucarioxylon arizonicum (alternatively Agathoxylon arizonicum) is an extinct species of conifer that is the state fossil of Arizona.
See Fossil and Araucarioxylon arizonicum
Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the Proterozoic.
Arctic
The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.
Arecaceae
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales.
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.
Argon–argon dating
Argon–argon (or 40Ar/39Ar) dating is a radiometric dating method invented to supersede potassiumndashargon (K/Ar) dating in accuracy.
See Fossil and Argon–argon dating
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Arthropod
Arthropods are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.
Asaphus kowalewskii
Asaphus kowalewskii is one of the 35 species of trilobites of the genus Asaphus (this particular species is sometimes placed in its own genus, Neoasaphus).
See Fossil and Asaphus kowalewskii
Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
See Fossil and Associated Press
Astrobiology (journal)
Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe.
See Fossil and Astrobiology (journal)
Atlas Obscura
Atlas Obscura is an American-based online magazine and travel company.
Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object.
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.
Authigenesis
Authigenesis is the process whereby a mineral or sedimentary rock deposit is generated where it is found or observed.
Autotroph
An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms.
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
Aviculopecten
Aviculopecten is an extinct genus of bivalve mollusc that lived from the Early Devonian to the Late Triassic in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.
Bamboo
Bamboos are a diverse group of mostly evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae.
Bezoar
A bezoar is a mass often found trapped in the gastrointestinal system, though it can occur in other locations.
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
Biofilm
A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.
Biomineralization
Biomineralization, also written biomineralisation, is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often resulting in hardened or stiffened mineralized tissues.
See Fossil and Biomineralization
Biosignature
A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance, such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon, that provides scientific evidence of past or present life on a planet.
Biosphere
The biosphere, also called the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.
Biostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them. Fossil and Biostratigraphy are fossils.
See Fossil and Biostratigraphy
Biotic material
Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms.
See Fossil and Biotic material
Bird Spring Formation
The Bird Spring Formation is a geologic formation in Nevada.
See Fossil and Bird Spring Formation
Bivalvia
Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts.
Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals.
See Fossil and Bone
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).
Brachiopod
Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs.
Bryozoa
Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies.
Burgess Shale
The Burgess Shale is a fossil-bearing deposit exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada.
Busycon
Busycon is a genus of very large edible sea snails in the subfamily Busyconinae.
Calcareous
Calcareous is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky.
Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Cambrian
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon.
Cambrian explosion
The Cambrian explosion (also known as Cambrian radiation or Cambrian diversification) is an interval of time approximately in the Cambrian period of the early Paleozoic when a sudden radiation of complex life occurred, and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record.
See Fossil and Cambrian explosion
Cambrian substrate revolution
The "Cambrian substrate revolution" or "Agronomic revolution", evidenced in trace fossils, is a sudden diversification of animal burrowing during the early Cambrian period.
See Fossil and Cambrian substrate revolution
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Fossil and Cambridge University Press
Canada
Canada is a country in North America.
Carapace
A carapace is a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carbonaceous film (paleontology)
A carbonaceous film or carbon film is an organism outline of a fossil.
See Fossil and Carbonaceous film (paleontology)
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, Ma.
Carbonization
Carbonization or carbonisation is the conversion of organic matters like plants and dead animal remains into carbon through destructive distillation.
Carcharodontosaurus
Carcharodontosaurus is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that lived in North Africa from about 100 to 94 million years ago during the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous.
See Fossil and Carcharodontosaurus
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.
Castanopsis
Castanopsis, commonly called chinquapin or chinkapin, is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the beech family, Fagaceae.
Catastrophism
In geology, catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.
Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history.
Chalcedony
Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, composed of very fine intergrowths of quartz and moganite.
Chelation
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and the molecules to metal ions.
Chemotroph
A chemotroph Greek words “chemo” (meaning chemical) and “troph” (meaning nourishment) is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
See Fossil and China
Chironomidae
The Chironomidae (informally known as chironomids, nonbiting midges, or lake flies) comprise a family of nematoceran flies with a global distribution.
Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes.
Christendom
Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.
Classical Latin
Classical Latin is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a literary standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire.
See Fossil and Classical Latin
Climactichnites
Climactichnites is an enigmatic, Cambrian fossil formed on or within sandy tidal flats around.
See Fossil and Climactichnites
Climate variability and change
Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more.
See Fossil and Climate variability and change
CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.
See Fossil and CNN
Coccolithophore
Coccolithophores, or coccolithophorids, are single-celled organisms which are part of the phytoplankton, the autotrophic (self-feeding) component of the plankton community.
See Fossil and Coccolithophore
Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.
Collenia
Collenia is genus of fossil cyanobacteria that form a particular type of stromatolites.
Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
See Fossil and Colony (biology)
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
See Fossil and Columbia University Press
Compression fossil
A compression fossil is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression.
See Fossil and Compression fossil
Concretion
A concretion is a hard, compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil.
Conifer cone
A conifer cone or pinecone (strobilus,: strobili in formal botanical usage) is a seed-bearing organ on gymnosperm plants.
Continent
A continent is any of several large geographical regions.
Coprolite
A coprolite (also known as a coprolith) is fossilized feces.
Coral
Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.
See Fossil and Coral
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Crete
Crete (translit, Modern:, Ancient) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.
See Fossil and Crete
Curiosity (rover)
Curiosity is a car-sized Mars rover exploring Gale crater and Mount Sharp on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission.
See Fossil and Curiosity (rover)
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
Cycloneuralia
Cycloneuralia is a proposed clade of ecdysozoan animals including the Scalidophora (Kinorhynchans, Loriciferans, Priapulids), the Nematoida (nematodes, Nematomorphs), and the extinct Palaeoscolecid.
Cyclopes
In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, the Cyclopes (Κύκλωπες, Kýklōpes, "Circle-eyes" or "Round-eyes"; singular Cyclops; Κύκλωψ, Kýklōps) are giant one-eyed creatures.
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Deccan Traps
The Deccan Traps is a large igneous province of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E).
Deinotherium
Deinotherium is an extinct genus of large, elephant-like proboscideans that lived from about the middle-Miocene until the early Pleistocene.
Dendrite (crystal)
A crystal dendrite is a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching form, resembling a fractal.
See Fossil and Dendrite (crystal)
Development of the human body
Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity.
See Fossil and Development of the human body
Devonian
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era during the Phanerozoic eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian period at million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the succeeding Carboniferous period at Ma.
Dhankar Gompa
Dhankar Gompa (also Dankhar, Drangkhar or Dhangkar Gompa; Brang-mkhar or Grang-mkhar) is a village and also a Gompa, a Buddhist temple in the district of Lahaul and Spiti in India.
Diagenesis
Diagenesis is the process that describes physical and chemical changes in sediments first caused by water-rock interactions, microbial activity, and compaction after their deposition.
Diatom
A diatom (Neo-Latin diatoma) is any member of a large group comprising several genera of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.
Dictionary.com
Dictionary.com is an online dictionary whose domain was first registered on May 14, 1995.
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See Fossil and DNA
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.
Dragon
A dragon is a magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide.
Dream Pool Essays
The Dream Pool Essays (or Dream Torrent Essays) was an extensive book written by the Chinese polymath and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095), published in 1088 during the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China.
See Fossil and Dream Pool Essays
Drying
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid.
Earthworm
An earthworm is a soil-dwelling terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida.
Echinoderm
An echinoderm is any deuterostomal animal of the phylum Echinodermata, which includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers, as well as the sessile sea lilies or "stone lilies".
Ediacaran biota
The Ediacaran (formerly Vendian) biota is a taxonomic period classification that consists of all life forms that were present on Earth during the Ediacaran Period.
See Fossil and Ediacaran biota
Elephant
Elephants are the largest living land animals.
Elimia tenera
''Elimia tenera'' in chalcedony from Wyoming Elimia tenera, formerly known as Goniobasis tenera, is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum, in the aquatic gastropod mollusk family Pleuroceridae.
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Endocast
An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms.
Eocene
The Eocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma).
Ernest Ingersoll
Ernest Ingersoll (March 13, 1852 – November 13, 1946) was an American naturalist, writer and explorer.
See Fossil and Ernest Ingersoll
Erosion
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
See Fossil and Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary radiation
An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity that is caused by elevated rates of speciation, that may or may not be associated with an increase in morphological disparity.
See Fossil and Evolutionary radiation
Excite (web portal)
Excite is an American website (historically a web portal) operated by IAC that provides outsourced internet content such as a metasearch engine, with outsourced weather and news content on the main page.
See Fossil and Excite (web portal)
Exhalation
Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism.
Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω éxō "outer" and σκελετός skeletós "skeleton") is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g.
Extraterrestrial life, alien life, or colloquially simply aliens, is life which does not originate from Earth.
See Fossil and Extraterrestrial life
Extremophile
An extremophile is an organism that is able to live (or in some cases thrive) in extreme environments, i.e., environments with conditions approaching or stretching the limits of what known life can adapt to, such as extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level.
Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.
See Fossil and Fault (geology)
Feather
Feathers are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on both avian (bird) and some non-avian dinosaurs and other archosaurs.
Feces
Feces (or faeces;: faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.
See Fossil and Feces
Florida
Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.
Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force.
See Fossil and Fluid
Foraminifera
Foraminifera (Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "test") of diverse forms and materials.
Fort Drum, Florida
Fort Drum was a town in Okeechobee County, Florida, United States, located on US 441, between Yeehaw Junction and Okeechobee.
See Fossil and Fort Drum, Florida
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Fossil and fossil are fossils.
Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.
Gammaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria).
See Fossil and Gammaproteobacteria
Gastropoda
Gastropods, commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda.
Gel
A gel is a semi-solid that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough.
See Fossil and Gel
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
See Fossil and Genus
Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.
See Fossil and Geologic time scale
Geology
Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek:,, 'earth';,, 'form'; and,, 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface.
Georges Cuvier
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology".
Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development.
Goethite
Goethite is a mineral of the diaspore group, consisting of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, specifically the α-polymorph.
Gotland
Gotland (Gutland in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland, is Sweden's largest island.
Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.
See Fossil and Greek mythology
Green algae
The green algae (green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta.
Green River Formation
The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah.
See Fossil and Green River Formation
Griffin
The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (grýps; Classical Latin: grȳps or grȳpus; Late and Medieval Latin: gryphes, grypho etc.; Old French: griffon) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion, and the head and wings of an eagle with its talons on the front legs.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
Guadalupian
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian.
Hair
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
See Fossil and Hair
Hawthorn Group
The Hawthorn Group (also Hawthorne Group, previously called Hawthorn(e) Formation) is a stratigraphic unit of Miocene age in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, in the United States.
Hellenic Journal of Geosciences
Hellenic Journal of Geosciences (formerly Annales Géologiques des Pays Hélléniques) publishes original contributions on all aspects of earth sciences.
See Fossil and Hellenic Journal of Geosciences
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transport of oxygen in red blood cells.
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
Hippopotamus
The hippopotamus (hippopotamuses or hippopotami; Hippopotamus amphibius), also shortened to hippo (hippos), further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus, or river hippopotamus, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Homo erectus
Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo heidelbergensis (also H. erectus heidelbergensis, H. sapiens heidelbergensis) is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human which existed during the Middle Pleistocene.
See Fossil and Homo heidelbergensis
Horns of Ammon
The horns of Ammon were curling ram horns, used as a symbol of the Egyptian deity Ammon (also spelled Amun or Amon). Fossil and horns of Ammon are fossils.
Huang Tingjian
Huang Tingjian (1045, Jiangxi province, China–1105, Yizhou, Guangxi) was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, and poet of the Song dynasty.
Hunsrück Slate
The Hunsrück Slate (Hunsrück-Schiefer) is a Lower Devonian lithostratigraphic unit, a type of rock strata, in the German regions of the Hunsrück and Taunus.
Hyperborea
In Greek mythology, the Hyperboreans (hyperbóre(i)oi,; Hyperborei) were a mythical people who lived in the far northern part of the known world.
Hypoxia (environmental)
Hypoxia (hypo: "below", oxia: "oxygenated") refers to low oxygen conditions.
See Fossil and Hypoxia (environmental)
Ichthyosauria
Ichthyosauria (Ancient Greek for "fish lizard" – and) is an order of large extinct marine reptiles sometimes referred to as "ichthyosaurs", although the term is also used for wider clades in which the order resides.
Indiana
Indiana is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.
Invertebrate
Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
See Fossil and Iran
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
See Fossil and Iron
Isotope
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
Jurassic
The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.
K–Ar dating
Potassium–argon dating, abbreviated K–Ar dating, is a radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archaeology.
Khan Academy
Khan Academy is an American non-profit educational organization created in 2006 by Sal Khan.
Lacustrine plain
A lacustrine plain or lake plain is a plain formed due to the past existence of a lake and its accompanying sediment accumulation.
See Fossil and Lacustrine plain
Lagerstätte
A Fossil-Lagerstätte (from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues.
Lake
A lake is an often naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface.
See Fossil and Lake
Late Ordovician mass extinction
The Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME), sometimes known as the end-Ordovician mass extinction or the Ordovician-Silurian extinction, is the first of the "big five" major mass extinction events in Earth's history, occurring roughly 445 million years ago (Ma).
See Fossil and Late Ordovician mass extinction
Law of superposition
The law of superposition is an axiom that forms one of the bases of the sciences of geology, archaeology, and other fields pertaining to geological stratigraphy.
See Fossil and Law of superposition
Leech
Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worms that comprise the subclass Hirudinea within the phylum Annelida.
See Fossil and Leech
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.
See Fossil and Leonardo da Vinci
Lepidotes
Lepidotes (from λεπιδωτός, 'covered with scales') (previously known as Lepidotus) is an extinct genus of Mesozoic ray-finned fish.
Limestone
Limestone (calcium carbonate) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime.
List of ancient Greek philosophers
This list of ancient Greek philosophers contains philosophers who studied in ancient Greece or spoke Greek.
See Fossil and List of ancient Greek philosophers
Lithotroph
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Logan Formation
The Logan Formation is the name given to a Lower Carboniferous (early Osagean) siltstone, sandstone and conglomeratic unit exposed in east-central Ohio and parts of western West Virginia, USA.
See Fossil and Logan Formation
Ludlowville Formation
The Ludlowville Formation is a geologic formation in New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania.
See Fossil and Ludlowville Formation
Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiopsida is a class of vascular plants also known as lycopods or lycophytes.
Macrofossil
Macrofossils, also known as megafossils, are the preserved remnants of organic beings and their activities that are large enough to be visible without a microscope. Fossil and Macrofossil are fossils.
Maotianshan Shales
The Maotianshan Shales are a series of Early Cambrian sedimentary deposits in the Chiungchussu Formation, famous for their Konservat Lagerstätten, deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fossilized organisms or traces.
See Fossil and Maotianshan Shales
Markuelia
Markuelia is a genus of fossil worm-like bilaterian animals allied to Ecdysozoa and known from strata of Lower Cambrian to Lower Ordovician age containing five species.
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
See Fossil and Mars
Mars Exploration Program
Mars Exploration Program (MEP) is a long-term effort to explore the planet Mars, funded and led by NASA.
See Fossil and Mars Exploration Program
Mars rover
A Mars rover is a remote-controlled motor vehicle designed to travel on the surface of Mars.
Mary Anning
Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was an English fossil collector, dealer, and palaeontologist.
Mary Higby Schweitzer
Mary Higby Schweitzer is an American paleontologist at North Carolina State University, who led the groups that discovered the remains of blood cells in dinosaur fossils and later discovered soft tissue remains in the Tyrannosaurus rex specimen MOR 1125, as well as evidence that the specimen was a pregnant female when she died.
See Fossil and Mary Higby Schweitzer
Mazon Creek fossil beds
The Mazon Creek fossil beds are a conservation lagerstätte found near Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois.
See Fossil and Mazon Creek fossil beds
Megalodon
Otodus megalodon (meaning "big tooth"), commonly known as megalodon, is an extinct species of giant mackerel shark that lived approximately 23 to 3.6 million years ago (Mya), from the Early Miocene to the Pliocene epochs.
Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is the penultimate era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about, comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods.
Meteorology (Aristotle)
Meteorology (Greek: Μετεωρολογικά; Latin: Meteorologica or Meteora) is a treatise by Aristotle.
See Fossil and Meteorology (Aristotle)
Micraster
Micraster is an extinct genus of echinoids from the Late Cretaceous to the early Eocene.
Microfossil
A microfossil is a fossil that is generally between 0.001 mm and 1 mm in size, the visual study of which requires the use of light or electron microscopy.
Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object.
Micrographia
Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses.
Micrometre
The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
Micropaleontology
Micropaleontology (American spelling; spelled micropalaeontology in European usage) is the branch of paleontology (palaeontology) that studies microfossils, or fossils that require the use of a microscope to see the organism, its morphology and its characteristic details.
See Fossil and Micropaleontology
Mindspark Interactive Network
Mindspark Interactive Network, Inc. was an operating business unit of IAC known for the development and marketing of entertainment and personal computing software, as well as mobile application development.
See Fossil and Mindspark Interactive Network
Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.
Mineral (nutrient)
In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element.
See Fossil and Mineral (nutrient)
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
Molecular clock
The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.
See Fossil and Molecular clock
Mollusca
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after Arthropoda; members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
Moss agate
Moss agate pebble, 1 inch (25 mm) long Moss agate is a semi-precious gemstone formed from silicon dioxide.
MSNBC
MSNBC (short for Microsoft NBC) is an American news-based television channel and website headquartered in New York City.
See Fossil and MSNBC
Mucus
Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.
See Fossil and Mucus
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa.
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
See Fossil and NASA
National Geographic
National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.
See Fossil and National Geographic
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
See Fossil and National Geographic Society
Natural history
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study.
See Fossil and Natural history
Natural History Museum, London
The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history.
See Fossil and Natural History Museum, London
Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
See Fossil and Natural science
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Fossil and Nature (journal)
Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
See Fossil and Nature Geoscience
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.
Nematode
The nematodes (or; Νηματώδη; Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda.
Nicolas Steno
Niels Steensen (Niels Steensen; Latinized to Nicolas Steno or Nicolaus Stenonius); 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years. Steensen was trained in the classical texts on science; however, by 1659 he seriously questioned accepted knowledge of the natural world.
Niles Eldredge
Niles Eldredge (born August 25, 1943) is an American biologist and paleontologist, who, along with Stephen Jay Gould, proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium in 1972.
Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark (תיבת נח; Biblical Hebrew: Tevat Noaḥ)The word "ark" in modern English comes from Old English aerca, meaning a chest or box.
Norse mythology
Norse, Nordic, or Scandinavian mythology, is the body of myths belonging to the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Old Norse religion and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Nordic folklore of the modern period.
See Fossil and Norse mythology
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
NUS Press
NUS Press is an academic press in Singapore.
Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
Olivia Judson
Olivia P. Judson (born 1970) is a British evolutionary biologist and science writer.
On the Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
See Fossil and On the Origin of Species
Oncolite
Oncolites are sedimentary structures composed of oncoids, which are layered structures formed by cyanobacterial growth.
Opal
Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO2·nH2O); its water content may range from 3% to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6% and 10%.
See Fossil and Opal
Opportunity (rover)
Opportunity, also known as MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B) or MER-1, is a robotic rover that was active on Mars from 2004 until 2018.
See Fossil and Opportunity (rover)
Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
Organic mineral
An organic mineral is an organic compound in mineral form.
See Fossil and Organic mineral
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Orthoceras
Orthoceras is a genus of extinct nautiloid cephalopod restricted to Middle Ordovician-aged marine limestones of the Baltic States and Sweden.
Ostracod
Ostracods, or ostracodes, are a class of the Crustacea (class Ostracoda), sometimes known as seed shrimp.
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Oyster
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
Paleoclimatology
Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available.
See Fossil and Paleoclimatology
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.
Paleontology
Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). Fossil and Paleontology are fossils.
Palmoxylon
Palmoxylon (petrified palmwood) is an extinct genus of palm named from petrified wood found around the world.
Palynology
Palynology is the study of microorganisms and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant organic material and occur in sediments, sedimentary rocks, and even some metasedimentary rocks.
Patagonia
Patagonia is a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile.
Pentamerida
Pentamerida is an order of biconvex, impunctate shelled, articulate brachiopods that are found in marine sedimentary rocks that range from the Middle Cambrian through the Devonian.
People's Daily
The People's Daily is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Permian
The Permian is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya.
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Approximately 251.9 million years ago, the Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME; also known as the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying) forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
See Fossil and Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permineralization
Permineralization is a process of fossilization of bones and tissues in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.
See Fossil and Permineralization
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Petrifaction
In geology, petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals.
Petrified Forest National Park
Petrified Forest National Park is an American national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona.
See Fossil and Petrified Forest National Park
Petrified wood
Petrified wood (from Ancient Greek πέτρα meaning 'rock' or 'stone'; literally 'wood turned into stone'), is the name given to a special type of fossilized wood, the fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation.
Phacops
Phacops is a genus of trilobites in the order Phacopida, family Phacopidae, that lived in Europe, northwestern Africa, North and South America and China from the Late Ordovician until the very end of the Devonian, with a broader time range described from the Late Ordovician.
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
Phylum
In biology, a phylum (phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.
Placebo
A placebo is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value.
Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
See Fossil and Plain
Plains Indians
Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North America.
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and maintain environments hospitable to life.
See Fossil and Planetary habitability
Plant cell
Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
Plesiosaurus
Plesiosaurus (Greek: πλησίος (plesios), near to + σαῦρος (sauros), lizard) is a genus of extinct, large marine sauropterygian reptile that lived during the Early Jurassic.
Pleuroceras solare
Pleuroceras solare is a species of ammonite from the lower Jurassic, upper Pliensbachian period (189.6 ± 1.5 – 183.0 ± 1.5 Mya).
See Fossil and Pleuroceras solare
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
See Fossil and Pliny the Elder
Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
Precambrian
The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pC, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon.
Prehistory
Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.
Priapulida
Priapulida (priapulid worms, from Gr. πριάπος, priāpos 'Priapus' + Lat. -ul-, diminutive), sometimes referred to as penis worms, is a phylum of unsegmented marine worms.
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Protein sequencing
Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide.
See Fossil and Protein sequencing
Proterozoic
The Proterozoic is the third of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8Mya, the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale.
Protoceratops
Protoceratops is a genus of small protoceratopsid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous, around 75 to 71 million years ago.
Protostome
Protostomia is the clade of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during embryonic development.
Punctuated equilibrium
In evolutionary biology, punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory that proposes that once a species appears in the fossil record, the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history.
See Fossil and Punctuated equilibrium
Pyrite
The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron (II) disulfide).
Quartz
Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).
Quaternary
The Quaternary is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).
Queensland
Queensland (commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a state in northeastern Australia, the second-largest and third-most populous of the Australian states.
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
See Fossil and Radioactive decay
Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
See Fossil and Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
See Fossil and Radiometric dating
Relative dating
Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age (i.e., estimated age).
See Fossil and Relative dating
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Richard Fortey
Richard Alan Fortey (born 15 February 1946 in London) is a British palaeontologist, natural historian, writer and television presenter, who served as president of the Geological Society of London for its bicentennial year of 2007.
River
A river is a natural flowing freshwater stream, flowing on land or inside caves towards another body of water at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, lake, or another river.
See Fossil and River
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke (18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ("natural philosopher"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect.
Rusophycus
Rusophycus is an ichnogenus of trace fossil (fossil records of lifeforms' movement, rather than of the lifeforms themselves) allied to Cruziana.
Ruyang County
Ruyang County is a county in the west of Henan province, China, under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Luoyang.
Sahara
The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a province in Western Canada, bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and to the south by the United States (Montana and North Dakota).
Scholar-official
The scholar-officials, also known as literati, scholar-gentlemen or scholar-bureaucrats, were government officials and prestigious scholars in Chinese society, forming a distinct social class.
See Fossil and Scholar-official
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Fossil and Science (journal)
Scleractinia
Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton.
Sclerobiont
Sclerobionts are collectively known as organisms living in or on any kind of hard substrate (Taylor and Wilson, 2003).
Sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins, alternatively known as sea hedgehogs, are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.
Seashell
A seashell or sea shell, also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an animal or organism that lives in the sea.
Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
Sedimentary Geology (journal)
Sedimentary Geology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal about sediments in a geological context published by Elsevier.
See Fossil and Sedimentary Geology (journal)
Serpulidae
The Serpulidae are a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta.
Sessility (motility)
Sessility is the biological property of an organism describing its lack of a means of self-locomotion.
See Fossil and Sessility (motility)
Set (deity)
Set (Egyptological: Sutekh - swtẖ ~ stẖ or: Seth) is a god of deserts, storms, disorder, violence, and foreigners in ancient Egyptian religion.
Shaanxi
Shaanxi is an inland province in Northwestern China.
Shark tooth
Sharks continually shed their teeth; some Carcharhiniformes shed approximately 35,000 teeth in a lifetime, replacing those that fall out.
Shen Kuo
Shen Kuo (1031–1095) or Shen Gua, courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),Yao (2003), 544.
Shrimp
A shrimp (shrimp (US) or shrimps (UK) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".
Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Siderite
Siderite is a mineral composed of iron(II) carbonate (FeCO3).
Silicification
In geology, silicification is a petrification process in which silica-rich fluids seep into the voids of Earth materials, e.g., rocks, wood, bones, shells, and replace the original materials with silica (SiO2).
Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.
See Fossil and Silicon dioxide
Silurian
The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya.
Skeletonization
Skeletonization is the state of a dead organism after undergoing decomposition.
See Fossil and Skeletonization
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
See Fossil and Skin
Skull
The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain.
See Fossil and Skull
Snail
A snail is a shelled gastropod.
See Fossil and Snail
Soft-bodied organism
Soft-bodied organisms are organisms that lack rigid physical skeletons or frame, roughly corresponds to the group Vermes as proposed by Carl von Linné.
See Fossil and Soft-bodied organism
Solnhofen Limestone
The Solnhofen Limestone or Solnhofen Plattenkalk, formally known as the Altmühltal Formation, is a Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätte that preserves a rare assemblage of fossilized organisms, including highly detailed imprints of soft bodied organisms such as sea jellies.
See Fossil and Solnhofen Limestone
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279.
Sopdu
Sopdu (also rendered Septu or Sopedu) was a god of the sky and of eastern border regions in the religion of Ancient Egypt.
See Fossil and Sopdu
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Stephen Jay Gould
Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.
See Fossil and Stephen Jay Gould
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).
Stratum
In geology and related fields, a stratum (strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes.
Structure
A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
Substrate (biology)
In biology, a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives.
See Fossil and Substrate (biology)
Suffolk
Suffolk is a ceremonial county in the East of England and East Anglia.
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
Sunlight
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.
Synchrotron
A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path.
Talisman
A talisman is any object ascribed with religious or magical powers intended to protect, heal, or harm individuals for whom they are made.
TalkOrigins Archive
The TalkOrigins Archive is a website that presents scientific perspectives on the antievolution claims of young-earth, old-earth, and "intelligent design" creationists.
See Fossil and TalkOrigins Archive
Taphonomy
Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record.
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy;: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Tengu
Tengu (天狗) are a type of legendary creature found in Shinto belief.
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The Book of Healing
The Book of Healing (also known as) is a scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by Abu Ali ibn Sīna (also known as Avicenna) from medieval Persia, near Bukhara in Maverounnahr.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Thor
Thor (from Þórr) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism.
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Thrombolite
Thrombolites (from Ancient Greek θρόμβος thrómbos meaning "clot" and λῐ́θος líthos meaning "stone") are clotted accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria.
Thunderbird (mythology)
The thunderbird is a mythological bird-like spirit in North American indigenous peoples' history and culture.
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Tiktaalik
Tiktaalik (Inuktitut ᑎᒃᑖᓕᒃ) is a monospecific genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) from the Late Devonian Period, about 375 Mya (million years ago), having many features akin to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals).
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth.
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Toadstone
The toadstone, also known as bufonite (from Latin, "toad"), is a mythical stone or gem that was thought to be found in the head of a toad.
Tomography
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave.
Torotoro National Park
Torotoro National Park (Parque Nacional Torotoro) is a national park and town in Bolivia.
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Total organic carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample.
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Trace fossil
A trace fossil, also known as an ichnofossil (from ἴχνος ikhnos "trace, track"), is a fossil record of biological activity by lifeforms but not the preserved remains of the organism itself.
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China.
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Traditional medicine
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the era of modern medicine.
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Triarthrus
Triarthrus is a genus of Upper Ordovician ptychopariid trilobite found in New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, eastern and northern Canada, China and Scandinavia.
Triassic
The Triassic (sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.
Trilobite
Trilobites (meaning "three lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita.
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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Uranium–lead dating
Uranium–lead dating, abbreviated U–Pb dating, is one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes.
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Vapor
In physics, a vapor (American English) or vapour (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature,R.
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Venus (mythology)
Venus is a Roman goddess, whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Water
Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
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Waukesha Biota
The Waukesha Biota (also known as Waukesha Lagerstätte, Brandon Bridge Lagerstätte, or Brandon Bridge fauna) is an important fossil site located in Waukesha County and Franklin, Milwaukee County within the state of Wisconsin.
Waynesville Formation
The Waynesville Formation is a geologic formation in Ohio and Indiana.
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Weathering
Weathering is the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals (as well as wood and artificial materials) through contact with water, atmospheric gases, sunlight, and biological organisms.
William Buckland
William Buckland DD, FRS (12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster.
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William Smith (geologist)
William 'Strata' Smith (23 March 1769 – 28 August 1839) was an English geologist, credited with creating the first detailed, nationwide geological map of any country.
See Fossil and William Smith (geologist)
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States.
X-ray
X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
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Xenophanes
Xenophanes of Colophon (Ξενοφάνης ὁ Κολοφώνιος; c. 570 – c. 478 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and critic of Homer from Ionia who travelled throughout the Greek-speaking world in early Classical Antiquity.
Yan'an
Yan'an is a prefecture-level city in the Shaanbei region of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Shanxi to the east and Gansu to the west.
Year
A year is the time taken for astronomical objects to complete one orbit.
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Zircon
Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium.
See also
Fossils
- Bioclast
- Biostratigraphy
- Bone bed
- Carleton elk
- Dubiofossil
- Egg fossils
- Fossil
- Fossil collecting
- Fossil echinoids
- Fossil preparation
- Fossil trade
- Fossilization
- Geologic record
- Heuweltjie
- Hexachara
- Horns of Ammon
- Hughmillerites
- International Fossil Plant Names Index
- Kuckaraukia
- List of fossil pinnipedimorphs
- List of fossil sites
- Living fossil
- Macrofossil
- Marine band (geology)
- Microbial mat
- Microfossils
- Molecular paleontology
- Morphobank
- National Fossil Day
- Paleontology
- Petralona skull
- Polystrate fossil
- Protogaea
- Pseudofossils
- Pygidium
- Shaligram
- Small carbonaceous fossil
- Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates
- Thunderstone (folklore)
- Trace fossils
- Trepassia
- Vendotaenid
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil
Also known as Body fossil, Body fossils, Cast (geology), Cast fossil, Casting (geology), Derived fossil, Dinosaur bone, Dinosaur bones, Fossil formation, Fossil preservation, Fossil record, Fossil types, Fossile, Fossiliferous, Fossilification, Fossilisation, Fossilise, Fossilised, Fossilising, Fossilization, Fossilization (process), Fossilize, Fossilized, Fossils, List of fossils, List of notable fossils, Nannofossil, Nanofossil, Natural mold, Oldest fossil, Oldest fossils, Preservational processes, Preserved fossil, Remanie, Reworked fossil, Sub fossil, Sub-fossil, Subfossil, Subfossils, Types of fossils, Typolite, Zoolite.
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