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Francisc Rainer, the Glossary

Francisc Iosif Rainer (December 28, 1874 – August 4, 1944) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian pathologist, physiologist and anthropologist.^[1]

Adevărul

(meaning "The Truth", formerly spelled Adevĕrul) is a Romanian daily newspaper, based in Bucharest.

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Alexandru Ioan Cuza University

The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romanian: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza"; acronym: UAIC) is a public university located in Iași, Romania.

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Alfred Teitel

Alfred Bernard Teitel (1900–1980) was a Romanian pharmacologist.

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Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Anghel Saligny

Anghel Saligny (19 April 1854, Șerbănești, Moldavia – 17 June 1925, Bucharest, Romania) was a Romanian engineer, most famous for designing the Fetești-Cernavodă railway bridge (1895) over the Danube, the longest bridge in Europe at that time.

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Anthropometry

Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual.

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Anti-fascism

Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Armenians of Romania

Armenians have been present in what are now the states of Romania and Moldova for over a millennium, and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century.

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Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, at sea, and in the air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany.

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Arthritis

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints.

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Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.

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Aryan race

The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a racial grouping.

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Atlas (anatomy)

In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine and is located in the neck.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

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Autopsy

An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

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Axis powers

The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Battle of Turtucaia

The Battle of Turtucaia (Bătălia de la Turtucaia; Битка при Тутракан, Bitka pri Tutrakan), also known as Tutrakan Epopee (Тутраканска епопея, Tutrakanska epopeya) in Bulgaria, was the opening battle of the first Central Powers offensive during the Romanian Campaign of World War I.

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Berghahn Books

Berghahn Books is a New York and Oxford–based publisher of scholarly books and academic journals in the humanities and social sciences, with a special focus on social and cultural anthropology, European history, politics, and film and media studies.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bethel Henry Strousberg

Bethel Henry Strousberg (20 November 1823 – 31 May 1884) was a German Jewish industrialist and railway entrepreneur during Germany's rapid industrial expansion in the 19th century.

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Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an evolutionary perspective.

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Biological determinism

Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism, is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning.

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Biopolitics

Biopolitics is a concept popularized by the French philosopher Michel Foucault in the mid-20th century.

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Blood type

A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

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Bombing of Bucharest in World War II

The Bucharest World War II bombings were primarily Allied bombings of railroad targets and those of the Oil Campaign of World War II, but included a bombing by Nazi Germany after the 1944 coup d'état.

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Bucharest

Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania.

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Bucharest National University of Arts

The National University of Arts in Bucharest (Universitatea Națională de Arte) is a university in Bucharest preparing students in fine arts.

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Bukovina

BukovinaBukowina or Buchenland; Bukovina; Bukowina; Bucovina; Bukovyna; see also other languages.

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Carleton S. Coon

Carleton Stevens Coon (June 23, 1904 – June 3, 1981) was an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Francisc Rainer and Carleton S. Coon are physical anthropologists.

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Carol II of Romania

Carol II (4 April 1953) was King of Romania from 8 June 1930, until his forced abdication on 6 September 1940. Francisc Rainer and Carol II of Romania are honorary members of the Romanian Academy, Romanian people of Austrian descent and Romanian people of World War II.

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Carpathian Mountains

The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic missions

Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions.

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Căile Ferate Române

Căile Ferate Române (abbreviated as the CFR) was the state railway carrier of Romania.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

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Cephalic index

The cephalic index or cranial index is a number obtained by taking the maximum width (biparietal diameter or BPD, side to side) of the head of an organism, multiplying it by 100 and then dividing it by their maximum length (occipitofrontal diameter or OFD, front to back).

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Cheia

Cheia is a mountain resort, north of Ploiești in Prahova County, Romania.

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Chernivtsi

Chernivtsi (Чернівці,; Cernăuți,; see also other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River.

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Cholera

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is a condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease.

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Claude Bernard

Claude Bernard (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist.

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Comparative anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

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Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici

Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici (6 July 1923 – 20 August 2023) was a Romanian neurologist. Francisc Rainer and Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici are honorary members of the Romanian Academy.

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Constantin Ion Parhon

Constantin Ion Parhon (15 October 1874 – 9 August 1969) was a Romanian neuropsychiatrist, endocrinologist and politician. Francisc Rainer and Constantin Ion Parhon are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, academic staff of the University of Bucharest and university of Bucharest alumni.

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Constantin Istrati

Constantin I. Istrati (7 September 1850 – 17 January 1919) was a Romanian chemist, physician, and politician. Francisc Rainer and Constantin Istrati are academic staff of the University of Bucharest.

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Constantin Kirițescu

Constantin Kirițescu (September 3, 1876 – August 12, 1965) was a Romanian zoologist, educator and historian. Francisc Rainer and Constantin Kirițescu are Romanian educational theorists.

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Constantin Noica

Constantin Noica (– 4 December 1987) was a Romanian philosopher, essayist and poet. Francisc Rainer and Constantin Noica are Romanian essayists.

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Contemporanul

Contemporanul (The Contemporary) was a Romanian literary magazine published in Iaşi, Romania, from 1881 to 1891.

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Cotroceni

Cotroceni is a neighbourhood in western Bucharest, Romania, located around the Cotroceni hill, in Bucharest's Sector 5.

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Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs.

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Craniometry

Craniometry is measurement of the cranium (the main part of the skull), usually the human cranium.

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Cronyism

Cronyism is a specific form of in-group favoritism, the spoils system practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues, especially in politics and between politicians and supportive organizations.

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Crown land

Crown land (sometimes spelled crownland), also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown.

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Curtea de Argeș

Curtea de Argeș is a municipality in Romania on the left bank of the river Argeș, where it flows through a valley of the Southern Carpathians (the Făgăraș Mountains), on the railway from Pitești to the Turnu Roșu Pass.

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Daniel Danielopolu

Daniel Danielopolu (12 April 1884 – 29 April 1955) was a Romanian physiologist, clinician and pharmacologist. Francisc Rainer and Daniel Danielopolu are academic staff of the University of Bucharest and honorary members of the Romanian Academy.

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Danube Delta

The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării,; Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.

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Dimitrie Gusti

Dimitrie Gusti (13 February 1880 – 30 October 1955) was a Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher; a professor at the University of Iași and the University of Bucharest, he served as Romania's Minister of Education in 1932–1933. Francisc Rainer and Dimitrie Gusti are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, academic staff of the University of Bucharest and Romanian writers in French.

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Drăguș

Drăguș (Drachenbach, Traschen; Dragus) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.

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Drobeta-Turnu Severin

Drobeta-Turnu Severin, colloquially Severin, is a city in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania, on the northern bank of the Danube, close to the Iron Gates.

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Dumitru Berciu

Dumitru Berciu (27 January 1907, Bobaița, Mehedinți – 1 July 1998, Bucharest) was a Romanian historian and archaeologist, honorary member of the Romanian Academy. Francisc Rainer and Dumitru Berciu are honorary members of the Romanian Academy.

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Dura mater

In neuroanatomy, dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

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Early modern human

Early modern human (EMH), or anatomically modern human (AMH), are terms used to distinguish Homo sapiens (the only extant Hominina species) that are anatomically consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans, from extinct archaic human species.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.

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Ecaterina Arbore

Ekaterina Arbore, Arbore-Ralli or Ralli-Arbore (rendered into Russian as Екатерина Арборе or Арборэ - Yekaterina Arborye or Arbore, with "Ralli" as Ралли; 1873 or 1875 – 2 December 1937), daughter of Zamfir Arbore (a socialist militant in Imperial Russia), was a Romanian, Soviet, and Moldovan communist activist and official.

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Editura Minerva

Editura Minerva is one of the largest publishing houses in Romania.

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Embalming

Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition.

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Embryology

Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.

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Environmental determinism

Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular economic or social developmental (or even more generally, cultural) trajectories.

See Francisc Rainer and Environmental determinism

Ernst Haeckel

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist.

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Ethnology

Ethnology (from the ἔθνος, ethnos meaning 'nation') is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).

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Eugène Pittard

Eugène Pittard (1867–1962) was a Swiss anthropologist notable for his work Les Races et l'Histoire published in 1924.

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Eugenics

Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population.

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Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

See Francisc Rainer and Fascism

Fedor Krause

Fedor Krause (10 March 1857 – in Friedland in Niederschlesien; 20 September 1937 in Bad Gastein) was a German neurosurgeon who was native of Friedland (Lower Silesia).

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Fencing

Fencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting.

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Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (systematic name methanal) is an organic compound with the chemical formula and structure, more precisely.

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Fundu Moldovei

Fundu Moldovei (Luisenthal/Louisenthal or Fundul Moldawi/Fundu-Moldowi) is a commune located in Suceava County, Bukovina, northeastern Romania.

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Garabet Ibrăileanu

Garabet Ibrăileanu (May 23, 1871 – March 11, 1936) was a Romanian-Armenian literary critic and theorist, writer, translator, sociologist, University of Iași professor (1908–1934), and, together with Paul Bujor and Constantin Stere, for long main editor of the Viața Românească literary magazine between 1906 and 1930. Francisc Rainer and Garabet Ibrăileanu are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University.

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Gândirea

Gândirea ("The Thinking"), known during its early years as Gândirea Literară - Artistică - Socială ("The Literary - Artistic - Social Thinking"), was a Romanian literary, political and art magazine.

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Gendarmerie (Romania)

The Jandarmeria Română is the national Gendarmerie force of Romania, tasked with high-risk and specialized law enforcement duties.

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Geo Bogza

Geo Bogza (born Gheorghe Bogza; February 6, 1908 – September 14, 1993) was a Romanian avant-garde theorist, poet, and journalist, known for his left-wing and communist political convictions. Francisc Rainer and Geo Bogza are Romanian essayists and Romanian travel writers.

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George Emil Palade

George Emil Palade (November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian-American cell biologist.

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George Topîrceanu

George Topîrceanu (March 20, 1886 – May 7, 1937) was a Romanian poet, short story writer, and humourist. Francisc Rainer and George Topîrceanu are Saint Sava National College alumni.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German Hygiene Museum

The German Hygiene Museum (Deutsches Hygiene-Museum) is a medical museum in Dresden, Germany.

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German military administration in occupied France during World War II

The Military Administration in France (Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; Administration militaire en France) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France.

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Gheorghe Marinescu

Gheorghe Marinescu (28 February 1863 – 15 May 1938) was a Romanian neurologist, founder of the Romanian School of Neurology. Francisc Rainer and Gheorghe Marinescu are Romanian eugenicists and university of Bucharest alumni.

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Giurgiu

Giurgiu (Gyurgevo) is a city in southern Romania.

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Goethe House (Weimar)

The Goethe House (Goethes Wohnhaus) is a building located in Weimar, Germany.

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Grigore T. Popa

Grigore T. Popa (sometimes Anglicized to Gregor T. Popa; 1 May 1892 – 18 July 1948) was a Romanian physician and public intellectual. Francisc Rainer and Grigore T. Popa are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, academic staff of the University of Bucharest, Adevărul writers, anti-fascists, Romanian anatomists, Romanian educational theorists, Romanian essayists, Romanian people of World War II, Romanian science writers and Romanian travel writers.

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Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz (6 October 1836 – 23 January 1921) was a German anatomist, known for summarizing neuron theory and for naming the chromosome.

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Helen of Greece and Denmark

Helen of Greece and Denmark (Ελένη, Eleni;; 2 May 1896 – 28 November 1982) was the queen mother of Romania during the reign of her son King Michael I (1940–1947).

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Henri Bergson

Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopherHenri Bergson.

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Henri H. Stahl

Henri H. Stahl (also known as Henry H. Stahl or H. H. Stahl; 1901 – 9 September 1991) was a Romanian Marxist cultural anthropologist, ethnographer, sociologist, and social historian. Francisc Rainer and Henri H. Stahl are academic staff of the University of Bucharest, Romanian anthropologists, Romanian essayists, Romanian writers in French and university of Bucharest alumni.

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Henri Victor Vallois

Henri Victor Vallois (11 April 1889 – 27 August 1981) was a French anthropologist and paleontologist.

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Heraclitus

Heraclitus (Ἡράκλειτος) was an ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from the city of Ephesus, which was then part of the Persian Empire.

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Histology

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.

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History of the Jews in Romania

The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory.

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Humanitas (publishing house)

Humanitas (Editura Humanitas) is an independent Romanian publishing house, located at Piața Presei Libere 1 (House of the Free Press), Bucharest.

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Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.

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Hypophyseal portal system

The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

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Iain R. Edgar

Iain Ross Edgar (6 June 1948 – 22 May 2021) was an English social anthropologist at Durham University.

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges.

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Intuition (Bergson)

Intuition is the philosophical method of French philosopher Henri Bergson.

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Ioan Cantacuzino

Ioan I. Cantacuzino (also Ion Cantacuzino; 25 November 1863 – 14 January 1934) was a renowned Romanian physician and bacteriologist, a professor at the School of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Bucharest, and a titular member of the Romanian Academy. Francisc Rainer and Ioan Cantacuzino are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romanian Land Forces officers, Romanian military doctors, Romanian military personnel of World War I and Romanian socialists.

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Ion Antonescu

Ion Antonescu (– 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer and marshal who presided over two successive wartime dictatorships as Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II. Francisc Rainer and Ion Antonescu are Romanian essayists, Romanian military personnel of World War I, Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War and Romanian people of World War II.

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Ion Țurai

Ion Țurai (January 17, 1907–September 21, 1970) was a Romanian surgeon and anatomist. Francisc Rainer and Ion Țurai are Romanian anatomists and Romanian military doctors.

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Ion Th. Simionescu

Ion Th. Francisc Rainer and Ion Th. Simionescu are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and academic staff of the University of Bucharest.

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Ion Vitner

Ion Vitner (August 19, 1914–April 12, 1991) was a Romanian literary critic and historian. Francisc Rainer and Ion Vitner are academic staff of the University of Bucharest, Romanian essayists, Romanian travel writers and university of Bucharest alumni.

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Iron Guard

The Iron Guard (Garda de Fier) was a Romanian militant revolutionary fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail) or the Legionary Movement (Mișcarea Legionară).

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath and writer, who is widely regarded as the greatest and most influential writer in the German language.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Francisc Rainer and Joseph Stalin are anti-fascists.

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Kinesiology

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human body movement.

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King of Romania

The King of Romania (Regele României) or King of the Romanians (Regele Românilor) was the title of the monarch of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when the Romanian Workers' Party proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic following Michael I's forced abdication.

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Kingdom of Bulgaria

The Tsardom of Bulgaria (translit), also referred to as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom (translit), sometimes translated in English as the "Kingdom of Bulgaria", or simply Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October (O.S. 22 September) 1908, when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a tsardom.

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Kurt Warnekros

Kurt Warnekros (November 15, 1882–September 30, 1949) was a German gynaecologist and pioneer in sex reassignment surgery.

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Land reform in Romania

Four major land reforms have taken place in Romania: in 1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Leipzig

Leipzig (Upper Saxon: Leibz'sch) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. Francisc Rainer and Leonardo da Vinci are Physiognomists.

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Lung cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung.

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Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

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Magazin Istoric

Magazin Istoric (The Historical Magazine) is a Romanian monthly magazine.

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Maria Bucur

Maria Bucur (born 2 September 1968 in Bucharest, Romania) is an American-Romanian historian of modern Eastern Europe and gender in the twentieth century.

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Marta Trancu-Rainer

Marta Trancu-Rainer (1875–1950) was a Romanian surgeon.

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Materialism

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things.

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Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.

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Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.

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Michael the Brave

Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul or Mihai Bravu; 1558 – 9 August 1601), born as Mihai Pătrașcu, was the Prince of Wallachia (as Michael II, 1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600).

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Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).

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Mihail Roller

Mihail Roller (first name also Mihai, also known as Rolea or Rollea; Mihai Stoian,, România Literară, 32/1999 6 May 1908 – 21 June 1958) was a Romanian communist activist, historian and propagandist, who held a rigid ideological control over Romanian historiography and culture in the early years of the communist regime. Francisc Rainer and Mihail Roller are Romanian essayists and Romanian people of World War II.

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Mihail Sadoveanu

Mihail Sadoveanu (occasionally referred to as Mihai Sadoveanu; 5 November 1880 – 19 October 1961) was a Romanian novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, who twice served as acting head of state for the communist republic (1947–1948 and 1958). Francisc Rainer and Mihail Sadoveanu are Adevărul writers, Romanian Land Forces officers, Romanian essayists, Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War, Romanian people of World War II and Romanian travel writers.

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Mihail Sevastos

Mihail Sevastos (born Ionel Mihai Sevastos; August 1892 – September 24, 1967) was a Romanian poet, prose writer, memoirist and translator.

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Mina Minovici

Mina Minovici (April 30, 1858 – April 25, 1933) was a Romanian forensic scientist, known for his extensive research regarding cadaverous alkaloids, putrefaction, simulated mind diseases, and criminal anthropology. Francisc Rainer and mina Minovici are academic staff of the University of Bucharest.

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Mircea Vulcănescu

Mircea Aurel Vulcănescu (3 March 1904 – 28 October 1952) was a Romanian philosopher, economist, ethics teacher, sociologist, and politician. Francisc Rainer and Mircea Vulcănescu are university of Bucharest alumni.

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Morphology (biology)

Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

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Mycenaean Greece

Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC.

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National University of Physical Education and Sport

The Universitatea Națională de Educație Fizică și Sport (UNEFS), is one of the highest-profile state public higher education institution in Romania, and was founded on 1 December 1922, in Bucharest.

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National-Christian Defense League

The National-Christian Defense League (Liga Apărării Național Creștine, LANC) was a far-right political party of Romania formed by A. C. Cuza.

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Natural science

Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazi racial theories

The German Nazi Party adopted and developed several pseudoscientific racial classifications as an important part of its fascist ideology (Nazism) in order to justify genocides and racism against ethnicities which it deemed genetically or culturally inferior, invasions of Poland and the USSR, and distant intention for war against Japan.

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Neosalvarsan

Neosalvarsan is a synthetic chemotherapeutic that is an organoarsenic compound.

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Nereju

Nereju is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania.

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Nicolae Iorga

Nicolae Iorga (17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a Romanian politician who held top posts, including Prime Minister and president of the Senate. Francisc Rainer and Nicolae Iorga are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, academic staff of the University of Bucharest, Adevărul writers, Romanian educational theorists, Romanian essayists, Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War, Romanian people of World War II, Romanian travel writers and Romanian writers in French.

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Nicolae Paulescu

Nicolae Constantin Paulescu (30 October 1869 (O.S.) – 17 July 1931) was a Romanian physiologist, professor of medicine, and politician, most famous for his work on diabetes, including patenting pancreine (a pancreatic extract containing insulin). Francisc Rainer and Nicolae Paulescu are Romanian physiologists.

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Nicolae Steinhardt

Nicolae Steinhardt (born Nicu-Aurelian Steinhardt; July 29, 1912 – March 29, 1989) was a Romanian writer, Orthodox monk and lawyer. Francisc Rainer and Nicolae Steinhardt are Romanian essayists.

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Nicolae Tonitza

Nicolae Tonitza (April 13, 1886 – February 27, 1940) was a Romanian painter, engraver, lithographer, journalist and art critic. Francisc Rainer and Nicolae Tonitza are Romanian essayists, Romanian military personnel of World War I and Romanian socialists.

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Nikopol, Bulgaria

Nikopol (Никопол; historically Νικόπολις, Nikópolis, Nicopolis, Niğbolu) is a town in northern Bulgaria, the administrative center of Nikopol Municipality, part of Pleven Province, on the right bank of the Danube river, downstream from the Danube’s confluence with the Osam river.

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Odón de Buen y del Cos

Odón de Buen y del Cos (1863 in Zuera, Zaragoza Province, Aragon, Spain – 1945 in Mexico City) was a Spanish naturalist, politician and publicist.

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Ontogeny

Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult.

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Origin of the Romanians

Several theories, in great extent mutually exclusive, address the issue of the origin of the Romanians.

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Oscar Hertwig

Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849 in Friedberg – 25 October 1922 in Berlin) was a German embryologist and zoologist known for his research in developmental biology and evolution.

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Ossification

Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

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Palma de Mallorca

Palma, also known as Palma de Mallorca (officially between 1983 and 1988, 2006–2008, and 2012–2016), is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain.

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Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease and injury.

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Peștera Muierilor

Peștera Muierilor, or Peștera Muierii (Romanian for "The Women's Cave", or "The Woman's Cave"), is an elaborate cave system located in the Baia de Fier commune, Gorj County, Romania.

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Periaortic lymph nodes

The periaortic lymph nodes (also known as lumbar) are a group of lymph nodes that lie in front of the lumbar vertebrae near the aorta.

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Phenotype

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

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Physiognomy

Physiognomy (from the Greek φύσις,, meaning "nature", and, meaning "judge" or "interpreter") or face reading is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face.

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.

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Platonism

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato.

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Polirom

Polirom or Editura Polirom ("Polirom" Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition of publishing classics of international literature and also various titles in the fields of social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

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Politehnica University of Bucharest

Politehnica University of Bucharest (Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie POLITEHNICA București) is a technical university in Bucharest, Romania.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Pontoon bridge

A pontoon bridge (or ponton bridge), also known as a floating bridge, uses floats or shallow-draft boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel.

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Progressivism

Progressivism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform – primarily based on purported advancements in social organization, science, and technology.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

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Realitatea Evreiască

Realitatea Evreiască (Romanian for "The Jewish Reality") is a Romanian cultural and news magazine, based in Bucharest, and addressed to the local Jewish community.

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Revista Fundațiilor Regale

Revista Fundațiilor Regale ("The Review of Royal Foundations") was a monthly literary, art and culture magazine published in Romania between 1934 and 1947.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Romania in World War I

The Kingdom of Romania was neutral for the first two years of World War I, entering on the side of the Allied powers from 27 August 1916 until Central Power occupation led to the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918, before reentering the war on 10 November 1918. It had the most significant oil fields in Europe, and Germany eagerly bought its petroleum, as well as food exports.

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Romanian Academy

The Romanian Academy (Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866.

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Romanian Athenaeum

The Romanian Athenaeum (Ateneul Român) is a concert hall in the center of Bucharest, Romania, and a landmark of the Romanian capital city.

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Romanian Land Forces

The Romanian Land Forces (Forțele Terestre Române) is the army of Romania, and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces.

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Romanian nationality law

The Romanian nationality law addresses specific rights, duties, privileges, and benefits between Romania and the individual.

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Romanian Old Kingdom

The Romanian Old Kingdom (Vechiul Regat or just Regat; Regat or Altreich) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia.

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Romanian revolution

The Romanian revolution (Revoluția română) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc.

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România Literară

România Literară is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania.

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Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (also; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician.

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Rural sociology

Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas.

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Sabin Manuilă

Sabin Manuilă (or Mănuilă; February 19, 1894 – November 20, 1964) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian statistician, demographer and physician. Francisc Rainer and Sabin Manuilă are physical anthropologists, Romanian anthropologists, Romanian essayists, Romanian eugenicists and Romanian people of World War II.

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Sadhora

Sadhora (Садгора; Sadagora; Sadagóra; Sadagura; סאדיגורא Sadigora, also Sadagura and Sadiger) is a settlement in Ukraine, now a Sadhirskyi District of Chernivtsi city, which is located 6 km from the city center.

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Saint Sava National College

The Saint Sava National College (Romanian: Colegiul Național Sfântul Sava), Bucharest, named after Sabbas the Sanctified, is the oldest and one of the most prestigious high schools in Romania.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

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Scientism

Scientism is the view that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality.

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Second Balkan War

The Second Balkan War was a conflict that broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 (O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913.

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Second Hellenic Republic

The Second Hellenic Republic is a modern historiographical term used to refer to the Greek state during a period of republican governance between 1924 and 1935.

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Semitic people

Semitic people or Semites is an obsolete term for an ethnic, cultural or racial group by: "In linguistics context, the term "Semitic" is generally speaking non-controversial...

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The social hygiene movement in the United States was an attempt by Progressive era reformers to control venereal disease, regulate prostitution and vice, and disseminate sexual education through the use of scientific research methods and modern media techniques.

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The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) was a Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989).

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Somatic effort

Somatic effort refers to the total investments of an organism in its own development, differentiation, and maintenance which consequently increases its reproductive potential.

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Soviet occupation of Romania

The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958, during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania.

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Spondylopathy

Spondylopathies are disorders of the vertebrae.

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State Institute for Racial Biology

The State Institute for Racial Biology (SIRB, Statens institut för rasbiologi, SIFR) was a Swedish governmental research institute founded in 1922 with the stated purpose of studying eugenics and human genetics.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

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Titu Maiorescu

Titu Liviu Maiorescu (15 February 1840 – 18 June 1917) was a Romanian literary critic and politician, founder of the Junimea Society. Francisc Rainer and Titu Maiorescu are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and Romanian essayists.

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Treaty of Bucharest (1918)

The Treaty of Bucharest (1918) was a peace treaty between Romania and the opposing Central Powers following the stalemate reached after the campaign of 1917. This left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see the Armistice of Focșani and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Following the Central Powers' ultimatum issued during the between Ferdinand I of Romania and Ottokar Czernin, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, on at the Răcăciuni railway station, King Ferdinand summoned a on in Iași, the Romanian capital-in-exile.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

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Union of Communist Youth

The Union of Communist Youth (Romanian: Uniunea Tineretului Comunist; UTC) was the Romanian Communist Party's youth organisation.

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University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest

The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest (Romanian: Universitatea de Științe Agronomice și Medicină Veterinară din Bucuresți) is the oldest and largest institution of higher agricultural sciences and veterinary education in Romania.

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University of Bristol

The University of Bristol is a red brick Russell Group research university in Bristol, England.

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University of Bucharest

The University of Bucharest (UB) (Universitatea din București) is a public research university in Bucharest, Romania.

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University of Jena

The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form Uni Jena), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.

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Viața Românească

Viața Românească ("The Romanian Life") is a monthly literary magazine published in Romania.

See Francisc Rainer and Viața Românească

Victor Babeș

Victor Babeș (28 July 1854 in Vienna – 19 October 1926 in Bucharest) was a Romanian physician, bacteriologist, academician and professor. Francisc Rainer and Victor Babeș are Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Romania and Romanian writers in French.

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Victor Vâlcovici

Victor Vâlcovici (– 21 June 1970) was a Romanian mechanician and mathematician. Francisc Rainer and Victor Vâlcovici are academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, academic staff of the University of Bucharest and university of Bucharest alumni.

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Vintilă Ciocâlteu

Vintilă Ciocâlteu (April 12, 1890 in Dolj – February 3, 1947 in Bucharest) was a Romanian physician, researcher, professor and author.

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Vintilă Mihăilescu

Vintilă Mihăilescu (23 May 1951 – 22 March 2020) was a leading Romanian cultural anthropologist, and a professor at the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration. Francisc Rainer and Vintilă Mihăilescu are academic staff of the University of Bucharest, Romanian anthropologists and university of Bucharest alumni.

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Vocal cord paresis

Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle.

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Weimar

Weimar is a city in the German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden.

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Wilhelm Roux

Wilhelm Roux (9 June 1850 – 15 September 1924) was a German zoologist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Zeppelin

A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Ferdinand von Zeppelin who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Zigu Ornea

Zigu Ornea (born Zigu Orenstein Andrei Vasilescu,, in, Vol. II, Nr. 1, January–June 2008, p. 85. or OrnsteinGeorge Ardeleanu,, in Observator Cultural, Nr. 363, March 2007. and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher. Francisc Rainer and Zigu Ornea are Romanian essayists.

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1920 Romanian general strike

The 1920 Romanian general strike was a major nationwide strike in the Kingdom of Romania which lasted from 20 to 28 October and involved the participation of most of the over 400,000 industrial workers from across the country.

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1944 Romanian coup d'état

The 1944 Romanian coup d'état, better known in Romanian historiography as the Act of 23 August (Actul de la 23 august), was a coup d'état led by King Michael I of Romania during World War II on 23 August 1944.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisc_Rainer

Also known as Fr. I. Rainer, Fr. I. Reiner, Francisc I. Rainer, Francisc I. Reiner, Francisc Iosef Rainer, Francisc Iosef Reiner, Francisc Iosif Rainer, Francisc Iosif Reiner, Francisc J. Rainer, Francisc J. Reiner, Francisc Reiner, Franz Josef Rainer, Franz Josef Reiner, Franz Joseph Rainer, Franz Rainer.

, Contemporanul, Cotroceni, Cranial nerves, Craniometry, Cronyism, Crown land, Curtea de Argeș, Daniel Danielopolu, Danube Delta, Dimitrie Gusti, Drăguș, Dresden, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Dumitru Berciu, Dura mater, Early modern human, Eastern Front (World War II), Ecaterina Arbore, Editura Minerva, Embalming, Embryology, Environmental determinism, Ernst Haeckel, Ethnology, Eugène Pittard, Eugenics, Fascism, Fedor Krause, Fencing, Formaldehyde, Fundu Moldovei, Garabet Ibrăileanu, Gândirea, Gendarmerie (Romania), Geo Bogza, George Emil Palade, George Topîrceanu, German Empire, German Hygiene Museum, German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Gheorghe Marinescu, Giurgiu, Goethe House (Weimar), Grigore T. Popa, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, Helen of Greece and Denmark, Henri Bergson, Henri H. Stahl, Henri Victor Vallois, Heraclitus, Histology, History of the Jews in Romania, Humanitas (publishing house), Humboldt University of Berlin, Hypophyseal portal system, Iain R. Edgar, Internment, Intuition (Bergson), Ioan Cantacuzino, Ion Antonescu, Ion Țurai, Ion Th. Simionescu, Ion Vitner, Iron Guard, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Joseph Stalin, Kinesiology, King of Romania, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kurt Warnekros, Land reform in Romania, Latin, Leipzig, Leonardo da Vinci, Lung cancer, Lutheranism, Magazin Istoric, Maria Bucur, Marta Trancu-Rainer, Materialism, Metaphysics, Metastasis, Michael the Brave, Microbiology, Mihail Roller, Mihail Sadoveanu, Mihail Sevastos, Mina Minovici, Mircea Vulcănescu, Morphology (biology), Mycenaean Greece, National University of Physical Education and Sport, National-Christian Defense League, Natural science, Nazi Germany, Nazi racial theories, Neosalvarsan, Nereju, Nicolae Iorga, Nicolae Paulescu, Nicolae Steinhardt, Nicolae Tonitza, Nikopol, Bulgaria, Odón de Buen y del Cos, Ontogeny, Origin of the Romanians, Oscar Hertwig, Ossification, Paleolithic, Palma de Mallorca, Pathology, Peștera Muierilor, Periaortic lymph nodes, Phenotype, Physiognomy, Plagiarism, Platonism, Polirom, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Polymath, Pontoon bridge, Progressivism, Rationalism, Realitatea Evreiască, Revista Fundațiilor Regale, Romania, Romania in World War I, Romanian Academy, Romanian Athenaeum, Romanian Land Forces, Romanian nationality law, Romanian Old Kingdom, Romanian revolution, România Literară, Rudolf Virchow, Rural sociology, Sabin Manuilă, Sadhora, Saint Sava National College, Scientific racism, Scientism, Second Balkan War, Second Hellenic Republic, Semitic people, Social hygiene movement, Socialist Republic of Romania, Somatic effort, Soviet occupation of Romania, Spondylopathy, State Institute for Racial Biology, Sweden, Syphilis, Titu Maiorescu, Treaty of Bucharest (1918), Tuberculosis, Union of Communist Youth, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, University of Bristol, University of Bucharest, University of Jena, Viața Românească, Victor Babeș, Victor Vâlcovici, Vintilă Ciocâlteu, Vintilă Mihăilescu, Vocal cord paresis, Weimar, Wilhelm Roux, World War I, World War II, Zeppelin, Zigu Ornea, 1920 Romanian general strike, 1944 Romanian coup d'état.

Francisc Rainer, the Glossary

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