en.unionpedia.org

Free education, the Glossary

Index Free education

Free education is education funded through government spending or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 124 relations: Alison (company), Ancient history, Brazil, C. W. W. Kannangara, China, Christian Leaders Institute, City College of New York, CNN, Community college, Comprehensive school, Compulsory education, Constitution of Bangladesh, Coursera, Denmark, Digital media use and mental health, Distance education, Education, Education in Argentina, Education in Brazil, Education in Cuba, Education in Greece, Education in Hungary, Education in Lebanon, Education in Saudi Arabia, Education in the Czech Republic, Education in Turkey, Education in Uruguay, Education Index, EdX, Equal opportunity, Estonia, European Economic Area, European Economic Community, European Union, Fiji, France, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Free content, Free university, FutureLearn, G.I. Bill, Germany, Gift economy, Global Text, Gratis versus libre, Homeschooling, Human Development Index, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Iran, Islamic Azad University, ... Expand index (74 more) »

  2. Free goods and services

Alison (company)

ALISON is an Irish online education platform for higher education that provides certificate courses and accredited diploma courses.

See Free education and Alison (company)

Ancient history

Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.

See Free education and Ancient history

Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

See Free education and Brazil

C. W. W. Kannangara

Dr.

See Free education and C. W. W. Kannangara

China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

See Free education and China

Christian Leaders Institute

Christian Leaders Institute (CLI), founded in 2006, offers free online correspondence religious classes.

See Free education and Christian Leaders Institute

City College of New York

The City College of the City University of New York (also known as the City College of New York, or simply City College or CCNY) is a public research university within the City University of New York (CUNY) system in New York City.

See Free education and City College of New York

CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.

See Free education and CNN

A community college is a type of undergraduate higher education institution, generally leading to an associate degree, certificate, or diploma.

See Free education and Community college

Comprehensive school

A comprehensive school is a secondary school for pupils aged 11–16 or 11–18, that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to a selective school system where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria, usually academic performance.

See Free education and Comprehensive school

Compulsory education

Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government. Free education and Compulsory education are education issues.

See Free education and Compulsory education

Constitution of Bangladesh

The Constitution of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান –), officially the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান –) is the supreme law of Bangladesh.

See Free education and Constitution of Bangladesh

Coursera

Coursera Inc. is an American global massive open online course provider.

See Free education and Coursera

Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

See Free education and Denmark

The relationships between digital media use and mental health have been investigated by various researchers—predominantly psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, and medical experts—especially since the mid-1990s, after the growth of the World Wide Web and rise of text messaging.

See Free education and Digital media use and mental health

Distance education

Distance education, also known as distance learning, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at school, or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance.

See Free education and Distance education

Education

Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms.

See Free education and Education

Education in Argentina

Education in state institutions is at the initial, primary, secondary and tertiary levels and in the undergraduate university level (not for graduate programs).

See Free education and Education in Argentina

Education in Brazil

Education in Brazil has had many changes.

See Free education and Education in Brazil

Education in Cuba

Education in Cuba has been a highly ranked system for many years.

See Free education and Education in Cuba

Education in Greece

Education in Greece is centralized and governed by the Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs, and Sports (Greek: Υπουργείο Παιδείας, Θρησκευμάτων και Αθλητισμού, Υ.ΠΑΙ.Θ.Α.) at all grade levels in elementary, middle school, and high school.

See Free education and Education in Greece

Education in Hungary

The educational system in Hungary is predominantly public, run by the Ministry of Human Resources.

See Free education and Education in Hungary

Education in Lebanon

Education in Lebanon is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MEHE).

See Free education and Education in Lebanon

Education in Saudi Arabia

Public education in Saudi Arabia—from primary education through college—is open to every Saudi citizen.

See Free education and Education in Saudi Arabia

Education in the Czech Republic

Education in the Czech Republic includes elementary school, secondary school, and post-secondary school.

See Free education and Education in the Czech Republic

Education in Turkey

Education in Turkey is governed by a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms.

See Free education and Education in Turkey

Education in Uruguay

Education in Uruguay is compulsory for a total of fourteen years (two years of pre-primary, six years of primary education, and six years of middle education), beginning at the preschool level, and is free from the pre-primary through the university level.

See Free education and Education in Uruguay

Education Index

An Education index is a component of the Human Development Index published every year by the United Nations Development Programme.

See Free education and Education Index

EdX

edX is a US for-profit online education platform owned by 2U since 2021.

See Free education and EdX

Equal opportunity

Equal opportunity is a state of fairness in which individuals are treated similarly, unhampered by artificial barriers, prejudices, or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified.

See Free education and Equal opportunity

Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

See Free education and Estonia

European Economic Area

The European Economic Area (EEA) was established via the Agreement on the European Economic Area, an international agreement which enables the extension of the European Union's single market to member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

See Free education and European Economic Area

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.

See Free education and European Economic Community

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

See Free education and European Union

Fiji

Fiji (Viti,; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, Fijī), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean.

See Free education and Fiji

France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

See Free education and France

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

See Free education and Franklin D. Roosevelt

Free content

Free content, libre content, libre information, or free information is any kind of creative work, such as a work of art, a book, a software program, or any other creative content unrestricted by copyright and other legal limitations on use. Free education and free content are free goods and services.

See Free education and Free content

Free university

A free university is an organization offering uncredited, public classes without restrictions to who can teach or learn.

See Free education and Free university

FutureLearn

FutureLearn is a British digital education platform founded in December 2012.

See Free education and FutureLearn

G.I. Bill

The G.I. Bill, formally known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s).

See Free education and G.I. Bill

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Free education and Germany

Gift economy

A gift economy or gift culture is a system of exchange where valuables are not sold, but rather given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.

See Free education and Gift economy

Global Text

The Global Text Project (GTP) is a not for profit organization dedicated to the creation, translation, and distribution of free open content textbooks over the Internet.

See Free education and Global Text

Gratis versus libre

The adjective free in English is commonly used in one of two meanings: "at no monetary cost" (gratis) or "with little or no restriction" (libre).

See Free education and Gratis versus libre

Homeschooling

Homeschooling or home schooling, also known as home education or elective home education (EHE), is the education of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a school.

See Free education and Homeschooling

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

See Free education and Human Development Index

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (GA) on 16 December 1966 through GA.

See Free education and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

See Free education and Iran

Islamic Azad University

The Islamic Azad University (IAU; دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system headquartered in Tehran, Iran.

See Free education and Islamic Azad University

Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

See Free education and Islamic Golden Age

José Pedro Varela

José Pedro Varela Berro (19 March 1845 - 24 October 1879) was an Uruguayan sociologist, journalist, politician, and educator.

See Free education and José Pedro Varela

Khan Academy

Khan Academy is an American non-profit educational organization created in 2006 by Sal Khan.

See Free education and Khan Academy

Lorenzo Latorre

Lorenzo Latorre, full name Lorenzo Antonio Inocencio Latorre Jampen, (8 July 1844 – 18 January 1916) was a Uruguayan officer and politician, who was a dictator and President of Uruguay from 10 March 1876 until 15 March 1880.

See Free education and Lorenzo Latorre

Madrasa

Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.

See Free education and Madrasa

Mali

Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa.

See Free education and Mali

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

See Free education and Malta

Massive open online course

A massive open online course (MOOC) or an open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the Web.

See Free education and Massive open online course

Mauritius

Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar.

See Free education and Mauritius

Merit system

The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections.

See Free education and Merit system

Michel Onfray

Michel Onfray (born 1 January 1959) is a French writer and philosopher with a hedonistic, epicurean and atheist worldview.

See Free education and Michel Onfray

Michelle Bachelet

Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (born 29 September 1951) is a Chilean politician who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2018 to 2022.

See Free education and Michelle Bachelet

MIT OpenCourseWare

MIT OpenCourseWare (MIT OCW) is an initiative of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to publish all of the educational materials from its undergraduate- and graduate-level courses online, freely and openly available to anyone, anywhere.

See Free education and MIT OpenCourseWare

MITx

MITx is the massive open online course (MOOC) program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

See Free education and MITx

National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts

The National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts (NCAFC) or Student Left Network is a membership-based organisation of activist students and education workers campaigning against tuition fees, education cuts and privatisation in the United Kingdom.

See Free education and National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts

National Rally

The National Rally (Rassemblement National,, RN), known as the National Front from 1972 to 2018 (Front National,, FN), is a French far-right political party, described as right-wing populist and nationalist.

See Free education and National Rally

National school (Sri Lanka)

A National school (ජාතික පාසල, Jathika Pasala, தேசியப் பாடசாலை) in Sri Lanka is a school that is funded and administered by the Ministry of Education of the central government as opposed to Provincial schools run by the local provincial council.

See Free education and National school (Sri Lanka)

New Mexico

New Mexico (Nuevo MéxicoIn Peninsular Spanish, a spelling variant, Méjico, is also used alongside México. According to the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the spelling version with J is correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one that is used in Mexican Spanish.; Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States.

See Free education and New Mexico

New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

See Free education and New Zealand

Nordic countries

The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or Norden) are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic.

See Free education and Nordic countries

Normandy

Normandy (Normandie; Normaundie, Nouormandie; from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.

See Free education and Normandy

Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

See Free education and Northern Europe

NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.

See Free education and NPR

Open access

Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers.

See Free education and Open access

Open education

Open education is an educational movement founded on openness, with connections to other educational movements such as critical pedagogy, and with an educational stance which favours widening participation and inclusiveness in society.

See Free education and Open education

Open educational resources

Open educational resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research materials intentionally created and licensed to be free for the end user to own, share, and in most cases, modify.

See Free education and Open educational resources

Open-source curriculum

An open-source curriculum (OSC) is an online instructional resource that can be freely used, distributed and modified.

See Free education and Open-source curriculum

OpenCourseWare

OpenCourseWare (OCW) are course lessons created at universities and published for free via the Internet.

See Free education and OpenCourseWare

Parochial school

A parochial school is a private primary or secondary school affiliated with a religious organization, and whose curriculum includes general religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts.

See Free education and Parochial school

Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

See Free education and Philippines

Pirivena

A pirivena (plural: piriven) is a monastic college for the education of monks in Sri Lanka.

See Free education and Pirivena

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Free education and Poland

Postgraduate education

Postgraduate education, graduate education, or graduate school consists of academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree.

See Free education and Postgraduate education

Primary school

A primary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore), elementary school, or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age).

See Free education and Primary school

Private school

A private school is a school not administered or funded by the government, unlike a public school.

See Free education and Private school

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

See Free education and Renaissance

Right to education

The right to education has been recognized as a human right in a number of international conventions, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which recognizes a right to free, primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all with the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher education.

See Free education and Right to education

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See Free education and Russia

Scholarship

A scholarship is a form of financial aid awarded to students for further education.

See Free education and Scholarship

Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Free education and Scotland

Secondary education

Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale.

See Free education and Secondary education

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See Free education and Soviet Union

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

See Free education and Sri Lanka

Student financial aid in the United States

Student financial aid in the United States is funding that is available exclusively to students attending a post-secondary educational institution in the United States.

See Free education and Student financial aid in the United States

Student loans in the United States

In the United States, student loans are a form of financial aid intended to help students access higher education.

See Free education and Student loans in the United States

Sukavich Rangsitpol

Sukavich Rangsitpol (สุขวิช รังสิตพล; born 5 December 1935) is a Thai business executive and politician.

See Free education and Sukavich Rangsitpol

Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

See Free education and Sweden

Tanzania

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, (formerly Swahililand) is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

See Free education and Tanzania

Tertiary education

Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.

See Free education and Tertiary education

Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.

See Free education and Thailand

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See Free education and The New York Times

The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

See Free education and The Washington Post

Townsend Harris

Townsend Harris (October 4, 1804 – February 25, 1878) was an American merchant and politician who served as the first United States Consul General to Japan.

See Free education and Townsend Harris

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean region of North America.

See Free education and Trinidad and Tobago

Truancy

Truancy is any intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education.

See Free education and Truancy

Tuition freeze

Tuition freeze is a government policy restricting the ability of administrators of post-secondary educational facilities (i.e. colleges and universities) to increase tuition fees for students.

See Free education and Tuition freeze

Tuition payments

Tuition payments, usually known as tuition in American English and as tuition fees in Commonwealth English, are fees charged by education institutions for instruction or other services.

See Free education and Tuition payments

Udacity

Udacity, Inc. is an American for-profit educational organization founded by Sebastian Thrun, David Stavens, and Mike Sokolsky offering massive open online courses.

See Free education and Udacity

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

See Free education and UNESCO

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

See Free education and United Kingdom

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Free education and United States

Universal access to education

Universal access to education is the ability of all people to have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their social class, race, gender, sexuality, ethnic background or physical and mental disabilities.

See Free education and Universal access to education

Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act

The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, officially designated as Republic Act 10931, is a Philippine law that institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in state universities and colleges (SUCs), and local universities and colleges (LUCs) in the Philippines.

See Free education and Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act

Université populaire de Caen

The Université populaire de Caen (Popular University or People's University of Caen) is a free university created in October 2002 by Michel Onfray in the north-western French city of Caen.

See Free education and Université populaire de Caen

University of Oslo

The University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo; Universitas Osloensis) is a public research university located in Oslo, Norway.

See Free education and University of Oslo

University of the Republic (Uruguay)

The University of the Republic (Universidad de la República, sometimes UdelaR) is a public research university in Montevideo, Uruguay.

See Free education and University of the Republic (Uruguay)

Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.

See Free education and Uruguay

Waqf

A (وَقْف;, plural), also called a (plural حُبوس or أَحْباس), or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law.

See Free education and Waqf

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., abbreviated WMF, is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, and registered there as a charitable foundation.

See Free education and Wikimedia Foundation

Wikiversity

Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation project that supports learning communities, their learning materials, and resulting activities.

See Free education and Wikiversity

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Free education and World War II

2002 French presidential election

Presidential elections were held in France on 21 April 2002, with a runoff election between the top two candidates, incumbent Jacques Chirac of the Rally for the Republic and Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Front, on 5 May.

See Free education and 2002 French presidential election

2011–2013 Chilean student protests

The 2011–2013 Chilean protests – known as the Chilean Winter (in particular reference to the massive protests of August 2011) or the Chilean Education Conflict (as labelled in Chilean media) – were a series of student-led protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in the country, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education.

See Free education and 2011–2013 Chilean student protests

501(c) organization

A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)) and is one of over 29 types of nonprofit organizations exempt from some federal income taxes.

See Free education and 501(c) organization

See also

Free goods and services

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education

Also known as Cost free education, Free Education System, Free college tuition, Free higher education, Free tuition, Tuition-free college, Universal Free Education System.

, Islamic Golden Age, José Pedro Varela, Khan Academy, Lorenzo Latorre, Madrasa, Mali, Malta, Massive open online course, Mauritius, Merit system, Michel Onfray, Michelle Bachelet, MIT OpenCourseWare, MITx, National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts, National Rally, National school (Sri Lanka), New Mexico, New Zealand, Nordic countries, Normandy, Northern Europe, NPR, Open access, Open education, Open educational resources, Open-source curriculum, OpenCourseWare, Parochial school, Philippines, Pirivena, Poland, Postgraduate education, Primary school, Private school, Renaissance, Right to education, Russia, Scholarship, Scotland, Secondary education, Soviet Union, Sri Lanka, Student financial aid in the United States, Student loans in the United States, Sukavich Rangsitpol, Sweden, Tanzania, Tertiary education, Thailand, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Townsend Harris, Trinidad and Tobago, Truancy, Tuition freeze, Tuition payments, Udacity, UNESCO, United Kingdom, United States, Universal access to education, Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, Université populaire de Caen, University of Oslo, University of the Republic (Uruguay), Uruguay, Waqf, Wikimedia Foundation, Wikiversity, World War II, 2002 French presidential election, 2011–2013 Chilean student protests, 501(c) organization.