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Galápagos tortoise, the Glossary

175 relations: ABC News (Australia), Abraham Ortelius, Albert Günther, Aldabra, Aldabra giant tortoise, Ambrose Cowley, American Museum of Natural History, André Marie Constant Duméril, August Friedrich Schweigger, Australia Zoo, Azolla, Binomial nomenclature, Biological dispersal, Breeding back, Breeding in the wild, British Museum, California Academy of Sciences, Canary Islands, Captive breeding, Caribbean, Centrochelys, Chaco tortoise, Chapman University, Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin Research Station, Chelonoidis, Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi, CITES, Clade, Claude Perrault, Cloaca, Clutch (eggs), Culling, Cylindraspis, Darwin's finches, David Porter (naval officer), Dominance hierarchy, Ecosystem engineer, Ectotherm, Evolution, Extinct in the wild, Extinction, Feral, Fernandina Island, Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise, Flagship species, Floreana Island, Fossil, Gabriel Bibron, Galapagos Conservation Trust, ... Expand index (125 more) »
Chelonoidis
Endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands
Reptiles described in 1824

ABC News (Australia)

ABC News, also known as ABC News and Current Affairs and overseas as ABC Australia, is a public news service produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

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Abraham Ortelius

Abraham Ortelius (also Ortels, Orthellius, Wortels; 4 or 14 April 152728 June 1598) was a cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer from Antwerp in the Spanish Netherlands.

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Albert Günther

Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther, also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Günther (3October 18301February 1914), was a German-born British zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist.

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Aldabra

Aldabra, the world's second-largest coral atoll (the largest is Kiribati), is located southeast of the continent of Africa.

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Aldabra giant tortoise

The Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea) is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae and genus Aldabrachelys.

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William Ambrosia Cowley, also known as Ambrose Cowley and Captain Cowley, was a 17th-century English buccaneer who surveyed the Galápagos Islands during his 1683–1686 circumnavigation of the world while serving under several captains such as John Eaton, John Cook, and later Edward Davis.

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American Museum of Natural History

The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.

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André Marie Constant Duméril

André Marie Constant Duméril (1 January 1774 – 14 August 1860) was a French zoologist.

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August Friedrich Schweigger

August Friedrich Schweigger (8 September 1783 – 28 June 1821) was a German naturalist born in Erlangen.

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Australia Zoo

Australia Zoo is a zoo in the Australian state of Queensland on the Sunshine Coast near Beerwah/Glass House Mountains.

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Azolla

Azolla (mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern) is a genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae.

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Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

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Biological dispersal

Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal').

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Breeding back

Breeding back is a form of artificial selection by the deliberate selective breeding of domestic (but not exclusively) animals, in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a phenotype that resembles a wild type ancestor, usually one that has gone extinct.

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Breeding in the wild

Breeding in the wild is the natural process of animal reproduction occurring in the natural habitat of a given species.

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British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

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California Academy of Sciences

The California Academy of Sciences is a research institute and natural history museum in San Francisco, California, that is among the largest museums of natural history in the world, housing over 46 million specimens.

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Canary Islands

The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Captive breeding

Captive breeding, also known as captive propagation, is the process of keeping plants or animals in controlled environments, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, botanic gardens, and other conservation facilities.

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Caribbean

The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.

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Centrochelys

Centrochelys is a genus of tortoise.

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Chaco tortoise

The Chaco tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), also known commonly as the Argentine tortoise, the Patagonian tortoise, or the southern wood tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. Galápagos tortoise and Chaco tortoise are Chelonoidis.

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Chapman University

Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

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Charles Darwin Research Station

Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) (ECCD) is a biological research station in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador.

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Chelonoidis

Chelonoidis is a genus of turtles in the tortoise family erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1835.

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Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi

Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi, known as the eastern Santa Cruz tortoise, is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise living on Santa Cruz Island, within the Galápagos. Galápagos tortoise and Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi are Chelonoidis, endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands, reptiles of Ecuador and turtles of South America.

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CITES

CITES (shorter name for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of international trade.

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Clade

In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.

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Claude Perrault

Claude Perrault (25 September 1613 – 9 October 1688) was a French physician and amateur architect, best known for his participation in the design of the east façade of the Louvre in Paris.

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Cloaca

A cloaca,: cloacae, is the rear orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals.

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Clutch (eggs)

A clutch of eggs is the group of eggs produced by birds, amphibians, or reptiles, often at a single time, particularly those laid in a nest.

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Culling

Culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics.

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Cylindraspis

Cylindraspis is a genus of recently extinct giant tortoises.

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Darwin's finches

Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds.

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David Porter (naval officer)

David Porter (February 1, 1780 – March 3, 1843) was an officer in the United States Navy in the rank of captain and the honorary title of commodore.

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Dominance hierarchy

In the zoological field of ethology, a dominance hierarchy (formerly and colloquially called a pecking order) is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of animal social groups interact, creating a ranking system.

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Ecosystem engineer

An ecosystem engineer is any species that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat.

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Ectotherm

An ectotherm (from the Greek ἐκτός "outside" and θερμός "heat"), more commonly referred to as a "cold-blooded animal", is an animal in which internal physiological sources of heat, such as blood, are of relatively small or of quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Extinct in the wild

A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only consisting of living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.

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Extinction

Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.

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Feral

A feral animal or plant is one that lives in the wild but is descended from domesticated individuals.

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Fernandina Island

Fernandina Island (Isla Fernandina) is the youngest and third largest island in the Galapagos, as well as the furthest west.

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Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise

Chelonoidis niger phantasticus (commonly known as the Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise or Narborough Island giant tortoise) is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise that was discovered in 1906 and thought extinct, until a single female was discovered living on Fernandina Island by an expedition in February 2019. Galápagos tortoise and Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise are Chelonoidis, endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands, reptiles of Ecuador and turtles of South America.

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Flagship species

In conservation biology, a flagship species is a species chosen to raise support for biodiversity conservation in a given place or social context.

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Floreana Island

Floreana Island (Isla Floreana) is a southern island in Ecuador's Galápagos Archipelago.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Gabriel Bibron

Gabriel Bibron (20 October 1805 – 27 March 1848) was a French zoologist and herpetologist.

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Galapagos Conservation Trust

The Galapagos Conservation Trust (GCT) is a British conservation charity (registered number 1043470) which focuses on saving animals at risk of extinction on the Galapagos Islands.

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Galapagos flycatcher

The Galápagos flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris) also known as the large-billed flycatcher is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae.

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Galapagos hawk

The Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) is a large hawk endemic to most of the Galápagos Islands.

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Galápagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands (Islas Galápagos) are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Eastern Pacific, located around the Equator west of the mainland of South America.

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Galápagos tortoise

The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis niger) is a very large species of tortoise in the genus Chelonoidis (which also contains three smaller species from mainland South America). Galápagos tortoise and Galápagos tortoise are Chelonoidis, endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands, reptiles described in 1824, reptiles of Ecuador, taxa named by Jean René Constant Quoy, taxa named by Joseph Paul Gaimard and turtles of South America.

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Galápagos wildlife

The Galápagos Islands are located off the west coast of South America straddling the equator.

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Gene flow

In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another.

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Genus

Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.

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Geochelone

Geochelone is a genus of tortoises.

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Georg Baur

Georg Baur (1859–1898) was a German vertebrate paleontologist and Neo-Lamarckian who studied reptiles of the Galapagos Islands, particularly the Galápagos tortoises, in the 1890s.

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Gerardus Mercator

Gerardus Mercator (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer.

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Gigantothermy

Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio.

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Glossary of scientific naming

This is a list of terms and symbols used in scientific names for organisms, and in describing the names.

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Guava

Guava is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.

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Habitat destruction

Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species.

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Harriet (tortoise)

Harriet (formerly Harry; – 23 June 2006) was a Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis niger, specifically a western Santa Cruz tortoise C. n. porteri) who had an estimated age of 175 years at the time of her death in Australia.

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Herbivore

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

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Holocene

The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.

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Humboldt Current

The Humboldt Current, also called the Peru Current, is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America.

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Hybrid (biology)

In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction.

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Inbreeding

Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.

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International Union for Conservation of Nature

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

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Isabela Island (Galápagos)

Isabela Island (Isla Isabela) is the largest of the Galápagos Islands, with an area of and a length of.

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Island Conservation

Island Conservation is a non-profit organization with the mission to prevent extinctions by removing invasive species from islands.

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Island gigantism

Island gigantism, or insular gigantism, is a biological phenomenon in which the size of an animal species isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to its mainland relatives.

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Island restoration

The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of ecological restoration to islands and island groups.

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Ithaca, New York

Ithaca is a city in and the county seat of Tompkins County, New York, United States.

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James Colnett

James Colnett (c. 1753 – 1 September 1806) was an officer of the British Royal Navy, an explorer, and a maritime fur trader.

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Jean René Constant Quoy

Jean René Constant Quoy (10 November 1790 in Maillé – 4 July 1869 in Rochefort) was a French naval surgeon, zoologist and anatomist.

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Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider

Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider (18 January 1750 – 12 January 1822) was a German classicist and naturalist.

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John Edward Gray

John Edward Gray (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist.

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John Van Denburgh

John Van Denburgh (August 23, 1872 – October 24, 1924) was an American herpetologist from California (who also used the name Van Denburgh in publications, hence this name is used below).

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Joseph Paul Gaimard

Joseph Paul Gaimard (31 January 1793 – 10 December 1858) was a French naval surgeon and naturalist.

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Joseph Richard Slevin

Joseph Richard Slevin (September 13, 1881 – February 17, 1957) was an American herpetologist and the second curator of herpetology at the California Academy of Sciences, with which he was affiliated for over 50 years.

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Judas goat

A Judas goat is a trained goat used in general animal herding.

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Keystone species

A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance.

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Land bridge

In biogeography, a land bridge is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonize new lands.

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Lava

Lava is molten or partially molten rock (magma) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a moon onto its surface.

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Lichen

A lichen is a symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with a yeast embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.

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List of longest-living organisms

This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individual(s) (or in some instances, clones) of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans.

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List of subspecies of Galápagos tortoise

Chelonoidis niger (the Galápagos tortoise) is a tortoise species endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Galápagos tortoise and List of subspecies of Galápagos tortoise are Chelonoidis.

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Lonesome George

Lonesome George (Solitario George or Jorge, 1910 – June 24, 2012) was a male Pinta Island tortoise (Chelonoidis niger abingdonii) and the last known individual of the subspecies.

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Manchineel

The manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

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Mascarene Islands

The Mascarene Islands or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of La Réunion.

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Mating

In biology, mating is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms for the purposes of sexual reproduction.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Mockingbird

Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine birds from the family Mimidae.

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Molecular phylogenetics

Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.

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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics.

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Mutualism (biology)

Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.

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National Geographic Society

The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.

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National Museum of Natural History, France

The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities.

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National park

A national park is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance.

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Neontology

Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.

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New Scientist

New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.

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Nicholas Lawson

Nicholas Oliver Lawson (born Nicolai Olaus Lossius; 23 November 1790 – 1 March 1851) was a Norwegian-born, vice governor of Galápagos for the Republic of Ecuador.

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Nomen nudum

In taxonomy, a nomen nudum ('naked name'; plural nomina nuda) is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate description.

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Nomen oblitum

In zoological nomenclature, a nomen oblitum (plural: nomina oblita; Latin for "forgotten name") is a disused scientific name which has been declared to be obsolete (figuratively "forgotten") in favour of another "protected" name.

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Oligocene

The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.

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Ontogeny

Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult.

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Opuntia

Opuntia, commonly called the prickly pear cactus, is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, many known for their flavorful fruit and showy flowers.

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Oryx (journal)

Oryx—The International Journal of Conservation is a peer-reviewed academic journal of conservation science and practice, published bimonthly by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International.

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Osmosis

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

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Overexploitation

Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.

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Parasitism

Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Pericardium

The pericardium (pericardia), also called pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

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Peter Pritchard

Peter Charles Howard Pritchard (June 26, 1943 – February 25, 2020) was a leading turtle zoologist.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.

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Phylogenetics

In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

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Pinta Island

Pinta Island (Isla Pinta) is one of the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador, west of South America.

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Pinta Island tortoise

The Pinta Island tortoise (Chelonoidis niger), also known as the Pinta giant tortoise, Abingdon Island tortoise, or Abingdon Island giant tortoise, is a recently extinct subspecies of Galápagos tortoise native to Ecuador's Pinta Island. Galápagos tortoise and Pinta Island tortoise are Chelonoidis and endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands.

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Pinzón Island

Pinzón or Pinzon Island (Isla Pinzón) is an island in Ecuador's Galápagos Archipelago.

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Pinzón Island giant tortoise

Chelonoidis niger duncanensis, commonly known as the Pinzón Island giant tortoise, is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise endemic to Pinzón Island in the Galápagos. Galápagos tortoise and Pinzón Island giant tortoise are Chelonoidis and endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands.

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Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society

Proceedings of the Royal Society is the main research journal of the Royal Society.

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Race (biology)

In biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy for which various definitions exist.

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Rábida Island

Rábida or Rabida Island (Isla Rábida) is one of the Galápagos Islands.

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Reptile Database

The Reptile Database is a scientific database that collects taxonomic information on all living reptile species (i.e. no fossil species such as dinosaurs).

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Richard Harlan

Richard Harlan (September 19, 1796 – September 30, 1843) was an American paleontologist, anatomist, and physician.

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Robert FitzRoy

Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was an English officer of the Royal Navy and a scientist.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.

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Samuel Garman

Samuel Walton Garman (June 5, 1843 – September 30, 1927), or "Garmann" as he sometimes styled himself, was an American naturalist and zoologist.

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San Diego Zoo

The San Diego Zoo is a zoo in San Diego, California, housing over 12,000 animals of more than 680 species and subspecies on of Balboa Park.

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Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)

Santa Cruz Island (Isla Santa Cruz), also known as Indefatigable Island and by other names, is the most populous and second-largest island in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

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Santa Fe Island

Santa Fe Island (Isla Santa Fé), also known as Barrington Island, is a small island of which lies in the middle of the Galápagos Archipelago in Ecuador.

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Scale (zoology)

In zoology, a scale (lepís; squāma) is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Scute

A scute or scutum (Latin: scutum; plural: scuta "shield") is a bony external plate or scale overlaid with horn, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, and the feet of birds.

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Seal hunting

Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of seals.

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Second voyage of HMS Beagle

The second voyage of HMS Beagle, from 27 December 1831 to 2 October 1836, was the second survey expedition of HMS ''Beagle'', made under her newest commander, Robert FitzRoy.

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Secondary sex characteristic

A secondary sex characteristic is a physical characteristic of an organism that is related to or derived from its sex, but not directly part of its reproductive system.

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Seed dispersal

In spermatophyte plants, seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant.

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Selective breeding

Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

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Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction.

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Sexual maturity

Sexual maturity is the capability of an organism to reproduce.

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Seychelles

Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean.

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Solanum cheesmaniae

Solanum cheesmaniae, is one of two main species of wild tomatoes found on the Galápagos Islands.

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South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile.

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Subspecies

In biological classification, subspecies (subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed.

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Surface-area-to-volume ratio

The surface-area-to-volume ratio or surface-to-volume ratio (denoted as SA:V, SA/V, or sa/vol) is the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects.

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Syms Covington

Syms Covington (1816–1861) was a fiddler and cabin boy on HMS ''Beagle'' who became an assistant to Charles Darwin and was appointed as his personal servant in 1833, continuing in Darwin's service after the voyage until 1839.

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Synonym (taxonomy)

The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.

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Syracuse University

Syracuse University (informally 'Cuse or SU) is a private research university in Syracuse, New York, United States.

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Tanzania

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, (formerly Swahililand) is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

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Taxon

In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy;: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.

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Taxonomy (biology)

In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Temperature-dependent sex determination

Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) is a type of environmental sex determination in which the temperatures experienced during embryonic/larval development determine the sex of the offspring.

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The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (or Darwin Online) is a freely-accessible website containing the complete print and manuscript works of Charles Darwin, as well as related supplementary material.

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Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.

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Threatened species

A threatened species is any species (including animals, plants and fungi) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future.

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Tillandsia

Tillandsia is a genus of around 650 species of evergreen, perennial flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, native to the forests, mountains and deserts of the Neotropics, from northern Mexico and the southeastern United States to Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to central Argentina.

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Tortoise

Tortoises are reptiles of the family Testudinidae of the order Testudines (Latin for "tortoise").

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Tree of life (biology)

The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, conceptual model, and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).

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Turtle shell

The turtle shell is a shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles (the order Testudines), completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head.

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Turtle Taxonomy Working Group

The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) is an informal working group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG).

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Type species

In zoological nomenclature, a type species (species typica) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen (or specimens).

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Undescribed taxon

In taxonomy, an undescribed taxon is a taxon (for example, a species) that has been discovered, but not yet formally described and named.

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Vertebrate

Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

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Volcán Wolf giant tortoise

The Volcán Wolf giant tortoise (Chelonoidis niger becki), also known commonly as the Wolf Volcano giant tortoise and the Cape Berkeley giant tortoise, is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise in the family Testudinidae. Galápagos tortoise and Volcán Wolf giant tortoise are Chelonoidis and endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands.

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Vulnerable species

A vulnerable species is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being threatened with extinction unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve.

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Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild

Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild, (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937) was a British banker, politician, zoologist and soldier, who was a member of the Rothschild family.

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Whaling

Whaling is the hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that was important in the Industrial Revolution.

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William Dampier

William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651; died March 1715) was an English explorer, pirate, privateer, navigator, and naturalist who became the first Englishman to explore parts of what is today Australia, and the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galápagos_tortoise

Also known as Charles Island Tortoise, Charles Island giant tortoise, Chelonoidis elephantopus, Chelonoidis niger, Chelonoidis niger species complex, Chelonoidis nigra, Floreana Island tortoise, Floreana Tortoise, Galapagos Giant Tortoise, Galapagos giant tortoises, Galapagos tortoises, Galopagos tortoise, Geochelone elephantopus, Geochelone nigra, Testudo californiana, Testudo clivosa, Testudo elephantopus, Testudo nigra, Testudo nigrita, Testudo planiceps, Testudo typica.

, Galapagos flycatcher, Galapagos hawk, Galápagos Islands, Galápagos tortoise, Galápagos wildlife, Gene flow, Genus, Geochelone, Georg Baur, Gerardus Mercator, Gigantothermy, Glossary of scientific naming, Guava, Habitat destruction, Harriet (tortoise), Herbivore, Holocene, Humboldt Current, Hybrid (biology), Inbreeding, Indian Ocean, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Isabela Island (Galápagos), Island Conservation, Island gigantism, Island restoration, Ithaca, New York, James Colnett, Jean René Constant Quoy, Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider, John Edward Gray, John Van Denburgh, Joseph Paul Gaimard, Joseph Richard Slevin, Judas goat, Keystone species, Land bridge, Lava, Lichen, List of longest-living organisms, List of subspecies of Galápagos tortoise, Lonesome George, Manchineel, Mascarene Islands, Mating, Mitochondrial DNA, Mockingbird, Molecular phylogenetics, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Mutualism (biology), National Geographic Society, National Museum of Natural History, France, National park, Neontology, New Scientist, Nicholas Lawson, Nomen nudum, Nomen oblitum, Oligocene, Ontogeny, Opuntia, Oryx (journal), Osmosis, Overexploitation, Parasitism, Pericardium, Peter Pritchard, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Phylogenetics, Pinta Island, Pinta Island tortoise, Pinzón Island, Pinzón Island giant tortoise, Piracy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Race (biology), Rábida Island, Reptile Database, Richard Harlan, Robert FitzRoy, Royal Navy, Samuel Garman, San Diego Zoo, Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos), Santa Fe Island, Scale (zoology), Science (journal), Scute, Seal hunting, Second voyage of HMS Beagle, Secondary sex characteristic, Seed dispersal, Selective breeding, Sexual dimorphism, Sexual maturity, Seychelles, Solanum cheesmaniae, South America, Spanish colonization of the Americas, Subspecies, Surface-area-to-volume ratio, Syms Covington, Synonym (taxonomy), Syracuse University, Tanzania, Taxon, Taxonomy (biology), Temperature-dependent sex determination, The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online, Thermoregulation, Threatened species, Tillandsia, Tortoise, Tree of life (biology), Turtle shell, Turtle Taxonomy Working Group, Type species, Undescribed taxon, Vertebrate, Volcán Wolf giant tortoise, Vulnerable species, Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Whaling, William Dampier.

Galápagos tortoise, the Glossary

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