Gandhara, the Glossary
Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan.[1]
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309 relations: Aśvaka, Abdagases I, Acanthus (ornament), Achaemenid Empire, Afghanistan, Afridi, Agraharam, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Ahura Mazda, Akkadian language, Akshobhya, Alchon Huns, Alexander Cunningham, Alexander the Great, Amitābha, Ancient Greek, Ancient history, Anga, Antiochus III the Great, Aornos, Apollo, Apollonius of Tyana, Apracharajas, Aramaic, Aramaic alphabet, Arrian, Artificial cranial deformation, Artyphius, Ashoka, Ashokavadana, Asian Art Museum (San Francisco), Aspavarma, Atharvaveda, Atlas (mythology), Attock, Attock Khurd, Avadana, Avalokiteśvara, Avanti (region), Avesta, Avestan, Avestan geography, Azes II, Bactria, Bagram, Bajaur District, Battle of Peshawar (1001), Behistun Inscription, Bernard Lewis, Bhikkhu, ... Expand index (259 more) »
- Achaemenid satrapies
- Ancient Asia
- Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
- Ancient history of Pakistan
- Archaeological sites in Pakistan
- Buddhist sites in Pakistan
- Historical regions of Pakistan
- Kingdoms in the Ramayana
- Prehistoric Pakistan
Aśvaka
Asvakas (Sanskrit: Aśvaka) were an ancient Indo-Aryan people from Gandhara in the present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Abdagases I
Abdagases I (Greek: Ἀβδαγάσης, epigraphically ΑΒΔΑΓΑΣΟΥ; Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨬𐨡𐨒𐨮) was an Indo-Parthian king, who ruled Gandhara and possibly over most of the Indus region from c. 46 to 60 AD.
Acanthus (ornament)
The acanthus (ἄκανθος) is one of the most common plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration in the architectural tradition emanating from Greece and Rome.
See Gandhara and Acanthus (ornament)
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Gandhara and Achaemenid Empire
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.
Afridi
The Afrīdī (اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Agraharam
An Agraharam (Sanskrit IAST: agrahāram) or Agrahara (Sanskrit IAST: agrahāra) was a grant of land and royal income from it, typically by a king or a noble family in India, for religious purposes, particularly to Brahmins to maintain temples in that land or a pilgrimage site and to sustain their families.
Ahmad Hasan Dani
Ahmad Hassan Dani (Urdu: احمد حسن دانی) FRAS, SI, HI (20 June 1920 – 26 January 2009) was a well known Pakistani archaeologist, historian, and linguist.
See Gandhara and Ahmad Hasan Dani
Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda (𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁|translit.
Akkadian language
Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
See Gandhara and Akkadian language
Akshobhya
Akshobhya (अक्षोभ्य, Akṣobhya, "Immovable One") is one of the Five Wisdom Buddhas, a product of the Adibuddha, who represents consciousness as an aspect of reality.
Alchon Huns
The Alchon Huns, (Bactrian: αλχον(ν)ο Alkhon(n)o or αλχαν(ν)ο Alkhan(n)o) also known as the Alkhan, Alchono, Alxon, Alkhon, Alakhana, and Walxon, were a nomadic people who established states in Central Asia and South Asia during the 4th and 6th centuries CE.
Alexander Cunningham
Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a British Army engineer with the Bengal Sappers who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India.
See Gandhara and Alexander Cunningham
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Gandhara and Alexander the Great
Amitābha
Amitābha (अमिताभ; 'Infinite Light') is the principal Buddha of Pure Land Buddhism.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Gandhara and Ancient Greek
Ancient history
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.
See Gandhara and Ancient history
Anga
Anga was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of eastern India whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
Antiochus III the Great
Antiochus III the Great (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μέγας; 3 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 223 to 187 BC.
See Gandhara and Antiochus III the Great
Aornos
Aornos (Ἄορνος) was the site of Alexander the Great's last siege, which took place on April 326 BC, at a mountain site located in modern Pakistan.
Apollo
Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.
Apollonius of Tyana
Apollonius of Tyana (Ἀπολλώνιος) was a first-century Greek philosopher and religious leader from the town of Tyana, Cappadocia in Roman Anatolia, who spent his life travelling and teaching in the Middle East, North Africa and India.
See Gandhara and Apollonius of Tyana
Apracharajas
The Apracharajas (Gandhari: 𐨀𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨕𐨪𐨗), also known as Avacarajas (Gandhari: 𐨀𐨬𐨕𐨪𐨗),Richard Salomon, An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.
Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Aramaic alphabet
The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian tribes throughout the Fertile Crescent.
See Gandhara and Aramaic alphabet
Arrian
Arrian of Nicomedia (Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Lucius Flavius Arrianus) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.
Artificial cranial deformation
Artificial cranial deformation or modification, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally.
See Gandhara and Artificial cranial deformation
Artyphius
Artyphius (Old Persian: Ardufya) was a general of the Achaemenid Army during the Second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BCE).
Ashoka
Ashoka, also known as Asoka or Aśoka (– 232 BCE), and popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was Emperor of Magadha in the Indian subcontinent from until 232 BCE, and the third ruler from the Mauryan dynasty. Gandhara and Ashoka are ancient history of Pakistan.
Ashokavadana
The Ashokavadana (अशोकावदान;; "Narrative of Ashoka") is an Indian Sanskrit-language text that describes the birth and reign of the third Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)
The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco – Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture Asian Art Museum website.
See Gandhara and Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)
Aspavarma
Aspavarma or Aspa (Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨) was an Apracha general who ruled in Gandhara.
Atharvaveda
The Atharvaveda or Atharva Veda (अथर्ववेद,, from अथर्वन्, and वेद, "knowledge") or Atharvana Veda (अथर्वणवेद) is the "knowledge storehouse of atharvāṇas, the procedures for everyday life".
Atlas (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Atlas (Ἄτλας, Átlās) is a Libyan god and a Titan in Greek mythology condemned to hold up the heavens or sky for eternity in Libya after the Titanomachy.
See Gandhara and Atlas (mythology)
Attock
Attock (Punjabi, اٹک), formerly known as Campbellpur (Punjabi, کیمبل پور|), is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, not far from the country's capital Islamabad.
Attock Khurd
Attock Khurd (اٹک خورد; "Little Attock") is a small town located beside the Indus River in the Attock District of Punjab Province in Pakistan.
Avadana
Avadāna (Sanskrit; Pali: Apadāna) is the name given to a type of Buddhist literature correlating past lives' virtuous deeds to subsequent lives' events.
Avalokiteśvara
In Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara (meaning "God looking down (upon the world)", IPA), also known as Lokeśvara ("Lord of the World") and Chenrezig (in Tibetan), is a tenth-level bodhisattva associated with great compassion (mahakaruṇā).
See Gandhara and Avalokiteśvara
Avanti (region)
Avanti, was an ancient Indian Mahajanapada (Great Janapada), roughly corresponding to the present-day Malwa region.
See Gandhara and Avanti (region)
Avesta
The Avesta is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism from at least the late Sassanid period (ca. 6th century CE).
Avestan
Avestan is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages, Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd to 1st millennium BC) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BC).
Avestan geography
Avestan geography refers to the investigation of place names in the Avesta and the attempt to connect them to real-world geographical sites.
See Gandhara and Avestan geography
Azes II
Azes II (Greek: Ἄζης, epigraphically ΑΖΟΥ; Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨩), may have been the last Indo-Scythian king, speculated to have reigned circa 35–12 BCE, in what is Pakistan today.
Bactria
Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan.
Bagram
Bagram (Pashto/بگرام) is a town and seat in Bagram District in Parwan Province of Afghanistan, about 60 kilometers north of the capital Kabul.
Bajaur District
Bajaur District (باجوړ ولسوالۍ, ضلع باجوڑ), formerly Bajaur Agency, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Bajaur District
Battle of Peshawar (1001)
The Battle of Peshawar was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Mahmud of Ghazni and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar.
See Gandhara and Battle of Peshawar (1001)
Behistun Inscription
The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bisitun or Bisutun; بیستون, Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual Achaemenid royal inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran, established by Darius the Great.
See Gandhara and Behistun Inscription
Bernard Lewis
Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.
See Gandhara and Bernard Lewis
Bhikkhu
A bhikkhu (Pali: भिक्खु, Sanskrit: भिक्षु, bhikṣu) is an ordained male in Buddhist monasticism.
Bindusara
Bindusara (320 BCE – 273 BCE) was the second Mauryan emperor of Magadha in Ancient India.
Bodhisattva
In Buddhism, a bodhisattva (English:; translit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood.
Brahmana
The Brahmanas (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मणम्, IAST: Brāhmaṇam) are Vedic śruti works attached to the Samhitas (hymns and mantras) of the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas.
Brahmin
Brahmin (brāhmaṇa) is a varna (caste) within Hindu society.
British Museum
The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.
See Gandhara and British Museum
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Buddhist art
Buddhist art is visual art produced in the context of Buddhism.
Cambyses II
Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Chanakya
Chanakya (ISO:,; 375–283 BCE) was an ancient Indian polymath who was active as a teacher, author, strategist, philosopher, economist, jurist, and politician.
Chandogya Upanishad
The Chandogya Upanishad (Sanskrit: छान्दोग्योपनिषद्, IAST: Chāndogyopaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda of Hinduism.
See Gandhara and Chandogya Upanishad
Chandragupta II
Chandragupta II (r.c. 375-415), also known by his title Vikramaditya, as well as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, was the third ruler of the Gupta Empire in India.
See Gandhara and Chandragupta II
Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya (350–295 BCE) was the Emperor of Magadha from 322 BC to 297 BC and founder of the Maurya dynasty which ruled over a geographically-extensive empire based in Magadha.
See Gandhara and Chandragupta Maurya
Charles Masson
Charles Masson (1800–1853) was the pseudonym of James Lewis, a British East India Company soldier, independent explorer and pioneering archaeologist and numismatist.
See Gandhara and Charles Masson
Charsadda
Chārsadda (چارسده;; چارسدہ) is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Chenab River
The Chenab River is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, before ultimately flowing into the Indus River.
Chhachh
Chhachh or Chach (Hindko: چھچھ) is a region located in Punjab, Pakistan between Peshawar and Islamabad at the northern tip of Attock, consisting of an alluvial plain extending from Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan, southwest of Topi and Swabi.
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chinese language
Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.
See Gandhara and Chinese language
Chitral
Chitral (ݯھیترار|lit.
Chukhsa
Chukhsa (Hindko/چخسہ.) was an ancient area of Pakistan, modern Chach, west of the city of Taxila. Gandhara and Chukhsa are historical regions of Pakistan.
Cophen campaign
The Cophen campaign was conducted by Alexander the Great in the Kabul (Sanskrit: "Kubha") Valley between May 327 BCDodge 1890, p. 509 and March 326 BC.
See Gandhara and Cophen campaign
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
See Gandhara and Cyrus the Great
Dardic languages
The Dardic languages (also Dardu or Pisaca), or Hindu-Kush Indo-Aryan languages, are a group of several Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern Pakistan, northwestern India and parts of northeastern Afghanistan.
See Gandhara and Dardic languages
Darius the Great
Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.
See Gandhara and Darius the Great
Dhyana in Buddhism
In the oldest texts of Buddhism, dhyāna or jhāna is a component of the training of the mind (bhavana), commonly translated as meditation, to withdraw the mind from the automatic responses to sense-impressions, "burn up" the defilements, and leading to a "state of perfect equanimity and awareness (upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi)." Dhyāna may have been the core practice of pre-sectarian Buddhism, in combination with several related practices which together lead to perfected mindfulness and detachment.
See Gandhara and Dhyana in Buddhism
Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Diódōros; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian.
See Gandhara and Diodorus Siculus
Dir District
Dir is a region in northwestern Pakistan in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in the foothills of the Himalayas.
Directory of Open Access Journals
The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a website that hosts a community-curated list of open access journals, maintained by Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA).
See Gandhara and Directory of Open Access Journals
Edicts of Ashoka
The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, attributed to Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire who ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 268 BCE to 232 BCE.
See Gandhara and Edicts of Ashoka
Edward Conze
Edward Conze, born Eberhard Julius Dietrich Conze (1904–1979), was a scholar of Marxism and Buddhism, known primarily for his commentaries and translations of the Prajñāpāramitā literature.
Elamite language
Elamite, also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Susian, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites.
See Gandhara and Elamite language
Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.
See Gandhara and Eurasian Steppe
Faxian
Faxian (337–), formerly romanized as Fa-hien and Fa-hsien, was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who traveled on foot from Jin China to medieval India to acquire Buddhist scriptures.
Gandāra
Gandāra, or Gadāra in Achaemenid inscriptions (Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼,, also transliterated as since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as or sometimes)Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter. Gandhara and Gandāra are Achaemenid satrapies.
Gandhara
Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. Gandhara and Gandhara are Achaemenid satrapies, ancient Asia, ancient empires and kingdoms of India, ancient history of Pakistan, archaeological sites in Pakistan, Buddhist sites in Pakistan, historical regions of Pakistan, kingdoms in the Ramayana, locations in Hindu mythology and Prehistoric Pakistan.
Gandhara (song)
is a song by Japanese rock band Godiego, serving as their 7th single.
See Gandhara and Gandhara (song)
Gandhara grave culture
The Gandhara grave culture of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle Swat River valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex, dated in that region to –800 BCE.
See Gandhara and Gandhara grave culture
Gandhara Kingdom
Gandhāra (गन्धार) was an ancient Indian kingdom mentioned in the Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. Gandhara and Gandhara Kingdom are kingdoms in the Ramayana.
See Gandhara and Gandhara Kingdom
Gandhari (Mahabharata)
Gandhari is a prominent figure in the Hindu epic the Mahabharata.
See Gandhara and Gandhari (Mahabharata)
Gandhari language
Gāndhārī was an Indo-Aryan Prakrit language found mainly in texts dated between the 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE in the region of Gandhāra, located in the northwestern Indian subcontinent.
See Gandhara and Gandhari language
Gandhāra (kingdom)
Gandhāra (गन्धार) was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of northwestern Indian subcontinent whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
See Gandhara and Gandhāra (kingdom)
Gandhāran Buddhist texts
The Gandhāran Buddhist texts are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered, dating from about the 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE and found in the northwestern outskirts of the Indian subcontinent.
See Gandhara and Gandhāran Buddhist texts
Gedrosia
Gedrosia (Γεδρωσία or گِد رۏچ) is the Hellenized name of the part of coastal Balochistan that roughly corresponds to today's Makran. Gandhara and Gedrosia are historical regions of Pakistan.
Georg Morgenstierne
Georg Valentin von Munthe af Morgenstierne (2 January 1892 – 3 March 1978) was a Norwegian professor of linguistics with the University of Oslo (UiO).
See Gandhara and Georg Morgenstierne
Ghazni
Ghazni (غزنی, غزني), historically known as Ghaznayn (غزنين) or Ghazna (غزنه), also transliterated as Ghuznee, and anciently known as Alexandria in Opiana (Αλεξάνδρεια Ωπιανή), is a city in southeastern Afghanistan with a population of around 190,000 people.
Godiego
is a Japanese rock band founded in 1975, originally consisting of Yukihide Takekawa (lead vocals), Mickie Yoshino (keyboards), Takami Asano (guitar), Steve Fox (bass guitar), and Yujin Harada (drums).
Gondophares
Gondophares I (Greek: Γονδοφαρης Gondopharēs, Υνδοφερρης Hyndopherrēs; Kharosthi: 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨥𐨪,; 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨥𐨪𐨿𐨣,; 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨂𐨵𐨪) was the founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom and its most prominent king, ruling from 19 to 46.
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase.
Great Renunciation
The Great Renunciation or Great Departure (Sanskrit: mahābhiniṣkramaṇa; Pali: mahābhinikkhamana) is the traditional term for the departure of Gautama Buddha (BCE) from his palace at Kapilavastu to live a life as an ascetic (italic, italic).
See Gandhara and Great Renunciation
Greco-Buddhist art
The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism.
See Gandhara and Greco-Buddhist art
Hadda, Afghanistan
Haḍḍa (هډه) is a Greco-Buddhist archeological site located ten kilometers south of the city of Jalalabad, in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan.
See Gandhara and Hadda, Afghanistan
Han dynasty
The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu.
Hazara region
Hazara (Hindko: هزاره, Urdu) is a region in northern Pakistan, falling administratively within Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
See Gandhara and Hazara region
Heliocles I
Heliocles I (Helioklēs meaning "glory of Helios"; reigned 145–120 BC) was a Greco-Bactrian king, brother and successor of Eucratides the Great, and considered (along with his co-ruler and son/nephew Heliocles II) the last Greek king to reign over the Bactrian country.
Hellenistic art
Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the Romans, a process well underway by 146 BC, when the Greek mainland was taken, and essentially ending in 30 BC with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of Actium.
See Gandhara and Hellenistic art
Hephthalite silver bowl
The Hephthalite silver bowl is a bowl discovered in the Swat region of Gandhara, Pakistan, and now in the British Museum.
See Gandhara and Hephthalite silver bowl
Heracles
Heracles (glory/fame of Hera), born Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
Hindko
Hindko (ہندکو, romanized) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northwestern regions of Punjab.
Hindu Kush
The Hindu Kush is an mountain range on the Iranian Plateau in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas.
Hindu Shahis
The Hindu Shahis, also referred to as the Uḍi Śāhis, were a dynasty established between 843 CE and 1026 CE.
History of Afghanistan
The history of Afghanistan, preceding the establishment of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1823 is shared with that of neighbouring Iran, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
See Gandhara and History of Afghanistan
History of Pakistan
The history of Pakistan preceding the country's creation in 1947. Although, Pakistan was created in 1947 as a whole new country by the British through partition of India, but the history of the land extends much further back and is intertwined with that of Afghanistan, India, and Iran.
See Gandhara and History of Pakistan
History of Peshawar
The history of Peshawar is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent.
See Gandhara and History of Peshawar
History of Punjab
The History of Punjab refers to the past history of Punjab region which is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the northwest of South Asia, comprising eastern Punjab province in Pakistan and western Punjab state in India.
See Gandhara and History of Punjab
Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Hund (Pashto: هنډ), known in antiquity as Udabhandapura, is a small village in Swabi district, situated on the right bank of the Indus River in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
Indian art
Indian art consists of a variety of art forms, including painting, sculpture, pottery, and textile arts such as woven silk.
Indica (Arrian)
Indica (Ἰνδική Indikḗ) is the name of a short military history about interior Asia, particularly India, written by Arrian in the 2nd century CE.
See Gandhara and Indica (Arrian)
Indica (Megasthenes)
Indika (Greek: Ἰνδικά; Latin: Indica) is an account of Mauryan India by the Greek writer Megasthenes.
See Gandhara and Indica (Megasthenes)
Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.
See Gandhara and Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan peoples
Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent.
See Gandhara and Indo-Aryan peoples
Indo-Gangetic Plain
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of modern-day northern and eastern India, most of eastern-Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal.
See Gandhara and Indo-Gangetic Plain
Indo-Greek art
Indo-Greek art is the art of the Indo-Greeks, who reigned from circa 200 BCE in areas of Bactria and the Indian subcontinent.
See Gandhara and Indo-Greek art
Indo-Greek Kingdom
The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.
See Gandhara and Indo-Greek Kingdom
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was a Parthian kingdom founded by Gondophares, and active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE. Gandhara and Indo-Parthian Kingdom are ancient empires and kingdoms of India and ancient history of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Indo-Scythian art
Indo-Scythian art developed under the various dynasties of Indo-Scythian rulers in northwestern India, from the 1st century BCE to the early 5th century CE, encompassing the productions of the early Indo-Scythians, the Northern Satraps and the Western Satraps.
See Gandhara and Indo-Scythian art
Indo-Scythians
The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India. Gandhara and Indo-Scythians are ancient history of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Indo-Scythians
Indravarma
Indravarman or Indravarma (Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨), also called Itravasu on his coinage, was an Apracharaja who ruled in Gandhara, with his capital in Bajaur.
Indravasu
Indravasu (Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯𐨂) was an Apracharaja ruling in Gandhara with his capital in Bajaur of modern Pakistan.
Indus River
The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.
Inner Asian Mountain Corridor
The Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC) was an ancient exchange route ranging from the Altai Mountains in Siberia to the Hindu Kush (present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), which took shape in the 3rd millennium BCE.
See Gandhara and Inner Asian Mountain Corridor
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.
See Gandhara and Internet Archive
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Gandhara and Iranian languages
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See Gandhara and Iranian peoples
Islamabad
Islamabad (اسلام‌آباد|translit.
Jainism
Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.
Jalalabad
Jalalabad (d͡ʒä.lɑː.lɑː.bɑːd̪) is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan.
James Prinsep
James Prinsep (20 August 1799 – 22 April 1840) was an English scholar, orientalist and antiquary.
See Gandhara and James Prinsep
Janaka
Janaka (जनक, IAST: Janakā) is the King of Videha who ruled from Mithila, in the Hindu epic Ramayana.
Jataka tales
The Jātaka (Sanskrit for "Birth-Related" or "Birth Stories") are a voluminous body of literature native to the Indian subcontinent which mainly concern the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.
Jayapala
Jayapala was a ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty from 964 to 1001 CE.
Jhelum River
The Jhelum River is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent.
Jibin
Jibin (Old Chinese: Eastern Han Chinese: *kɨas-pin) is the name of an ancient state in central Asia, in the area of Gandhara and the Kabul river, but the exact location of which is unknown.
John Marshall (archaeologist)
Sir John Hubert Marshall (19 March 1876, Chester, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an English archaeologist who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928.
See Gandhara and John Marshall (archaeologist)
Kabul
Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan.
Kabul River
The Kabul River (د کابل سیند, دریای کابل), the classical Cophen, is a river that emerges in the Sanglakh Range of the Hindu Kush mountains in the northeastern part of Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan.
Kalhana
Kalhana (translit) was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir.
Kalinga (historical region)
Kalinga is a historical region of India.
See Gandhara and Kalinga (historical region)
Kambojas
The Kambojas were a southeastern Iranian people who inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands.
Kanishka
Kanishka I, also known as Kanishka the Great, was an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, under whose reign (–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith.
Kanishka Stupa
The Kanishka Stupa (Sanskrit:कनिष्क स्तूप) was a monumental stupa established by the Kushan king Kanishka during the 2nd century CE in today's Shaji-ki-Dheri on the outskirts of Peshawar, Pakistan. Gandhara and Kanishka Stupa are Buddhist sites in Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Kanishka Stupa
Kara-Khanid Khanate
The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.
See Gandhara and Kara-Khanid Khanate
Karakoram
The Karakoram is a mountain range in the Kashmir region spanning the border of Pakistan, China, and India, with the northwestern extremity of the range extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
Kashmir
Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.
Kashmir Valley
The Kashmir Valley, also known as the Vale of Kashmir, is an intermontane valley in northern Jammu and Kashmir, a region in Indian-administered Kashmir.
See Gandhara and Kashmir Valley
Kharahostes
Kharahostes or Kharaosta (Greek: Χαραηώστης, ΧΑΡΑΗωϹΤΕΙ (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨑𐨪𐨀𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟,, 𐨑𐨪𐨩𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟) was an Indo-Scythian ruler (probably a satrap) in the northern Indian subcontinent around 10 BCE – 10 CE.
Kharosthi
The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, was an ancient Indic script used by various peoples from the north-western outskirts of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) to Central Asia via Afghanistan. Gandhara and Kharosthi are ancient history of Pakistan.
Khingila I
Khingila I (Bactrian: χιγγιλο Khingilo, Brahmi script: Khi-ṇgi-la, Middle Chinese: 金吉剌 Kim kjit lat, Persian: شنگل Shengel; c.430-490) was the founding king of the Hunnic Alkhan dynasty (Bactrian: αλχανο, Middle Chinese: 嚈噠).
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خېبر پښتونخوا; Hindko and,; abbr. KP), formerly known as North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a province of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pass
The Khyber Pass (Urdu: درۂ خیبر; translit) is a mountain pass in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, on the border with the Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan.
Kidarites
The Kidarites, or Kidara Huns, were a dynasty that ruled Bactria and adjoining parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries.
Kingdom of Kapisa
The Kingdom of Kapisa (known in contemporary Chinese sources as and) was a state located in what is now Afghanistan during the late 1st millennium CE.
See Gandhara and Kingdom of Kapisa
Kujula Kadphises
Kujula Kadphises (Kushan language: ΚοζουλουΚαδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες; Kharosthi: 𐨐𐨂𐨗𐨂𐨫 𐨐𐨯, IAST:,;; r.
See Gandhara and Kujula Kadphises
Kumaragupta I
Kumaragupta I (Gupta script: Ku-ma-ra-gu-pta, r. c. 415–455 CE) was an emperor of the Gupta Empire of Ancient India.
See Gandhara and Kumaragupta I
Kunar Province
Kunar (Pashto:; Dari) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country.
See Gandhara and Kunar Province
Kurukshetra War
The Kurukshetra War (कुरुक्षेत्र युद्ध), also called the Mahabharata War, is a war described in the Hindu epic poem Mahabharata, arising from a dynastic struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas, for the throne of Hastinapura.
See Gandhara and Kurukshetra War
Kushan art
Kushan art, the art of the Kushan Empire in northern India, flourished between the 1st and the 4th century CE.
Kushan Empire
The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. Gandhara and Kushan Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India and ancient history of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Kushan Empire
List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes
This is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indian religions.
See Gandhara and List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes
Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Lokakṣema (लोकक्षेम) (flourished 147–189) was a Kushan Buddhist monk from Gandhara who traveled to China during the Han dynasty and translated Buddhist texts into Chinese, and, as such, is an important figure in Chinese Buddhism.
See Gandhara and Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Lokottaravāda
The Lokottaravāda (Sanskrit, लोकोत्तरवाद) was one of the early Buddhist schools according to Mahayana doxological sources compiled by Bhāviveka, Vinitadeva and others, and was a subgroup which emerged from the Mahāsāṃghika.
See Gandhara and Lokottaravāda
Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
The Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra (Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit),; Vietnamese: Phật Thuyết Kinh Vô Lượng Thọ; Japanese: Taisho Tripitaka # 360) is one of the two Indian Mahayana sutras which describe the pure land of Amitābha. Together with the Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, this text is highly influential in China and Japan where it is revered by the Jōdo-shū and Jōdo Shinshū congregations.
See Gandhara and Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
Madhyadesha
Madhyadesha or the "middle country" was one of the five sub-divisions of ancient India that extended from the upper reaches of the Ganga and the Yamuna to the confluence of the two rivers at Prayaga.
Magadha
Magadha also called the Kingdom of Magadha or the Magadha Empire, was a kingdom and empire, and one of the sixteen lit during the Second Urbanization period, based in southern Bihar in the eastern Ganges Plain, in Ancient India. Gandhara and Magadha are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.
Mahajanapadas
The Mahājanapadas were sixteen kingdoms and aristocratic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period. Gandhara and Mahajanapadas are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.
See Gandhara and Mahajanapadas
Mahasthamaprapta
Mahāsthāmaprāpta is a bodhisattva mahāsattva who represents the power of wisdom.
See Gandhara and Mahasthamaprapta
Mahayana
Mahāyāna is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India (onwards).
Mahayana sutras
The Mahāyāna sūtras are a broad genre of Buddhist scripture (sūtra) that are accepted as canonical and as ''buddhavacana'' ("Buddha word") in certain communities of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
See Gandhara and Mahayana sutras
Mahāsāṃghika
The Mahāsāṃghika (Brahmi: 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀲𑀸𑀁𑀖𑀺𑀓, "of the Great Sangha") was a major division (nikāya) of the early Buddhist schools in India.
Mahāvastu
The Mahāvastu (Sanskrit for "Great Event" or "Great Story") is a canonical text of the Mahāsāṃghika Lokottaravāda school of Early Buddhism which was originally part of the school's Vinaya pitaka.
Mahīśāsaka
Mahīśāsaka (महीशासक) is one of the early Buddhist schools according to some records.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.
See Gandhara and Mahmud of Ghazni
Maitreya
Maitreya (Sanskrit) or Metteyya (Pali), is a bodhisattva who is regarded as the future Buddha of this world in all schools of Buddhism, prophesied to become Maitreya Buddha or Metteyya Buddha.
Manga
are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan.
Manikyala Stupa
The Manikyala Stupa (مانكياله اسٹوپ) or Mankiala Stupa is a Buddhist stupa near the village of Tope Mankiala, in the Pothohar region of Pakistan's Punjab province. Gandhara and Manikyala Stupa are Buddhist sites in Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Manikyala Stupa
Mardan
Mardān (Pashto and; Urdu; Pashto) is a city in the Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan.
Massagetae
The Massagetae or Massageteans, also known as Sakā tigraxaudā or Orthocorybantians, were an ancient Eastern Iranian Saka people who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia and were part of the wider Scythian cultures.
Mathura
Mathura is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Gandhara and Mathura are locations in Hindu mythology.
Maues
Maues (Greek: Μαύης; ΜΑΥΟΥ (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨨𐨆𐨀,, called 𐨨𐨆𐨒, on the Taxila copper plate; also called 𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁 𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐, in the Mathura lion capital inscription) was the first Indo-Scythian king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE.
Maurya Empire
The Maurya Empire (Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑁂, Māgadhe) was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based in Magadha (present day Bihar). Gandhara and Maurya Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India and ancient history of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Maurya Empire
Megasthenes
Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης, died 290 BCE) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat, ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period.
Mehama
Mehama (Bactrian: Meyam, Brahmi: Me-ha-ma), ruled c.461-493, was a king of Alchon Huns dynasty.
Menander I
Menander I Soter (Ménandros Sōtḗr,; italic; sometimes called Menander the Great) was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek King (reigned /155Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. The first date is estimated by Osmund Bopearachchi and R. C. Senior, the other Boperachchi –130 BC) who administered a large territory in the Northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Central Asia.
Menander II
Menander II Dikaios (Greek: Μένανδρος Β΄ ὁ Δίκαιος; epithet means "the Just") may have been an Indo-Greek King who ruled in the areas of Arachosia and Gandhara in the north of modern Pakistan.
Mes Aynak
Mes Aynak (Pashto/Persian: مس عينک, meaning "little source of copper"), also called Mis Ainak or Mis-e-Ainak, was a major Buddhist settlement southeast of Kabul, Afghanistan, located in a barren region of Logar Province.
Middle Indo-Aryan languages
The Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Middle Indic languages, sometimes conflated with the Prakrits, which are a stage of Middle Indic) are a historical group of languages of the Indo-Aryan family.
See Gandhara and Middle Indo-Aryan languages
Mihirakula
Mihirakula (Gupta script:, Mi-hi-ra-ku-la, Chinese: 摩酰逻矩罗 Mo-hi-lo-kiu-lo), sometimes referred to as Mihiragula or Mahiragula, was the second and last Alchon Hun king of northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent between 502 and 530 CE.
Mudrarakshasa
The Mudrarakshasa (मुद्राराक्षस, IAST: Mudrārākṣasa) is a Sanskrit-language play by Vishakhadatta that narrates the ascent of the king Chandragupta Maurya (BCE) to power in India.
See Gandhara and Mudrarakshasa
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Nagnajit
In several ancient Indian texts, Nagnajit appears as the name of a king or kings who ruled Gandhara and/or neighbouring areas.
Nahapana
Nahapana (Ancient Greek: Ναηαπάνα; Kharosthi: 𐨣𐨱𐨤𐨣,; Brahmi), was an important ruler of the Western Kshatrapas, descendant of the Indo-Scythians, in northwestern India, who ruled during the 1st or 2nd century CE.
Nanda Empire
The Nanda dynasty was the Third ruling dynasty of Magadha in the northern Indian subcontinent during the fourth century BCE and possibly also during the fifth. Gandhara and Nanda Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.
Nawagai, Bajaur
Nawagai is a town in the Bajaur Agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Nawagai, Bajaur
Nearchus
Nearchus or Nearchos (Νέαρχος; – 300 BC) was one of the Greek officers, a navarch, in the army of Alexander the Great.
Nineveh
Nineveh (𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀, URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; נִינְוֵה, Nīnəwē; نَيْنَوَىٰ, Naynawā; ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, Nīnwē), also known in early modern times as Kouyunjik, was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.
Oddiyana
(also: Uḍḍiyāna, Uḍḍāyāna, Udyāna or 'Oḍḍiyāna', Sanskrit: ओड्डियान, उड्डियान, उड्डायान, उद्यान; Pashto: (اديانه),,, ଓଡ୍ଡିଆଣ, Үржин urjin), a small region in early medieval India, is ascribed importance in the development and dissemination of Vajrayāna Buddhism.
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).
Orichalcum
Orichalcum or aurichalcum is a metal mentioned in several ancient writings, including the story of Atlantis in the Critias of Plato.
Pañcāla
Panchala was an ancient kingdom of northern India, located in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab of the Upper Gangetic plain which is identified as Kanyakubja or region around Kannauj. Gandhara and Pañcāla are locations in Hindu mythology.
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
Parinirvana
In Buddhism, parinirvana (Sanskrit:; Pali) describes the state entered after death by someone who has attained nirvana during their lifetime.
Paropamisadae
Paropamisadae or Parapamisadae (Παροπαμισάδαι or Παροπανισάδαι) was a satrapy of the Alexandrian Empire in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, which largely coincided with the Achaemenid province of Parupraesanna. Gandhara and Paropamisadae are Achaemenid satrapies.
See Gandhara and Paropamisadae
Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. Gandhara and Parthia are Achaemenid satrapies.
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Gandhara and Parthian Empire are ancient history of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Parthian Empire
Pashtuns
Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.
Pax Kushana
Pax Kushana or Pax Kushanica (Latin for "Kushan Peace", modelled after Pax Romana) is a historiographical term sometimes used to describe the social and economic peace in the regions under the Kushan Empire between 2nd and 4th centuries AD, notably in the Indus Valley, Gandhara and parts of Central Asia.
Perseus Digital Library
The Perseus Digital Library, formerly known as the Perseus Project, is a free-access digital library founded by Gregory Crane in 1987 and hosted by the Department of Classical Studies of Tufts University.
See Gandhara and Perseus Digital Library
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Gandhara and Persian language
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Peshawar
Peshawar (پېښور; پشور;; پشاور) is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district population of over 4.7 million in the 2023 census.
Peshawar District
Peshawar District (پېښور ولسوالۍ, ضلع پشور, ضلع پشاور) is a district in the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Peshawar District
Philostratus
Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus (Φιλόστρατος; 170s – 240s AD), called "the Athenian", was a Greek sophist of the Roman imperial period.
Phraotes
Phraotes was an Indo-Parthian king of Taxila, in northern Ancient India, met by the Greek philosopher Apollonius of Tyana around 46 CE according to the Life of Apollonius Tyana written by Philostratus.
Plutarch
Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.
Polybius
Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.
Porus
Porus or Poros (Πῶρος; 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines), in the Punjab region of what is now India and Pakistan.
Pothohar Plateau
The Pothohar Plateau (پوٹھوار,: Pо̄ṭhvār; سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار, Satāh Murtafā Pо̄ṭhohār), also known as Pothwar, is a plateau in the northern region of Punjab, Pakistan, located between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.
See Gandhara and Pothohar Plateau
Prajnaparamita
A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala Prajñāpāramitā (प्रज्ञापारमिता) means the "Perfection of Wisdom" or "Perfection of Transcendental Wisdom".
See Gandhara and Prajnaparamita
Prakrit
Prakrit is a group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE.
Pratyekabuddhayāna
Pratyekabuddhayāna (Sanskrit: प्रत्येकबुद्धयान) is a Buddhist term for the mode or vehicle of enlightenment of a pratyekabuddha or paccekabuddha (Sanskrit and Pali respectively), a term which literally means "solitary buddha" or "a buddha on their own" (prati- each, eka-one).
See Gandhara and Pratyekabuddhayāna
Punjab
Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India. Gandhara and Punjab are historical regions of Pakistan.
Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab (abbr. PB) is a province of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Punjab, Pakistan
Pushkalavati
Pushkalavati, was the capital of the ancient region of Gāndhāra, situated in present day's Pakistan. Gandhara and Pushkalavati are Buddhist sites in Pakistan.
Pushkarasarin
Pushkarasarin (Sanskrit) or Pukkusati (Pali) was a king of the Iron Age Indo-Aryan kingdom of Gandhāra during the 6th century BCE.
See Gandhara and Pushkarasarin
Quintus Curtius Rufus
Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Roman historian, probably of the 1st century, author of his only known and only surviving work, Historiae Alexandri Magni, "Histories of Alexander the Great", or more fully Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis Libri Qui Supersunt, "All the Books That Survive of the Histories of Alexander the Great of Macedon." Much of it is missing.
See Gandhara and Quintus Curtius Rufus
R. C. Majumdar
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (known as R. C. Majumdar; 4 December 1888 – 11 February 1980) was an Indian historian and professor known for being an integral part of the Nationalist school of historiography.
See Gandhara and R. C. Majumdar
Raja
Raja (from, IAST) is a royal Sanskrit title that was historically used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Rigveda
The Rigveda or Rig Veda (ऋग्वेद,, from ऋच्, "praise" and वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (sūktas).
Rock music
Rock is a broad genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of different styles from the mid-1960s, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, commonly known as the Royal Asiatic Society, was established, according to its royal charter of 11 August 1824, to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia." From its incorporation the society has been a forum, through lectures, its journal, and other publications, for scholarship relating to Asian culture and society of the highest level.
See Gandhara and Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Sabuktigin
Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin (ابومنصور ناصرالدین والدوله سبکتگین; 940s – August-September 997) was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, and of Ghazna from 977 to 997.
Sagala
Sagala, Sakala (साकला), or Sangala (Σάγγαλα) was a city in ancient India, which was the predecessor of the modern city of Sialkot that is located in what is now Pakistan's northern Punjab province. Gandhara and Sagala are ancient history of Pakistan.
Saka
The Saka were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin.
Samadhi
Statue of a meditating Shiva, Rishikesh Samādhi (Pali and समाधि), in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools, is a state of meditative consciousness.
San Francisco
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center in Northern California.
See Gandhara and San Francisco
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.
Sarnath
Sarnath (also referred to as Sarangnath, Isipatana, Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava) is a place located northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sases
Sases, also known as Gondophares IV Sases (Kharosthi: 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨂𐨥𐨪 𐨯𐨯), was an Indo-Parthian king and Apracharaja who ruled in Gandhara.
Satrap
A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
Schist
Schist is a medium-grained metamorphic rock showing pronounced schistosity.
Second Persian invasion of Greece
The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.
See Gandhara and Second Persian invasion of Greece
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
See Gandhara and Seleucid Empire
Senapati
Senapati (Sanskrit: सेनापति; sena- meaning "army", -pati meaning "lord") is a title in ancient India denoting the rank of General.
Shah
Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.
Shaivism
Shaivism (translit-std) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being.
Shakuni
Shakuni (शकुनि) is one of the antagonists of the Hindu epic Mahabharata.
Shaman King
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroyuki Takei.
Shatapatha Brahmana
The Shatapatha Brahmana (lit,, abbreviated to 'SB') is a commentary on the Śukla Yajurveda.
See Gandhara and Shatapatha Brahmana
Shauraseni Prakrit
Shauraseni Prakrit (Śaurasenī Prākṛta) was a Middle Indo-Aryan language and a Dramatic Prakrit.
See Gandhara and Shauraseni Prakrit
Shinkot casket
The Shinkot casket, also Bajaur reliquary of the reign of Menander, is a Buddhist reliquary from the Bajaur area in Gandhara, thought to mention the reign of the 2nd century BCE Indo-Greek king Menander I. The steatite casket is said to have contained a silver and a gold reliquary at the time of discovery, but they have been lost.
See Gandhara and Shinkot casket
Sialkot
Sialkot (Punjabi, سيالكوٹ) is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan.
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE.
See Gandhara and Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
The Silver Reliquary of Indravarman is an inscribed silver Buddhist reliquary dedicated by Apracaraja king Indravarman in the 1st century BCE,The item belongs to the Shumei Culture Foundation in Otsu, Japan and was loaned to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, when it was studied by Richard Salomon of the University of Washington, who examined and studied the inscriptions and published his results in Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol 116, No 3, 1996, pp 1418-452.
See Gandhara and Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
Sirkap
Sirkap (Urdu and سرکپ) is the name of an archaeological site on the bank opposite to the city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. Gandhara and Sirkap are Buddhist sites in Pakistan.
Sivalik Hills
The Sivalik Hills, also known as the Shivalik Hills and Churia Hills, are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas.
See Gandhara and Sivalik Hills
Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Gandhara and Sogdia are Achaemenid satrapies.
Song Yun
Song Yun or Songyun (& 520s) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled to medieval India from the Tuoba Northern Wei kingdom during China's Northern and Southern dynastic period at the behest of the Empress Hu. Gandhara and Song Yun are ancient history of Pakistan.
Sophagasenus
Sophagasenos, also spelt Sophagasenus or Sophagasenas (Sanskrit: Subhagasena), was a local Indian king ruling in Kabul and Kapisa valley (Paropamisade of the classical writings) during the last decade of 3rd century BCE.
South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.
Strato II
Strato II Soter (Στράτων B΄ ὁ Σωτήρ, Strátōn B΄ ho Sotḗr; epithet means "the Saviour") also known as Stratha, was an Indo-Greek king.
Stucco
Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water.
Stupa
In Buddhism, a stupa (lit) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as śarīra – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation.
Swabi
Swabi (صوابۍ; صوابی) is a city in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Swat District
Swat District (سوات ولسوالۍ), also known as the Swat Valley, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Swat District
Swat River
The Swat River (دریائے سوات, سوات سیند) is a perennial river in the northern region of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.
Taranatha
Tāranātha (1575–1634) was a Lama of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Tarim Basin
The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in Xinjiang, Northwestern China occupying an area of about and one of the largest basins in Northwest China.
Taxila
Taxila or Takshashila (Takṣaśilā; Takkasilā) is a city in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan. Gandhara and Taxila are Buddhist sites in Pakistan and locations in Hindu mythology.
Taxiles
Taxiles or Taxilas (Tαξίλης, Taxílēs or Ταξίλας, Taxílas lived 4th century BC) was the Greek chroniclers' name for the ruler who reigned over the tract between the Indus and the Jhelum (Hydaspes) Rivers in the Punjab region at the time of Alexander the Great's expedition.
The Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
Theodamas
Theodamas (''fl.'' 1st century) seems to have been an Indo-Greek ruler in the Bajaur area of Gandhara, in modern Pakistan.
Tianzhu (India)
Tianzhu is the historical Chinese name for India.
See Gandhara and Tianzhu (India)
Tirah
Tirah, also spelled Terah (تیراہ), also called the Tirah Valley (د تیرا دره), is a mountainous tract located in the Orakzai District and the southern part of the Khyber District, lying between the Khyber Pass and the Khanki Valley in Pakistan.
Tirahi language
Tirahi is a nearly extinct if not already extinct Indo-Aryan language spoken in a few villages in the southeast of Jalalabad in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan.
See Gandhara and Tirahi language
Torwali language
Torwali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Torwali people, and concentrated in the Bahrain and Chail areas of the Swat District in Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Torwali language
Trigarta Kingdom
Trigarta (also known as Jalandhara) was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom based in the region of modern day Punjab. Gandhara and Trigarta Kingdom are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.
See Gandhara and Trigarta Kingdom
Turk Shahis
The Turk Shahis or Kabul Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Turko-Hephthalite, or a group of Hephthalites origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries AD.
Uddālaka Āruṇi
Uddalaka Aruni (fl. c. 8th century BCE), (Devanagari: उद्दालक आरुणि) also referred to as Uddalaka or Aruni or Uddalaka Varuni, is a revered Vedic sage of Hinduism.
See Gandhara and Uddālaka Āruṇi
University of Calcutta
The University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University; CU) is a public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
See Gandhara and University of Calcutta
University of Peshawar
The University of Peshawar (د پېښور پوهنتون; پشور یونیورسٹی; جامعۂ پشاور; abbreviated UoP; known more popularly as Peshawar University) is a public research university located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
See Gandhara and University of Peshawar
Uttaradhyayana
Uttaradhyayana or Uttaradhyayana Sutra is one of the most important sacred books of Jains.
See Gandhara and Uttaradhyayana
Vajrapani
(Sanskrit; Pali: Vajirapāṇi, 'holder of the thunderbolt', lit. meaning, "Vajra in hand") is one of the earliest-appearing bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism.
Valley of Peshawar
The Valley of Peshawar (د لوی پېښور وادي; وادئ پشاور), or Peshawar Basin, historically known as the Gandhara Valley, is a broad area situated in the central part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
See Gandhara and Valley of Peshawar
Vedic period
The Vedic period, or the Vedic age, is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation, which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain BCE. Gandhara and Vedic period are ancient history of Pakistan.
Vidarbha
Vidarbha (Pronunciation: ʋid̪əɾbʱə) is a geographical region in the west Indian state of Maharashtra.
Videha
Videha (Prākrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀤𑁂𑀳; Pāli:; Sanskrit) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-eastern Indian subcontinent whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. Gandhara and Videha are kingdoms in the Ramayana.
Vijayamitra
Vijayamitra was an Apracharaja who ruled in Gandhara, with his capital in Bajaur.
Vima Takto
Vima Takto or Vima Taktu (Greco-Bactrian: Οοημο Τακτοο, Oēmo Taktoo; Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨅𐨨 𐨟𐨑𐨆) was a Kushan emperor who reigned –90 CE.
Wars of Alexander the Great
The wars of Alexander the Great (Greek: Πόλεμοι τουΜεγάλουΑλεξάνδρου) were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon from 336 BC to 323 BC.
See Gandhara and Wars of Alexander the Great
Western Satraps
The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas (Brahmi:, Mahakṣatrapa, "Great Satraps") were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central parts of India (extending from Saurashtra in the south and Malwa in the east, covering modern-day Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states), between 35 and 415 CE.
See Gandhara and Western Satraps
Xerxes I
Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
Xuanzang
Xuanzang ((Hsüen Tsang); 6 April 6025 February 664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (/), also known by his Sanskrit Dharma name Mokṣadeva, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator.
Yojana
A yojana (Devanagari: योजन; Khmer language: យោជន៍; โยชน์; ယူဇနာ) is a measure of distance that was used in ancient India, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar.
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏).
See also
Achaemenid satrapies
- Achaemenid Arabia
- Achaemenid Assyria
- Achaemenid Egypt
- Arachosia
- Aria (region)
- Babylonia
- Bactria (satrapy)
- Cappadocia (satrapy)
- Carmania (region)
- Chorasmia (satrapy)
- Cilicia
- District XVII (satrapy)
- Drangiana
- Eber-Nari
- Gandhara
- Gandāra
- Gedrosia (satrapy)
- Hindush
- Hyrcania
- Ionia (satrapy)
- Kush (satrapy)
- Libya (satrapy)
- Lydia (satrapy)
- Maka (satrapy)
- Media (region)
- Paropamisadae
- Parthia
- Satrapy of Armenia
- Sattagydia
- Skudra
- Sogdia
- Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
- Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
- Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
- Yehud Medinata
Ancient Asia
- Ancient Bengal
- Ancient China
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient India
- Ancient Japan
- Ancient Near East
- Ancient Nepal
- Ancient Russia
- Ancient Vietnam
- Ancient history of Afghanistan
- Ancient history of Iran
- Ancient history of Pakistan
- Elam
- Gandhara
- History of the Philippines (900–1565)
- Lingling-o
- Philippine jade culture
- Phoenicia
- Sattagydia
Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
- Abhira Kingdom
- Chera Kingdom
- Dasharna
- Davaka kingdom
- Gandhara
- Garha Kingdom
- Gupta Empire
- Indo-Parthian Kingdom
- Kadamba dynasty
- Kamsabhoga
- Kuninda Kingdom
- Kushan Empire
- Later Gupta dynasty
- Magadha
- Mahajanapadas
- Maurya Empire
- Middle kingdoms of India
- Monarchy in ancient India
- Nanda Empire
- Pauravas
- Satavahana dynasty
- Shunga Empire
- Trigarta Kingdom
- Vakataka dynasty
- Vishnukundina dynasty
- Ālavī
Ancient history of Pakistan
- Acadera
- Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
- Ashoka
- Gandhara
- Ghurid dynasty
- India (Herodotus)
- Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
- Indo-Parthian Kingdom
- Indo-Scythians
- Kharosthi
- Komedes
- Kushan Empire
- Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
- Maurya Empire
- Parthian Empire
- Patalene
- Patan minara
- Sagala
- Sasanian Empire
- Sattagydia
- Sauvira Kingdom
- Song Yun
- Turvayana
- Vedic period
Archaeological sites in Pakistan
- Amri culture
- Bannu Archaeological Project
- Gandhara
- Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan
- Killi Kechi Beg
- List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites
- List of archaeological sites in Pakistan
- List of cultural heritage sites in Azad Kashmir
- List of cultural heritage sites in Balochistan, Pakistan
- List of cultural heritage sites in Gilgit-Baltistan
- List of cultural heritage sites in Islamabad
- List of cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- List of cultural heritage sites in Lahore
- List of cultural heritage sites in Muzaffargarh
- List of cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan
- List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh
- Losar Baoli
- Mohenjo-daro
- Sattagydia
- Shah Allah Ditta caves
- Singoor
Buddhist sites in Pakistan
- Bhir Mound
- Buddhist rock carving in Manglawar
- Butkara Stupa
- Dharmarajika Stupa
- Gandhara
- Jinnan Wali Dheri
- Kalawan
- Kanishka Stupa
- Kunala Stupa
- Lower Swat Valley
- Manikyala Stupa
- Mankiala
- Mian Khan
- Mohra Muradu
- Pushkalavati
- Seri Bahlol
- Siraj-ji-Takri
- Sirkap
- Sirnikot
- Sphola Stupa
- Takht-i-Bahi
- Taxila
- Taxila Tehsil
Historical regions of Pakistan
- Bar Region
- Chukhsa
- Dasht-e Yahudi
- Duggar (region)
- Gandhara
- Gedrosia
- Kamsabhoga
- Makran
- Princely states of Pakistan
- Punjab
- Roh (historical region)
- Sattagydia
Kingdoms in the Ramayana
- Dakshina Kosala
- Danda Kingdom
- Gandhara
- Gandhara Kingdom
- Heheya Kingdom
- History of the Mithila region
- Kekeya Kingdom
- Kishkindha
- Kosala
- Kosala Kingdom
- Lanka
- Madra Kingdom
- Usinara Kingdom
- Videha
Prehistoric Pakistan
- Ancient Rock Carvings of Sindh
- Black and red ware
- Gandhara
- Indus Valley Civilisation
- Indus Valley civilisation
- Painted Grey Ware culture
- Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
- South Asian Stone Age
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara
Also known as Gandahara, Gandara art, Gandhara Civilization, Gandhara civilisation, Gandhara culture, Gandhara period, Gandharan, Gandharas, Gandhāra, Ghandahra, Ghandara, Gāndhāra, Waihand.
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