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Iraqi Kurdistan, the Glossary

Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan (Başûrê Kurdistanê) refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq.^[1]

189 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abdul Rahman Arif, Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul-Karim Qasim, Adiabene, Afsharid Iran, Ahmed Barzani, Ahmed Barzani revolt, Alexander the Great, Algeria, Ali Hassan al-Majid, Amedi, Amorites, Anfal campaign, Aq Qoyunlu, Arabian Peninsula, Arabization, Arabs, Arrapha, Assyrian people, Autonomous administrative division, Ba'ath Party, Ba'athism, Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq, Ba'athist Iraq, Baban, Bahdinan, Barzani (tribe), British Empire, Catalonia, Central Intelligence Agency, Cheekha Dar, Chemical warfare, Church of the East, Constitution of Iraq, Corduene, Duhok, Duhok Governorate, Economic sanctions, Ed Royce (politician), Elam, Emirate, Emirate of Transjordan, Erbil, Erbil Governorate, Eshnunna, Food and Agriculture Organization, Freezing, Frost, Gannett, ... Expand index (139 more) »
Eastern Mediterranean
Geography of Iraq
Geography of Kurdistan
Kurdistan
Kurdistan independence movement
Kurds in Iraq
Politics of Iraq
Separatism in Iraq
Subdivisions of Iraq
Upper Mesopotamia

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Hajj ʿAbdul Rahman Mohammed ʿArif al-Jumayli (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿĀrif; 14 April 191624 August 2007) was an Iraqi military officer and politician who served as the third president of Iraq from 16 April 1966 to 17 July 1968.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Abdul Rahman Arif

Abdul Salam Arif

Abdul Salam Mohammed ʿArif al-Jumayli (عبد السلاممحمد عارف الجميلي; 21 March 1921 – 13 April 1966) was the second president of Iraq from 1963 until his death in a plane crash in 1966.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Abdul Salam Arif

Abdul-Karim Qasim

Abdul-Karim Qasim Muhammad Bakr al-Fadhli al-Zubaidi (عبد الكريمقاسم; 21 November 1914 – 9 February 1963) was an Iraqi military officer and nationalist who came to power in 1958 when the Iraqi monarchy was overthrown during the 14 July Revolution.

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Adiabene

Adiabene (Greek: Αδιαβηνή) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria.

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Afsharid Iran

The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly referred to as Afsharid Iran or the Afsharid Empire, was an Iranian empire established by the Turkoman Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, establishing the Afsharid dynasty that would rule over Iran during the mid-eighteenth century.

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Ahmed Barzani

Ahmed Mohammad Barzani (1896 – 11 January 1969) (translit), also known as Khudan (translit), was the head of the Barzani tribe in Kurdistan.

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Ahmed Barzani revolt

Ahmed Barzani revolt refers to the first of the major Barzani revolts and the third Kurdish nationalistic insurrection in modern Iraq.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.

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Ali Hassan al-Majid

Ali Hassan Majid al-Tikriti (ʿAlī Ḥasan Majīd al-Tikrītī; – 25 January 2010), nicknamed Chemical Ali (ʿAlī al-Kīmīawī), was an Iraqi military officer and politician under Saddam Hussein who served as defence minister, interior minister, and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.

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Amedi

Amedi or Amadiye (Amêdî;; ʿAmədya) is a town in the Duhok Governorate of Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

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Amorites

The Amorites (author-link, Pl. XXVIII e+i|MAR.TU; Amurrūm or Tidnum Tidnum; ʾĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age people from the Levant.

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Anfal campaign

The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War.

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Aq Qoyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Ağqoyunlular) was a culturally Persianate,Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep).

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arabization

Arabization or Arabicization (translit) is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Arrapha

Arrapha or Arrapkha (Akkadian: Arrapḫa; أررابخا,عرفة) was an ancient city in what today is northeastern Iraq, thought to be located at city of Kirkuk.

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Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

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Autonomous administrative division

An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, zone, entity, unit, region, subdivision, province, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy—self-governance—under the national government.

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Ba'ath Party

The Arab Socialist Baʿth Party (also anglicized as Ba'ath in loose transcription; البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was a political party founded in Syria by Mishel ʿAflaq, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār, and associates of Zakī al-ʾArsūzī.

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Ba'athism

Ba'athism, also spelled Baathism, is an Arab nationalist ideology which promotes the creation and development of a unified Arab state through the leadership of a vanguard party over a socialist revolutionary government.

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Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq

Between 1968 and 2003, the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of the Iraqi Republic perpetrated multiple campaigns of demographic engineering against the country's non-Arabs.

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Ba'athist Iraq

Ba'athist Iraq, officially the Iraqi Republic (1968–1992) and later the Republic of Iraq (1992–2003), was the Iraqi state between 1968 and 2003 under the rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.

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Baban

Baban was a Kurdish principality existing from the 16th century to 1850, centered on Sulaymaniyah.

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Bahdinan

Bahdinan (Bahdīnān) or Badinan (Bādīnān) was one of the most powerful and enduring Kurdish principalities.

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Barzani (tribe)

The Barzani tribe (Eşîra Barzanî) is a Kurdish tribe and tribal confederation of various neighboring tribes inhabiting Barzan in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Cheekha Dar

Cheekha Dar (Çîxî Derê, چیخی دەرێ), which means Black Tent, is the local Kurdish name for the mountain, located in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, currently thought to be the highest in Iraq.

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Chemical warfare

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

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Church of the East

The Church of the East (''ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā''.) or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church or the Nestorian Church, is one of three major branches of Nicene Eastern Christianity that arose from the Christological controversies of the 5th and 6th centuries, alongside the Miaphisite churches (which came to be known as the Oriental Orthodox Churches) and the Chalcedonian Church (whose Eastern branch would later become the Eastern Orthodox Church).

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Constitution of Iraq

The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (دستور جمهورية العراق Kurdish: دەستووری عێراق) is the fundamental law of Iraq.

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Corduene

Corduene (translit) was an ancient historical region, located south of Lake Van, present-day eastern Turkey.

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Duhok

Duhok (translit; Dohūk.; Beth Nohadra., Dohok) is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

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Duhok Governorate

Duhok Governorate (پارێزگای دھۆک,Parêzgeha Dihok, Hoparkiya d’Nohadra, Muḥāfaẓat Dohūk) is a governorate in the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan and Duhok Governorate are Upper Mesopotamia.

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Economic sanctions

Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals.

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Ed Royce (politician)

Edward Randall Royce (born October 12, 1951) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from California from 1993 to 2019.

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Elam

Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.

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Emirate

An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world.

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Emirate of Transjordan

The Emirate of Transjordan (the emirate east of the Jordan), officially known as the Amirate of Trans-Jordan, was a British protectorate established on 11 April 1921,, "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on April 11, 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946" which remained as such until achieving formal independence in 1946.

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Erbil

Erbil (أربيل,; ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ), also called Hawler, is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Erbil

Erbil Governorate

Erbil Governorate (پارێزگای ھەولێر,Parêzgeha Hewlêr, Muḥāfaẓat Arbīl) is a governorate in the Kurdistan Region. Iraqi Kurdistan and Erbil Governorate are Upper Mesopotamia.

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Eshnunna

Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian (and later Akkadian) city and city-state in central Mesopotamia 12.6 miles northwest of Tell Agrab and 15 miles northwest of Tell Ishchali.

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Food and Agriculture Organization

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsOrganisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture; Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura.

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Freezing

Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

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Frost

Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface.

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Gannett

Gannett Co., Inc. is an American mass media holding company headquartered in New York City.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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Government of Kurdistan Region

The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) (حکوومەتی هەرێمی کوردستان, Hikûmetî Herêmî Kurdistan; حكومة إقليمكردستان, Ḥukūmat ʾIqlīm Kurdistān) is the official executive body of the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan and Government of Kurdistan Region are Kurdistan.

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Great Zab

The Great Zab or Upper Zab (or Zêyê Mezin) is an approximately long river flowing through Turkey and Iraq.

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Gutian people

The Guti, also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a people of the ancient Near East.

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Halabja

Halabja (Helebce) is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the capital of Halabja Governorate, located about northeast of Baghdad and from the Iranian border.

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Halabja massacre

The Halabja massacre (کیمیابارانی ھەڵەبجە Kêmyabarana Helebce), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988 that was led by Saddam Hussein's cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid, during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict in the closing days of the Iran–Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.

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Hamrin Mountains

The Hamrin Mountains (Jabāl Hamrīn, Çiyayê Hemrîn or Çiyayên Hemrîn) are a small mountain ridge in northeast Iraq.

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Houari Boumédiène

Houari Boumédiène (translit; born Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba; 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an Algerian military officer and politician who served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second president of Algeria until his death in 1978.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

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Inanna

Inanna is the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.

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Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan (translit) is an unofficial name for the parts of northwestern Iran with either a majority or sizable population of Kurds. Iraqi Kurdistan and Iranian Kurdistan are Kurdistan.

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Iranian languages

The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Iraq War

The Iraq War, sometimes called the Second Persian Gulf War, or Second Gulf War was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion of Iraq by the United States-led coalition that overthrew the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

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Iraqi Air Force

The Iraqi Air Force (IQAF or IrAF) (Al Quwwat al Jawwiyah al Iraqiyyah) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Iraqi Armed Forces.

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Iraqi Armenians

Iraqi Armenians (أرمنيون عراقيون ’Armanion Iraqion; Armenian: իրաքահայեր irakahayer) are Iraqi citizens and residents of Armenian ethnicity.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi Armenians

Iraqi Ground Forces

The Iraqi Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية العراقية), also referred to as the Iraqi Army (Arabic: الجيش العراقي), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces.

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Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

The Iraqi insurgency was an insurgency that began in late 2011 after the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

Iraqi Turkmen

The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled as Turkoman and Turcoman; Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, Turkish-Iraqis, the Turkish minority in Iraq, and the Iraqi-Turkish minority (translitIrāq; Irak Türkleri) are Iraq's third largest ethnic group.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi Turkmen

Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

The Iraqi–Kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the Kurds and the central authority of Iraq starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by Mahmud Barzanji to establish an independent Kingdom of Kurdistan, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis. Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi–Kurdish conflict are Kurdistan independence movement and Separatism in Iraq.

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Irrigation

Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.

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Jalal Talabani

Jalal Talabani (translit; جلال طالباني; 12 November 1933 – 3 October 2017) was an Iraqi politician who served as the sixth president of Iraq from 2005 to 2014, as well as the president of the Governing Council of Iraq.

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Jarmo

Jarmo (Qal'at Jarmo) (Çermo) is a prehistoric archeological site located in modern Iraqi Kurdistan on the foothills of the Zagros Mountains.

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Khanaqin

Khanaqin (خانقين; translit) is the central city of Khanaqin District in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, near the Iranian border (8 km) on the Alwand tributary of the Diyala River.

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Kingdom of Kurdistan

The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived Kurdish state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

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Kirkuk

Kirkuk (كركوك; translit;; Kerkük) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located north of Baghdad.

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Kirkuk Field

Kirkuk Field is an oilfield in Kirkuk, Iraq.

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Kurda

Kurda was an ancient city-state and a Middle Bronze petty kingdom located in the region of the Sinjar Plain in Northern Mesopotamia.

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Kurdistan

Kurdistan (lit), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural region in West Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdistan are Kurdistan independence movement.

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Kurdistan Democratic Party

The Kurdistan Democratic Party (Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê), usually abbreviated as KDP or PDK, is the ruling party in Iraqi Kurdistan and the senior partner in the Kurdistan Regional Government.

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Kurdistan Region

Kurdistan Region (KRI; Herêmî Kurdistan; Herêma Kurdistanê; Iqlīm Kurdistān) is an autonomous administrative entity within the Republic of Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdistan Region are Kurdistan.

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Kurds

Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.

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Kurds in Iraq

The Iraqi Kurds (translit) are the second largest ethnic group of Iraq.

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Lake Dukan

Lake Dukan (or Lake Dokan; بحيرة دوكان) is a lake in Kurdistan Region Iraq.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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Literal translation

Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.

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Little Zab

The Little Zab or Lower Zab (al-Zāb al-Asfal; or Zêyê Biçûk;, Zâb-e Kuchak;, Zāba Taḥtāya) is a river that originates in Iran and joins the Tigris just south of Al Zab in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

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Lullubi

Lullubi, Lulubi (𒇻𒇻𒉈: Lu-lu-bi, 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠: Lu-lu-biki "Country of the Lullubi"), more commonly known as Lullu, were a group of Bronze Age tribes during the 3rd millennium BC, from a region known as Lulubum, now the Sharazor plain of the Zagros Mountains of modern-day Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq.

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Mahmud Barzanji

Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji (شێخ مه‌حموود بەرزنجی) or Mahmud Hafid Zadeh (1878 – October 9, 1956) was a Kurdish leader of a series of Kurdish uprisings against the British Mandate of Iraq.

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Mandaeans

Mandaeans (المندائيون), also known as Mandaean Sabians (الصابئة المندائيون) or simply as Sabians (الصابئة), are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism.

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Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.

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Mandatory Iraq

The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq), was created in 1921, following the 1920 Iraqi Revolution against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia, and enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as Mandatory Power.

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Mandatory Palestine

Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.

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Mardaman

Mardaman (modern Bassetki) was a northern Mesopotamian city that existed between ca.2200 and 1200 BC.

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Masoud Barzani

Masoud Barzani (translit; born 16 August 1946) is a Kurdish politician who has been leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) since 1979, and was President of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq from 2005 to 2017.

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Mediterranean climate

A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude).

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Mitanni

Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts,; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan linguistic and political influences.

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Mithridates I of Parthia

Mithridates I (also spelled Mithradates I or Mihrdad I; 𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt), also known as Mithridates I the Great, was king of the Parthian Empire from 165 BC to 132 BC.

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Mongols

The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.

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Mossad

The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (ha-Mosád le-Modiʿín u-le-Tafkidím Meyuḥadím), popularly known as Mossad, is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel.

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Mosul

Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.

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Mount Nisir

Mount Nisir (also spelled Mount Niṣir, and also called Mount Nimush), mentioned in the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, is supposedly the mountain known today as Pir Omar Gudrun (elevation 2588 m (8490 ft.)), near the city Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan.

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Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Mustafa Barzani

Mustafa Barzani (Mistefa Barzanî; 14 March 1903 – 1 March 1979), also known as Mullah Mustafa (مەلا مستەفا; Mela Mistefa), was a Kurdish leader, general and one of the most prominent political figures in modern Kurdish politics.

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Nader Shah

Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; 6 August 1698 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion.

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Naram-Sin of Akkad

Naram-Sin, also transcribed Narām-Sîn or Naram-Suen (𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪: DNa-ra-am DSîn, meaning "Beloved of the Moon God Sîn", the "𒀭" a determinative marking the name of a god), was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire, who reigned –2218 BC (middle chronology), and was the third successor and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad.

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National anthem

A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation.

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Neanderthal

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Newroz as celebrated by Kurds

Newroz or Nawruz (نەورۆز, Newroz) is the Kurdish celebration of Nowruz; the arrival of spring and new year in Kurdish culture.

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Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

The Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) began on 4 June 2014, when the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, assisted by various insurgent groups in the region, began a major offensive from its territory in Syria into Iraq against Iraqi and Kurdish forces, following earlier clashes that had begun in December 2013 involving guerillas.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

Oil-for-Food Programme

The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP) was established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to boost its military capabilities.

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Operation Provide Comfort

Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were military operations initiated by the United States and other Coalition nations of the Persian Gulf War, starting in April 1991, to defend Kurdish refugees fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War, and to deliver humanitarian aid to them.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)

The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 was a conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia.

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Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK; translit) is a political party active in Kurdistan Region and the disputed territories in Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan are Kurdistan independence movement and Separatism in Iraq.

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Peshmerga

The Peshmerga (پێشمەرگه) comprise the standing military of Kurdistan Region, an autonomous political entity within the Republic of Iraq.

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Plain

In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.

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Population decline

Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size.

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Qaladiza

Qaladze (Qeladizê, قلدز) is a town in Kurdistan Region, Iraq, north of Sulaymaniyah, near the Iranian border.

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Qandil Mountains

The Qandil Mountains (چیایێن قەندیلێ Çiyayên Qendîlê, جبل قنديل), are a mountainous area of Iraq near the Iran-Iraq border.

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Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

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Rainfed agriculture

Rainfed agriculture is a type of farming that relies on rainfall for water.

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Rappler

Rappler (portmanteau of the words "rap" and "ripple") is a Filipino online news website based in Pasig, Metro Manila, the Philippines.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Rawandiz

Rawandiz (Rewandiz) is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, located in the Erbil Governorate in soran district, close to the borders with Iran and Turkey, it is only 7km far from the city ceneter of soran city and it is located 10 km to the east from Bekhal Waterfall.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Rawandiz

Republic of Mahabad

The Republic of Mahabad, also referred to as the Republic of Kurdistan (translit; جمهوری مهاباد), was a short-lived Kurdish self-governing unrecognized state in present-day Iran, from 22 January to 15 December 1946.

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Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

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Review of International Studies

The Review of International Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal on international relations published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British International Studies Association.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (Dudmâne Safavi) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736.

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Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.

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Sclerophyll

Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that is adapted to long periods of dryness and heat.

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Seasonal lag

Seasonal lag is the phenomenon whereby the date of maximum average air temperature at a geographical location on a planet is delayed until some time after the date of maximum daylight (i.e. the summer solstice).

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Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

The Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was the second chapter of the Barzani rebellion, initiated by the collapse of the Kurdish autonomy talks and the consequent Iraqi offensive against rebel KDP troops of Mustafa Barzani during 1974–1975. The war came in the aftermath of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970), as the 1970 peace plan for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974.

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Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

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Semi-arid climate

A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.

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Settler colonialism

Settler colonialism occurs when colonizers and settlers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with the society of the colonizers.

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Shabaks

Shabaks (الشبك; translit) are a group with a disputed ethnic origin.

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Shamshi-Adad I

Shamshi-Adad (Šamši-Adad; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu), ruled 1808–1776 BC, was an Amorite warlord and conqueror who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Shanidar Cave

Shanidar Cave (Eşkewtî Şaneder) is an archaeological site on Bradost Mountain, within the Zagros Mountains in the Erbil Governorate of Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq.

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Shaqlawa

Shaqlawa (Şeqlawe, شقلاوة) is a historic city and a hill station in the Erbil Governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Shaqlawa

Sinjar Mountains

The Sinjar Mountains (translit, translit, Ṭura d'Shingar), are a mountain range that runs east to west, rising above the surrounding alluvial steppe plains in northwestern Iraq to an elevation of.

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Snow

Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes.

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Soran Emirate

Soran Emirate (میرنشینی سۆران) was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836.

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Soran, Iraq

Soran or Diyana is a city in Erbil Governorate, and the capital of Soran District in Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Subartu

The land of Subartu (Akkadian Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri) or Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur, Ugaritic 𐎘𐎁𐎗 ṯbr) is mentioned in Bronze Age literature.

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Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.

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Sulaymaniyah Governorate

Sulaymaniyah Governorate (پارێزگای سلێمانی; Parêzgeha Silêmaniyê; محافظة السليمانية.) or Sulaymaniyah Province is a governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Sulaymaniyah Governorate

Sykes–Picot Agreement

The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. Iraqi Kurdistan and Syria are eastern Mediterranean and Levant.

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Syrian Kurdistan

Syrian Kurdistan is a region in northern Syria where Kurds form the majority. Iraqi Kurdistan and Syrian Kurdistan are eastern Mediterranean, Kurdistan, Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Tehran

Tehran (تهران) or Teheran is the capital and largest city of Iran as well as the largest in Tehran Province.

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Tell Hassuna

Tell Hassuna is a tell, or settlement mound, in the Nineveh Province (Iraq), about 35km south-west of Nineveh.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Third World Quarterly

Third World Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal managed by Global South Ltd and published by Taylor & Francis.

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Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. Iraqi Kurdistan and Tigris are Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Treaty of Lausanne

The Treaty of Lausanne (Traité de Lausanne, Lozan Antlaşması.) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923.

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Treaty of Sèvres

The Treaty of Sèvres (Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Zuhab

The Treaty of Zuhab (عهدنامه زهاب, Ahadnāmah Zuhab), also called Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin (Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşması), was an accord signed between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire on May 17, 1639.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey are eastern Mediterranean.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

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Turkish Kurdistan

Turkish Kurdistan or Northern Kurdistan is the southeastern part of Turkey where Kurds form the predominant ethnic group. Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkish Kurdistan are geography of Kurdistan, Kurdistan and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 688

United Nations Security Council Resolution 688, adopted on 5 April 1991, after receiving letters from the representatives of France, Iran, and Turkey and expressing its concern over political repression of the Iraqi people, including those in Iraqi Kurdistan, the Council condemned the repression and demanded that Iraq, as a contribution to removing the threat to international peace and security, end the repression and respect the human rights of its population.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and United Nations Security Council Resolution 688

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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Urartu

Urartu (Ուրարտու; Assyrian:,Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: Urashtu, אֲרָרָט Ararat) was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.

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US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)

On 15 June 2014 U.S. President Barack Obama ordered United States forces to be dispatched in response to the Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) of the Islamic State (IS), as part of Operation Inherent Resolve.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)

West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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Yazidis

Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (translit), are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran.

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Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.

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Zagros Mountains

The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. Iraqi Kurdistan and Zagros Mountains are Upper Mesopotamia.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and Zagros Mountains

Zakho

Zakho, also spelled Zaxo (Zaxo, Zākhō,,, Zāxo) is a city in the Kurdistan Region, at the centre of the Zakho District of the Dohuk Governorate, located a few kilometers from the Ibrahim-Khalil border.

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14 July Revolution

The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi military coup, was a coup d'état that took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq which resulted in the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq.

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1975 Algiers Agreement

The 1975 Algiers Agreement, also known as the Algiers Accord and the Algiers Declaration, was signed between Iran and Iraq to settle any outstanding territorial disputes along the Iran–Iraq border.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and 1975 Algiers Agreement

1992 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election

On 19 May 1992 elections were held to the Kurdistan National Assembly, the parliament of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and 1992 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election

2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq

2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

The 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, also known as the Kirkuk crisis, was a conflict in which the Iraqi government retook disputed territories in Iraq which had been held by the Peshmerga since ISIL's Northern Iraq offensive in 2014.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum

An independence referendum for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq was held on 25 September 2017, with preliminary results showing approximately 92.73 percent of votes cast in favour of independence. Iraqi Kurdistan and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum are Kurdistan independence movement.

See Iraqi Kurdistan and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan

Also known as Administrative divisions of Iraqi Kurdistan, Bashur, Bashur Kurdistan, Başûrê Kurdistanê, Culture of Iraqi Kurdistan, Demographics of Iraqi Kurdistan, Education in Iraqi Kurdistan, Education in Kurdistan, Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan, Herêmî Kurdistan, History of Iraqi Kurdistan, Immigration to Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraqi Kudistan, Iraqi Kurdish, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Kurd (Iraq), Kurdish Autonomous Zone, Kurdish Iraq, Kurdistan (Iraq), Kurdistan Autonomous Region, Kurdistan Federal Region, Kurdistan region of Iraq, North of Iraq, Politics of the Kurdistan Regional Government, Politics of the Kurdistan autonomous region, Religion in Iraqi Kurdistan, South Kurdistan, Southern Kurdistan, The Kurdish experience in Iraq.

, Genocide, Government of Kurdistan Region, Great Zab, Gutian people, Halabja, Halabja massacre, Hamrin Mountains, Houari Boumédiène, Human rights, Inanna, Iran, Iran–Iraq War, Iranian Kurdistan, Iranian languages, Iranian peoples, Iraq, Iraq War, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Armenians, Iraqi Ground Forces, Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), Iraqi Turkmen, Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, Irrigation, Jalal Talabani, Jarmo, Khanaqin, Kingdom of Kurdistan, Kirkuk, Kirkuk Field, Kurda, Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party, Kurdistan Region, Kurds, Kurds in Iraq, Lake Dukan, League of Nations, Literal translation, Little Zab, Lullubi, Mahmud Barzanji, Mandaeans, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Mandatory Iraq, Mandatory Palestine, Mardaman, Masoud Barzani, Mediterranean climate, Mitanni, Mithridates I of Parthia, Mongols, Mossad, Mosul, Mount Nisir, Muslim conquest of Persia, Muslims, Mustafa Barzani, Nader Shah, Naram-Sin of Akkad, National anthem, Neanderthal, Neolithic, Newroz as celebrated by Kurds, Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014), Oil-for-Food Programme, Operation Provide Comfort, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Peshmerga, Plain, Population decline, Qaladiza, Qandil Mountains, Quebec, Rainfed agriculture, Rappler, Rashidun Caliphate, Rawandiz, Republic of Mahabad, Reuters, Review of International Studies, Saddam Hussein, Safavid dynasty, Safavid Iran, Sasanian Empire, Saudi Arabia, Sclerophyll, Scotland, Seasonal lag, Second Iraqi–Kurdish War, Seleucid Empire, Semi-arid climate, Settler colonialism, Shabaks, Shamshi-Adad I, Shanidar Cave, Shaqlawa, Sinjar Mountains, Snow, Soran Emirate, Soran, Iraq, Soviet Union, Subartu, Suffix, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Sykes–Picot Agreement, Syria, Syrian Kurdistan, Tehran, Tell Hassuna, The Washington Post, Third World Quarterly, Tigris, Treaty of Lausanne, Treaty of Sèvres, Treaty of Zuhab, Turkey, Turkic peoples, Turkish Kurdistan, Umayyad Caliphate, United Nations, United Nations Security Council Resolution 688, United States, Urartu, US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021), West Asia, World War I, Yazidis, Yemen, Zagros Mountains, Zakho, 14 July Revolution, 1975 Algiers Agreement, 1992 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election, 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum.

Iraqi Kurdistan, the Glossary

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