Geography of Panama, the Glossary
Panama is a country located in Caribbean, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica.[1]
Table of Contents
127 relations: Almirante, Bocas del Toro, Andes, Andesite, Arenal Volcano, Asymmetry, Atlantic Ocean, Aulacogen, Azuero Peninsula, Balboa, Panama, Banana, Basalt, Basaltic andesite, Basement (geology), Bay of San Miguel, Biodiversity, Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Carbonate, Caribbean, Caribbean large igneous province, Caribbean Sea, Carnegie Ridge, Central America, Central America Volcanic Arc, Cerro Hoya National Park, Chagres River, Chert, Chiriquí Province, Chucunaque River, Coiba, Colombia, Comarca, Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, Convergent boundary, Copper, Coral reef, Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, Cretaceous, Crystal, Dacite, Darién Province, Deforestation, Desertification, Diabase, Diorite, Drainage basin, El Valle (volcano), Endangered species, Environmental effects of shipping, Environmental Modification Convention, ... Expand index (77 more) »
Almirante, Bocas del Toro
Almirante is the head city of Almirante District of the Bocas del Toro Province in the Republic of Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Almirante, Bocas del Toro
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America.
See Geography of Panama and Andes
Andesite
Andesite is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition.
See Geography of Panama and Andesite
Arenal Volcano
Arenal Volcano (Volcán Arenal) is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica around northwest of San José, in the province of Alajuela, canton of San Carlos, and district of La Fortuna.
See Geography of Panama and Arenal Volcano
Asymmetry
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection).
See Geography of Panama and Asymmetry
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
See Geography of Panama and Atlantic Ocean
Aulacogen
An aulacogen is a failed arm of a triple junction.
See Geography of Panama and Aulacogen
Azuero Peninsula
The Azuero Peninsula (Península de Azuero) is a large peninsula in southern Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Azuero Peninsula
Balboa, Panama
Balboa is a district of Panama City, located at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal.
See Geography of Panama and Balboa, Panama
Banana
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.
See Geography of Panama and Banana
Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
See Geography of Panama and Basalt
Basaltic andesite
Basaltic andesite is a volcanic rock that is intermediate in composition between basalt and andesite.
See Geography of Panama and Basaltic andesite
Basement (geology)
In geology, basement and crystalline basement are crystalline rocks lying above the mantle and beneath all other rocks and sediments.
See Geography of Panama and Basement (geology)
Bay of San Miguel
The Bay of San Miguel is a bay of the Gulf of Panama, located on the Pacific coast of Darién Province in eastern Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Bay of San Miguel
Biodiversity
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
See Geography of Panama and Biodiversity
Bocas del Toro Archipelago
The Bocas del Toro Archipelago is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea in the northwest of Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Bocas del Toro Archipelago
Carbonate
A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid,, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula.
See Geography of Panama and Carbonate
Caribbean
The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.
See Geography of Panama and Caribbean
Caribbean large igneous province
The Caribbean large igneous province (CLIP) consists of a major flood basalt, which created this large igneous province (LIP).
See Geography of Panama and Caribbean large igneous province
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere.
See Geography of Panama and Caribbean Sea
Carnegie Ridge
The Carnegie Ridge is an aseismic ridge on the Nazca Plate that is being subducted beneath the South American Plate.
See Geography of Panama and Carnegie Ridge
Central America
Central America is a subregion of North America.
See Geography of Panama and Central America
Central America Volcanic Arc
The Central American Volcanic Arc (often abbreviated to CAVA) is a chain of volcanoes which extends parallel to the Pacific coastline of the Central American Isthmus, from Mexico to Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Central America Volcanic Arc
Cerro Hoya National Park
Cerro Hoya National Park is a protected area in southwestern Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Cerro Hoya National Park
Chagres River
The Chagres River, in central Panama, is the largest river in the Panama Canal's watershed.
See Geography of Panama and Chagres River
Chert
Chert is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
See Geography of Panama and Chert
Chiriquí Province
Chiriquí is a province of Panama located on the western coast; it is the second most developed province in the country, after the Panamá Province.
See Geography of Panama and Chiriquí Province
Chucunaque River
The Chucunaque River is a river of Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Chucunaque River
Coiba
Coiba is the largest island in Central America, with an area of, off the Pacific coast of the Panamanian province of Veraguas.
See Geography of Panama and Coiba
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.
See Geography of Panama and Colombia
Comarca
A comarca is a traditional region or local administrative division found in Portugal, Spain, and some of their former colonies, like Brazil, Nicaragua, and Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Comarca
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas is an agreement that was designed to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited.
Convergent boundary
A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide.
See Geography of Panama and Convergent boundary
Copper
Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
See Geography of Panama and Copper
Coral reef
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.
See Geography of Panama and Coral reef
Cordillera de Talamanca
The Cordillera de Talamanca is a mountain range that lies in the southeast half of Costa Rica and the far west of Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Cordillera de Talamanca
Costa Rica
Costa Rica (literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America.
See Geography of Panama and Costa Rica
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
See Geography of Panama and Cretaceous
Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
See Geography of Panama and Crystal
Dacite
Dacite is a volcanic rock formed by rapid solidification of lava that is high in silica and low in alkali metal oxides.
See Geography of Panama and Dacite
Darién Province
Darién is a province in Panama whose capital city is La Palma.
See Geography of Panama and Darién Province
Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
See Geography of Panama and Deforestation
Desertification
Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.
See Geography of Panama and Desertification
Diabase
Diabase, also called dolerite or microgabbro, is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro.
See Geography of Panama and Diabase
Diorite
Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock formed by the slow cooling underground of magma (molten rock) that has a moderate content of silica and a relatively low content of alkali metals.
See Geography of Panama and Diorite
Drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
See Geography of Panama and Drainage basin
El Valle (volcano)
El Valle is a stratovolcano in central Panama and is the easternmost volcano along the Central American Volcanic Arc which has been formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate below Central America.
See Geography of Panama and El Valle (volcano)
Endangered species
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction.
See Geography of Panama and Endangered species
Environmental effects of shipping
The environmental effects of shipping include air pollution, water pollution, acoustic, and oil pollution.
See Geography of Panama and Environmental effects of shipping
Environmental Modification Convention
The Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD), formally the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects.
See Geography of Panama and Environmental Modification Convention
Eocene
The Eocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma).
See Geography of Panama and Eocene
Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.
See Geography of Panama and Fault (geology)
Galápagos hotspot
The Galápagos hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in the East Pacific Ocean responsible for the creation of the Galápagos Islands as well as three major aseismic ridge systems, Carnegie, Cocos and Malpelo which are on two tectonic plates.
See Geography of Panama and Galápagos hotspot
Gatun Lake
Gatun Lake (Lago Gatún) is a freshwater artificial lake to the south of Colón, Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Gatun Lake
Graben
In geology, a graben is a depressed block of the crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults.
See Geography of Panama and Graben
Granodiorite
Granodiorite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock similar to granite, but containing more plagioclase feldspar than orthoclase feldspar.
See Geography of Panama and Granodiorite
Great American Interchange
The Great American Biotic Interchange (commonly abbreviated as GABI), also known as the Great American Interchange and the Great American Faunal Interchange, was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic biotic interchange event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America to South America via Central America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents.
See Geography of Panama and Great American Interchange
Gulf of Panama
The Gulf of Panama (Golfo de Panamá) is a gulf of the Pacific Ocean off the southern coast of Panama, where most of eastern Panama's southern shores adjoin it.
See Geography of Panama and Gulf of Panama
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that must be handled properly to avoid damaging human health or the environment.
See Geography of Panama and Hazardous waste
Hotspot (geology)
In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.
See Geography of Panama and Hotspot (geology)
Hydropower
Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines.
See Geography of Panama and Hydropower
International Tropical Timber Agreement
The International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), 1983) is an agreement to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources.
See Geography of Panama and International Tropical Timber Agreement
Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama (Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.
See Geography of Panama and Isthmus of Panama
Kyoto Protocol
The was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it.
See Geography of Panama and Kyoto Protocol
Land degradation
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the or biophysical or biochemical environment is affected by a combination of natural or human-induced processes acting upon the land.
See Geography of Panama and Land degradation
Latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body.
See Geography of Panama and Latitude
Lava dome
In volcanology, a lava dome is a circular, mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano.
See Geography of Panama and Lava dome
Law of the sea
Law of the sea is a body of international law governing the rights and duties of states in maritime environments.
See Geography of Panama and Law of the sea
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972, commonly called the "London Convention" or "LC '72" and also abbreviated as Marine Dumping, is an agreement to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the convention.
Longitude
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body.
See Geography of Panama and Longitude
Main development region
The main development region is the area of warm water in the Atlantic Ocean stretching from the west coast of northern Africa to the east coast of Central America and the Gulf Coast of the United States.
See Geography of Panama and Main development region
Malpelo Island
Malpelo is a small oceanic island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, located about west of the Colombian mainland with a military post manned by the Colombian Armed Forces.
See Geography of Panama and Malpelo Island
Mangrove
A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows mainly in coastal saline or brackish water.
See Geography of Panama and Mangrove
Massif
A massif is a principal mountain mass, such as a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central).
See Geography of Panama and Massif
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
See Geography of Panama and Miocene
Monsoon
A monsoon is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator.
See Geography of Panama and Monsoon
Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
See Geography of Panama and Montreal Protocol
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago.
See Geography of Panama and Neogene
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
See Geography of Panama and North America
Ocean current
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences.
See Geography of Panama and Ocean current
Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates.
See Geography of Panama and Oceanic crust
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
See Geography of Panama and Pacific Ocean
Paleocene
The Paleocene, or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya).
See Geography of Panama and Paleocene
Paleoclimatology
Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available.
See Geography of Panama and Paleoclimatology
Panama
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.
See Geography of Panama and Panama
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Canal de Panamá) is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, cutting across the Isthmus of Panama, and is a conduit for maritime trade.
See Geography of Panama and Panama Canal
Pearl Islands
The Pearl Islands (Spanish: Archipiélago de las Perlas or Islas de las Perlas) is a group of 200 or more islands and islets (many tiny and uninhabited) lying about off the Pacific coast of Panama in the Gulf of Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Pearl Islands
Pillow lava
Pillow lavas are lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or subaqueous extrusion.
See Geography of Panama and Pillow lava
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
See Geography of Panama and Pleistocene
Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.
See Geography of Panama and Pliocene
Punta Mariato
Punta Mariato or Mariato Point (Spanish: Punta Mariato) is a cape in western Panama and is the southernmost point on the mainland of North America, North America Map and is one of the Extreme points of Earth.
See Geography of Panama and Punta Mariato
Pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of but is capable of reaching speeds up to.
See Geography of Panama and Pyroclastic flow
Quartz
Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).
See Geography of Panama and Quartz
Radiolaria
The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm.
See Geography of Panama and Radiolaria
Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.
See Geography of Panama and Rainforest
Rhyolite
Rhyolite is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks.
See Geography of Panama and Rhyolite
Rift
In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics.
See Geography of Panama and Rift
Salinity
Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity).
See Geography of Panama and Salinity
San Blas Islands
The San Blas Islands of Panama is an archipelago comprising approximately 365 islands and cays, of which 49 are inhabited.
See Geography of Panama and San Blas Islands
San Blas Range
The San Blas Range (Spanish: Serranía de San Blas) is a mountain range north of Lake Bayano and runs adjacent the San Blas Islands in Panama.
See Geography of Panama and San Blas Range
Sea surface microlayer
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface.
See Geography of Panama and Sea surface microlayer
Seafloor spreading
Seafloor spreading, or seafloor spread, is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.
See Geography of Panama and Seafloor spreading
Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
See Geography of Panama and Sediment
Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
See Geography of Panama and Shale
Shrimp
A shrimp (shrimp (US) or shrimps (UK) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".
See Geography of Panama and Shrimp
Siliciclastic
Siliciclastic (or siliclastic) rocks are clastic noncarbonate sedimentary rocks that are composed primarily of silicate minerals, such as quartz or clay minerals.
See Geography of Panama and Siliciclastic
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the denudation or wearing away of the upper layer of soil.
See Geography of Panama and Soil erosion
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
See Geography of Panama and South America
South American Plate
The South American Plate is a major tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America as well as a sizable region of the Atlantic Ocean seabed extending eastward to the African Plate, with which it forms the southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
See Geography of Panama and South American Plate
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).
See Geography of Panama and Stratigraphy
Stratovolcano
A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra.
See Geography of Panama and Stratovolcano
Subduction
Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.
See Geography of Panama and Subduction
Swietenia
Swietenia is a genus of trees in the chinaberry family, Meliaceae.
See Geography of Panama and Swietenia
Taboga Island
Taboga Island (Isla Taboga), also known as the "Island of Flowers", is a volcanic island in the Gulf of Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Taboga Island
Tectonic uplift
Tectonic uplift is the geologic uplift of Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics.
See Geography of Panama and Tectonic uplift
Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls.
See Geography of Panama and Tropical cyclone
Tropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator.
See Geography of Panama and Tropics
Tuira River
The Tuira River is located in the Darién Province of eastern Panama.
See Geography of Panama and Tuira River
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change.
See Geography of Panama and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Veraguas Province
Veraguas is a province of Panama, located in the centre-west of the country.
See Geography of Panama and Veraguas Province
Volcanic arc
A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc) is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above.
See Geography of Panama and Volcanic arc
Volcanism
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.
See Geography of Panama and Volcanism
Volcán Barú
The Volcán Barú (also Volcán de Chiriquí) is an active stratovolcano and the tallest mountain in Panama, at high.
See Geography of Panama and Volcán Barú
Water pollution
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, with a negative impact on their uses.
See Geography of Panama and Water pollution
Wetland
A wetland is a distinct semi-aquatic ecosystem whose groundcovers are flooded or saturated in water, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally for a shorter periods.
See Geography of Panama and Wetland
Whaling
Whaling is the hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that was important in the Industrial Revolution.
See Geography of Panama and Whaling
World Meteorological Organization
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
See Geography of Panama and World Meteorological Organization
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Panama
Also known as Climate change in Panama, Climate of Panama, Deforestation in Panama, Environment of Panama, Flora of Panama, Geology of Panama, Panama weather, Panama's climate, Panama/Geography, Panamanian geography, Rivers of Panama.
, Eocene, Fault (geology), Galápagos hotspot, Gatun Lake, Graben, Granodiorite, Great American Interchange, Gulf of Panama, Hazardous waste, Hotspot (geology), Hydropower, International Tropical Timber Agreement, Isthmus of Panama, Kyoto Protocol, Land degradation, Latitude, Lava dome, Law of the sea, London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Longitude, Main development region, Malpelo Island, Mangrove, Massif, Miocene, Monsoon, Montreal Protocol, Neogene, North America, Ocean current, Oceanic crust, Pacific Ocean, Paleocene, Paleoclimatology, Panama, Panama Canal, Pearl Islands, Pillow lava, Pleistocene, Pliocene, Punta Mariato, Pyroclastic flow, Quartz, Radiolaria, Rainforest, Rhyolite, Rift, Salinity, San Blas Islands, San Blas Range, Sea surface microlayer, Seafloor spreading, Sediment, Shale, Shrimp, Siliciclastic, Soil erosion, South America, South American Plate, Stratigraphy, Stratovolcano, Subduction, Swietenia, Taboga Island, Tectonic uplift, Tropical cyclone, Tropics, Tuira River, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Veraguas Province, Volcanic arc, Volcanism, Volcán Barú, Water pollution, Wetland, Whaling, World Meteorological Organization.