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Global catastrophe scenarios, the Glossary

Scenarios in which a global catastrophic risk creates harm have been widely discussed.^[1]

281 relations: Abrupt climate change, Agricultural Research Service, AI alignment, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Journal of Public Health, Andromeda Galaxy, Anthropic principle, Anthropomorphism, Antibiotic, Apollo program, Arsenal, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Asteroid, Astronomical engineering, Asymptotic giant branch, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Autonomy, B612 Foundation, Basic Books, BBC News, Big Crunch, Big Rip, Bill Gates, Bill Joy, Billings, Montana, Biodiversity loss, Biological agent, Biological warfare, BioScience, Biotechnology, Bioterrorism, Black hole, Brian Martin (social scientist), Brief Answers to the Big Questions, Bubonic plague, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Caldera, Cardiovascular disease, Carl Sagan, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, Chemical warfare, Chicxulub crater, Cholera, Chris Phoenix (nanotechnologist), Christine Peterson, Climate change, Climate crisis, Climate variability and change, Cocoliztli epidemics, Code of Federal Regulations, ... Expand index (231 more) »
Apocalyptic fiction
Doomsday scenarios
Existential risk
International responses to disasters
Man-made disasters

Abrupt climate change

An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance.

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Agricultural Research Service

The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

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AI alignment

In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), AI alignment research aims to steer AI systems toward a person's or group's intended goals, preferences, and ethical principles.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

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American Journal of Public Health

The American Journal of Public Health is a monthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by the American Public Health Association that covers health policy and public health.

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Andromeda Galaxy

The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy and is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the hypothesis that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life.

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Anthropomorphism

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

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Antibiotic

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.

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Apollo program

The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first men on the Moon from 1968 to 1972.

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Arsenal

An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, whether privately or publicly owned.

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Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is an international scientific society devoted to promote research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence.

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Asteroid

An asteroid is a minor planet—an object that is neither a true planet nor an identified comet— that orbits within the inner Solar System.

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Astronomical engineering

Engineering on an astronomical scale, or astronomical engineering, i.e., engineering involving operations with whole astronomical objects (planets, stars, etc.), is a known theme in science fiction, as well as a matter of recent scientific research and exploratory engineering.

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Asymptotic giant branch

The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars.

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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the European Geosciences Union.

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Autonomy

In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision.

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B612 Foundation

The B612 Foundation is a private nonprofit foundation headquartered in Mill Valley, California, United States, dedicated to planetary science and planetary defense against asteroids and other near-Earth object (NEO) impacts.

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Basic Books

Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Big Crunch

The Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the expansion of the universe eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.

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Big Rip

In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase.

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Bill Gates

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate best known for co-founding the software company Microsoft with his childhood friend Paul Allen.

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Bill Joy

William Nelson Joy (born November 8, 1954) is an American computer engineer and venture capitalist.

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Billings, Montana

Billings is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Montana, with a population of 117,116 as of the 2020 census.

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Biodiversity loss

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area.

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Biological agent

Biological weapons are pathogens used as weapons.

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Biological warfare

Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

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BioScience

BioScience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.

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Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.

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Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it.

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Brian Martin (born 1947) is a social scientist in the School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, at the University of Wollongong (UOW) in NSW, Australia.

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Brief Answers to the Big Questions

Brief Answers to the Big Questions is a popular science book written by physicist Stephen Hawking, and published by Hodder & Stoughton (hardcover) and Bantam Books (paperback) on 16 October 2018. The book examines some of the universe greatest mysteries, and promotes the view that science is very important in helping to solve problems on planet Earth.

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Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity.

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Caldera

A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption.

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Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.

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Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator.

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Centre for the Study of Existential Risk

The Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) is a research centre at the University of Cambridge, intended to study possible extinction-level threats posed by present or future technology.

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Chemical warfare

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

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Chicxulub crater

The Chicxulub crater is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico.

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Cholera

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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Chris Phoenix (nanotechnologist)

Chris Phoenix (born December 25, 1970) is the co-founder (with Mike Treder) and Director of Research of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN), and has worked in the field of advanced nanotechnology for over 15 years.

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Christine Peterson

Christine L. Peterson is an American forecaster, and the co-founder of Foresight Institute.

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Climate change

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.

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Climate crisis

Climate crisis is a term that is used to describe global warming and climate change, and their effects.

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Climate variability and change

Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more.

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Cocoliztli epidemics

The Cocoliztli Epidemic or the Great Pestilence was an outbreak of a mysterious illness characterized by high fevers and bleeding which caused 5–15 million deaths in New Spain during the 16th century.

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Code of Federal Regulations

In the law of the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent regulations promulgated by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States.

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Colony collapse disorder

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a honey bee colony disappear, leaving behind a queen, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees.

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Comet

A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private Ivy League land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York.

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Costa Rica

Costa Rica (literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America.

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COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

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Craton

A craton (or; from κράτος "strength") is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, which consists of Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the uppermost mantle.

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Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago.

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Crust (geology)

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, or the Caribbean Crisis, was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba.

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Dale Allen Pfeiffer

Dale Allen Pfeiffer (March 30, 1958) is a geologist and writer from Michigan, U.S. who investigated and wrote about energy depletion and potential future resource wars.

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Deforestation

Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.

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Demographic transition

In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.

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Demographics of Germany

The demography of Germany is monitored by the Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office of Germany).

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Demographics of Japan

The demographics of Japan include birth and death rates, age distribution, population density, ethnicity, education level, healthcare system of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects regarding the Japanese population.

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Demography

Demography is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.

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Desertification

Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.

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Developed country

A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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Differential technological development

Differential technological development is a strategy of technology governance aiming to decrease risks from emerging technologies by influencing the sequence in which they are developed. Global catastrophe scenarios and Differential technological development are existential risk.

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MNG Enterprises, Inc., doing business as Digital First Media and MediaNews Group, is a Denver, Colorado, United States-based newspaper publisher owned by Alden Global Capital.

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Discover (magazine)

Discover is an American general audience science magazine launched in October 1980 by Time Inc.

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Disrupted planet

In astronomy, a disrupted planet is a planet or exoplanet or, perhaps on a somewhat smaller scale, a planetary-mass object, planetesimal, moon, exomoon or asteroid that has been disrupted or destroyed by a nearby or passing astronomical body or object such as a star.

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Doomsday device

A doomsday device is a hypothetical construction — usually a weapon or weapons system — which could destroy all life on a planet, particularly Earth, or destroy the planet itself, bringing "doomsday", a term used for the end of planet Earth. Global catastrophe scenarios and doomsday device are doomsday scenarios.

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Ecological economics

Ecological economics, bioeconomics, ecolonomy, eco-economics, or ecol-econ is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially.

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Economic development

In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.

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Ecophagy

Ecophagy is a term coined by Robert Freitas that means the consumption of an ecosystem.

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Ecosystem

An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.

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Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the various benefits that humans derive from healthy ecosystems.

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Ectromelia virus

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a virus of the family Poxviridae and the genus Orthopoxvirus that causes mousepox, a disease of mice.

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Edward Teller

Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist and chemical engineer who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" and one of the creators of the Teller–Ulam design.

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Eliezer Yudkowsky

Eliezer S. Yudkowsky (born September 11, 1979) is an American artificial intelligence researcher and writer on decision theory and ethics, best known for popularizing ideas related to friendly artificial intelligence.

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Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk (born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and investor known for his key roles in space company SpaceX and automotive company Tesla, Inc. Other involvements include ownership of X Corp., the company that operates the social media platform X (formerly known as Twitter), and his role in the founding of The Boring Company, xAI, Neuralink and OpenAI.

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Endemism

Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.

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Engines of Creation

Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is a 1986 molecular nanotechnology book written by K. Eric Drexler with a foreword by Marvin Minsky.

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Environmental degradation

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

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EuroScience

EuroScience was founded in 1997 for the support and promotion of science and technology in Europe.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

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Extinction event

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.

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The Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law (14 CFR 1211 of the Code of Federal Regulations) — in force from 1969 to 1977 — was the popular name for regulations adopted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1969 to formalize its "policy, responsibility and authority to guard the Earth against any harmful contamination … resulting from personnel, spacecraft and other property returning to the Earth after landing on or coming within the atmospheric envelope of a celestial body".

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Extraterrestrial life, alien life, or colloquially simply aliens, is life which does not originate from Earth.

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FactCheck.org

FactCheck.org is a nonprofit website that aims to reduce the level of deception and confusion in U.S. politics by providing original research on misinformation and hoaxes.

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False vacuum

In quantum field theory, a false vacuum is a hypothetical vacuum state that is locally stable but does not occupy the most stable possible ground state.

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Famine

A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies.

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Flood basalt

A flood basalt (or plateau basalt) is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava. Global catastrophe scenarios and flood basalt are doomsday scenarios.

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Food chain

A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web, often starting with an autotroph (such as grass or algae), also called a producer, and typically ending at an apex predator (such as grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivore (such as earthworms and woodlice), or decomposer (such as fungi or bacteria).

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Food prices

Food prices refer to the average price level for food across countries, regions and on a global scale.

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Foresight Institute

The Foresight Institute (Foresight) is a San Francisco-based research non-profit that promotes the development of nanotechnology and other emerging technologies, such as safe AGI, biotech and longevity.

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Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.

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Future of Earth

The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based on the estimated effects of several long-term influences.

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Future of Humanity Institute

The Future of Humanity Institute (FHI) was an interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Oxford investigating big-picture questions about humanity and its prospects.

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Gaia (spacecraft)

Gaia is a space observatory of the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 2013 and expected to operate until 2025.

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Genesis creation narrative

The Genesis creation narrative is the creation myth of both Judaism and Christianity.

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Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology.

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Geological event

A geological event is a temporary and spatially heterogeneous and dynamic (diachronous) happening in Earth history that contributes to the transformation of Earth system and the formation of geological strata.

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Gizmodo

Gizmodo is a design, technology, science, and science fiction website.

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Gliese 710

Gliese 710, or HIP 89825, is an orange star in the constellation Serpens Cauda.

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Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is a report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, on the global state of biodiversity.

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Global catastrophic risk

A global catastrophic risk or a doomsday scenario is a hypothetical event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization. Global catastrophe scenarios and global catastrophic risk are Apocalyptic fiction and existential risk.

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The Global Footprint Network was founded in 2003 and is an independent think tank originally based in the United States, Belgium and Switzerland.

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Gray goo

Gray goo (also spelled as grey goo) is a hypothetical global catastrophic scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating machines consume all biomass (and perhaps also everything else) on Earth while building many more of themselves, a scenario that has been called ecophagy. Global catastrophe scenarios and Gray goo are doomsday scenarios.

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Great Filter

The Great Filter is the idea that, in the development of life from the earliest stages of abiogenesis to reaching the highest levels of development on the Kardashev scale, there is a barrier to development that makes detectable extraterrestrial life exceedingly rare.

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Green Revolution

The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields.

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Habitat destruction

Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species.

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Harvest

Harvesting is the process of collecting plants, animals, or fish (as well as fungi) as food, especially the process of gathering mature crops, and "the harvest" also refers to the collected crops.

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Heat death of the universe

The heat death of the universe (also known as the Big Chill or Big Freeze) is a hypothesis on the ultimate fate of the universe, which suggests the universe will evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy.

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Herman Daly

Herman Edward Daly (July 21, 1938 – October 28, 2022) was an American ecological and Georgist economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland, College Park in the United States, best known for his time as a senior economist at the World Bank from 1988 to 1994.

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HIP 85605

HIP 85605 is a star in the constellation Hercules with a visual apparent magnitude of 11.03.

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HIV/AIDS

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.

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Holocene extinction

The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch.

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Houston Post

The Houston Post was a newspaper that had its headquarters in Houston, Texas, United States.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

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Human extinction

Human extinction is the hypothetical end of the human species, either by population decline due to extraneous natural causes, such as an asteroid impact or large-scale volcanism, or via anthropogenic destruction (self-extinction), for example by sub-replacement fertility. Global catastrophe scenarios and human extinction are existential risk.

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Human overpopulation

Human overpopulation (or human population overshoot) describes a concern that human populations may become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term. Global catastrophe scenarios and human overpopulation are doomsday scenarios.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Icarus (journal)

ICARUS is a scientific journal dedicated to the field of planetary science.

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Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Impact event

An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects causing measurable effects.

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Indian rupee

The Indian rupee (symbol: ₹; code: INR) is the official currency in India.

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Industrial agriculture

Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of crops and animals and animal products like eggs or milk.

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Infertility

Infertility is the inability of an animal or plant to reproduce by natural means.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

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Inquisitr

Inquisitr is a news website started in 2007 for the purpose of covering news and entertainment stories.

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Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies

The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) is a technoprogressive think tank that seeks to "promote ideas about how technological progress can increase freedom, happiness, and human flourishing in democratic societies."Joseph R. Herkert, "Ethical Challenges of Emerging Technologies", in Gary E.

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Instrumental convergence

Instrumental convergence is the hypothetical tendency for most sufficiently intelligent, goal directed beings (human and non-human) to pursue similar sub-goals, even if their ultimate goals are quite different.

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Intensive farming

Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming (as opposed to extensive farming), conventional, or industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.

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Interglacial

An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age.

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations.

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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an intergovernmental organization established to improve the interface between science and policy on issues of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

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Interstellar object

An interstellar object is an astronomical object (such as an asteroid, a comet, or a rogue planet, but not a star or stellar remnant) in interstellar space that is not gravitationally bound to a star.

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Irrigation

Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.

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John A. Leslie

John Andrew Leslie (born 2 August 1940) is a Canadian philosopher and writer.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

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Journal of Cleaner Production

The Journal of Cleaner Production is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering transdisciplinary research on cleaner production.

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K. Eric Drexler

Kim Eric Drexler (born April 25, 1955) is an American engineer best known for introducing molecular nanotechnology (MNT), and his studies of its potential from the 1970s and 1980s.

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Kelsey Piper

Kelsey Piper is an American journalist who is a staff writer at Vox, where she writes for the column Future Perfect, which covers a variety of topics from an effective altruism perspective.

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Last Glacial Period

The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.

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Late Ordovician mass extinction

The Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME), sometimes known as the end-Ordovician mass extinction or the Ordovician-Silurian extinction, is the first of the "big five" major mass extinction events in Earth's history, occurring roughly 445 million years ago (Ma).

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Liberty bond

A liberty bond or liberty loan was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the Allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.

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Light-year

A light-year, alternatively spelled light year (ly or lyr), is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equal to exactly 9,460,730,472,580.8 km (Scientific notation: 9.4607304725808 × 1012 km), which is approximately 5.88 trillion mi.

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List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field.

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Live Science

Live Science is a science news website.

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Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the American southwest.

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Magma

Magma is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

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Mantle (geology)

A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust.

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Martin Hellman

Martin Edward Hellman (born October 2, 1945) is an American cryptologist and mathematician, best known for his invention of public-key cryptography in cooperation with Whitfield Diffie and Ralph Merkle.

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Meme

A meme is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads by means of imitation from person to person within a culture and often carries symbolic meaning representing a particular phenomenon or theme.

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Mercury (planet)

Mercury is the first planet from the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System.

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Micronova

A micronova is a putative type of thermonuclear explosion on the surface of a white dwarf much smaller than the strength of a nova; being about in strength, about a millionth that of a typical nova.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

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Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington.

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Milankovitch cycles

Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.

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Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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Molecular assembler

A molecular assembler, as defined by K. Eric Drexler, is a "proposed device able to guide chemical reactions by positioning reactive molecules with atomic precision".

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Monsoon

A monsoon is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator.

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Mount Tambora

Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

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Multilateralism

In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

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National Science and Technology Council

The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is a council in the Executive Branch of the United States.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Near-Earth object

A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body orbiting the Sun whose closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 times the Earth–Sun distance (astronomical unit, AU).

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New Scientist

New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.

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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist.

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Nick Bostrom

Nick Bostrom (Niklas Boström; born 10 March 1973 in Sweden) is a philosopher known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, whole brain emulation, superintelligence risks, and the reversal test.

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Nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular dinitrogen is converted into ammonia.

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Nuclear warfare

Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread firestorms following a large-scale nuclear war.

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Oort cloud

The Oort cloud, sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is theorized to be a vast cloud of icy planetesimals surrounding the Sun at distances ranging from 2,000 to 200,000 AU (0.03 to 3.2 light-years).

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Overconsumption (economics)

Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them.

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Overfishing

Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish (i.e. fishing) from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally (i.e. the overexploitation of the fishery's existing fish stock), resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area.

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Owen Toon

Owen Brian Toon (born May 26, 1947 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pandemic

A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Global catastrophe scenarios and pandemic are doomsday scenarios.

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Paris Observatory

The Paris Observatory (Observatoire de Paris), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.

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Peak oil

Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of global oil production will occur, after which oil production will begin an irreversible decline.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.

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Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.

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PLOS Pathogens

PLOS Pathogens is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal.

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Pollinator

A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower.

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Pollinator decline

Pollinator decline is the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide that began being recorded at the end of the 20th century.

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Population decline

Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size.

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Population growth

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.

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Post Carbon Institute

Post Carbon Institute (PCI) is a think tank which provides information and analysis on climate change, energy scarcity, and other issues related to sustainability and long term community resilience.

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Posthuman

Posthuman or post-human is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy that means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human.

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Preemptive war

A preemptive war is a war that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war shortly before that attack materializes.

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Prion

A prion is a misfolded protein that can induce misfolding of normal variants of the same protein and trigger cellular death.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

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Quarantine

A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals, and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.

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Quartz (publication)

Quartz is an American English language news website owned by G/O Media.

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Red giant

A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses) in a late phase of stellar evolution.

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Resource depletion

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.

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Rogue planet

A rogue planet, also termed a free-floating planet (FFP) or an isolated planetary-mass object (iPMO), is an interstellar object of planetary mass which is not gravitationally bound to any star or brown dwarf.

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Romanian Americans

Romanian Americans (Români Americani) are Americans who have Romanian ancestry.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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Ruminant

Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.

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Runaway greenhouse effect

A runaway greenhouse effect will occur when a planet's atmosphere contains greenhouse gas in an amount sufficient to block thermal radiation from leaving the planet, preventing the planet from cooling and from having liquid water on its surface.

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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

The safety of high energy particle collisions was a topic of widespread discussion and topical interest during the time when the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and later the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—currently the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—were being constructed and commissioned.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Scientific Reports

Scientific Reports is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific mega journal published by Nature Portfolio, covering all areas of the natural sciences.

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Sea level rise

Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rise was, with an increase of per year since the 1970s.

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The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other planets.

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Self-replicating machine

A self-replicating machine is a type of autonomous robot that is capable of reproducing itself autonomously using raw materials found in the environment, thus exhibiting self-replication in a way analogous to that found in nature.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Smartdust

Smartdust is a system of many tiny microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as sensors, robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration, magnetism, or chemicals.

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Snowball Earth

The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis that proposes during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface became nearly entirely frozen with no liquid oceanic or surface water exposed to the atmosphere.

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Societal collapse

Societal collapse (also known as civilizational collapse or systems collapse) is the fall of a complex human society characterized by the loss of cultural identity and of social complexity as an adaptive system, the downfall of government, and the rise of violence. Global catastrophe scenarios and Societal collapse are doomsday scenarios.

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Soil contamination

Soil contamination, soil pollution, or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.

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Solar flare

A solar flare is a relatively intense, localized emission of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere.

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Solar System

The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.

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Space.com

Space.com is an online publication focused on space exploration, astronomy, skywatching and entertainment, with editorial teams based in the United States and United Kingdom.

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Spaceguard

The term Spaceguard loosely refers to a number of efforts to discover, catalogue, and study near-Earth objects (NEO), especially those that may impact Earth (potentially hazardous objects).

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SpaceX

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, commonly referred to as SpaceX, is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launch service provider and satellite communications company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.

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Star

A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity.

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Star lifting

Star lifting is any of several hypothetical processes by which a sufficiently advanced civilization (specifically, one of Kardashev-II or higher) could remove a substantial portion of a star's matter which can then be re-purposed, while possibly optimizing the star's energy output and lifespan at the same time.

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Stellar evolution

Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of its lifetime and how it can lead to the creation of a new star.

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Stem rust

Stem rust, also known as cereal rust, black rust, red rust or red dust, is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis, which causes significant disease in cereal crops.

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Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Hawking, (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.

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Sterilization (medicine)

Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is any of a number of medical methods of permanent birth control that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce.

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Strange star

A strange star, also called a strange quark star, is a hypothetical compact astronomical object, a quark star made of strange quark matter.

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Strangelet

A strangelet (pronounced) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Global catastrophe scenarios and strangelet are doomsday scenarios.

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Sub-orbital spaceflight

A sub-orbital spaceflight is a spaceflight in which the spacecraft reaches outer space, but its trajectory intersects the surface of the gravitating body from which it was launched.

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Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

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Superintelligence

A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds.

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Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies is a 2014 book by the philosopher Nick Bostrom.

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Supernova

A supernova (supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star.

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Supervolcano

A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index. Global catastrophe scenarios and supervolcano are doomsday scenarios.

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Sustainability

Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time.

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Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs.

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Terrorism

Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims. Global catastrophe scenarios and Terrorism are man-made disasters.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Lancet

The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The New York Times Magazine

The New York Times Magazine is an American Sunday magazine included with the Sunday edition of The New York Times.

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The Oil Drum

The Oil Drum was a website devoted to analysis and discussion of energy and its impact on society that described itself as an "energy, peak oil & sustainability research and news site".

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb (H bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon design.

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Tidal force

The tidal force or tide-generating force is a gravitational effect that stretches a body along the line towards and away from the center of mass of another body due to spatial variations in strength in gravitational field from the other body.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Tipping points in the climate system

In climate science, a tipping point is a critical threshold that, when crossed, leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the climate system.

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Total fertility rate

The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

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Typhus

Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.

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Ug99

Ug99 is a lineage of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), which is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide.

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Ultimate fate of the universe

The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated. Global catastrophe scenarios and ultimate fate of the universe are doomsday scenarios.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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University of California, Santa Cruz

The University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz or UCSC) is a public land-grant research university in Santa Cruz, California.

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Verneshot

A verneshot (named after French author Jules Verne) is a hypothetical volcanic eruption event caused by the buildup of gas deep underneath a craton. Global catastrophe scenarios and verneshot are doomsday scenarios.

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Volcanic winter

A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption. Global catastrophe scenarios and volcanic winter are doomsday scenarios.

See Global catastrophe scenarios and Volcanic winter

Vox Media, Inc. is an American mass media company founded in Washington, D.C. with operational headquarters in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

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War of aggression

A war of aggression, sometimes also war of conquest, is a military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and subjugation, in contrast with the concept of a just war.

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Water pollution

Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, with a negative impact on their uses.

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Water scarcity

Water scarcity (closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand.

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Western honey bee

The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.

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Wired (magazine)

Wired (stylized in all caps) is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.

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World economy

The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services.

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World population

In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living.

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World War III

World War III (WWIII or WW3), also known as the Third World War, is a hypothetical future global conflict subsequent to World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945). Global catastrophe scenarios and World War III are doomsday scenarios.

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Year Without a Summer

The year 1816 AD is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by.

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Yellowstone Caldera

The Yellowstone Caldera, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano, is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States.

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Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the western United States, largely in the northwest corner of Wyoming and extending into Montana and Idaho.

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Youngest Toba eruption

The Toba eruption (sometimes called the Toba supereruption or the Youngest Toba eruption) was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred about 74,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia.

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Zoonosis

A zoonosis (plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or prion) that can jump from a non-human (usually a vertebrate) to a human and vice versa.

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1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident

On 26 September 1983, during the Cold War, the Soviet nuclear early warning system Oko reported the launch of one intercontinental ballistic missile with four more missiles behind it, from the United States.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios

Also known as Destruction of the Earth, Global catastrophe scenario, Global catastrophic scenarios.

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Global catastrophe scenarios, the Glossary

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