Glycocalyx, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 66 relations: Adsorption, Alcian blue stain, Allotransplantation, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Antithrombin, Apolipoprotein, Atheroma, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteria, Bacterial capsule, Biofilm, Blastomere, Blood transfusion, Cancer, Capillary, Carbohydrate, Cell membrane, Cell–cell recognition, Chemokine, Chondroitin sulfate, Circulatory system, Edema, Endothelial NOS, Endothelium, Enzyme, Epithelium, Extracellular fluid, Functional group, Gastrointestinal tract, Glycolipid, Glycoprotein, Glycosaminoglycan, Growth factor, Hematocrit, Heparan sulfate, Hyaluronic acid, Hyaluronidase, Hypoxia (medicine), Immune system, Ischemia, Lipoprotein lipase, Low-density lipoprotein, Lumen (anatomy), Matrix metalloproteinase, Micrograph, Microvillus, Organ transplantation, Osmium tetroxide, Perineuronal net, Phagocyte, ... Expand index (16 more) »

2. Glycobiology

Adsorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.

See Glycocalyx and Adsorption

Alcian blue stain

Alcian blue is any member of a family of polyvalent basic dyes, of which the Alcian blue 8G (also called Ingrain blue 1, and C.I. 74240, formerly called Alcian blue 8GX from the name of a batch of an ICI product) has been historically the most common and the most reliable member.

See Glycocalyx and Alcian blue stain

Allotransplantation

Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species.

See Glycocalyx and Allotransplantation

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body.

See Glycocalyx and Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Antithrombin

Antithrombin (AT) is a small glycoprotein that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system.

See Glycocalyx and Antithrombin

Apolipoprotein

Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fats, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins) to form lipoproteins.

See Glycocalyx and Apolipoprotein

Atheroma

An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall.

See Glycocalyx and Atheroma

Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans and marine sponges.

See Glycocalyx and Bacillus subtilis

Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

See Glycocalyx and Bacteria

Bacterial capsule

The bacterial capsule is a large structure common to many bacteria.

See Glycocalyx and Bacterial capsule

Biofilm

A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.

See Glycocalyx and Biofilm

Blastomere

In biology, a blastomere is a type of cell produced by cell division (cleavage) of the zygote after fertilization; blastomeres are an essential part of blastula formation, and blastocyst formation in mammals.

See Glycocalyx and Blastomere

Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously.

See Glycocalyx and Blood transfusion

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

See Glycocalyx and Cancer

Capillary

A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system.

See Glycocalyx and Capillary

Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).

See Glycocalyx and Carbohydrate

Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

See Glycocalyx and Cell membrane

Cell–cell recognition

In cellular biology, cell–cell recognition is a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another.

See Glycocalyx and Cell–cell recognition

Chemokine

Chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.

See Glycocalyx and Chemokine

Chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).

See Glycocalyx and Chondroitin sulfate

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.

See Glycocalyx and Circulatory system

Edema

Edema (AmE), also spelled oedema (BrE), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue.

See Glycocalyx and Edema

Endothelial NOS

Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS3 gene located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7.

See Glycocalyx and Endothelial NOS

Endothelium

The endothelium (endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

See Glycocalyx and Endothelium

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Glycocalyx and Enzyme

Epithelium

Epithelium or epithelial tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with little extracellular matrix.

See Glycocalyx and Epithelium

In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Glycocalyx and extracellular fluid are cell biology.

See Glycocalyx and Extracellular fluid

Functional group

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.

See Glycocalyx and Functional group

Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

See Glycocalyx and Gastrointestinal tract

Glycolipid

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

See Glycocalyx and Glycolipid

Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.

See Glycocalyx and Glycoprotein

Glycosaminoglycan

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e. two-sugar units).

See Glycocalyx and Glycosaminoglycan

Growth factor

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.

See Glycocalyx and Growth factor

Hematocrit

The hematocrit (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood, measured as part of a blood test.

See Glycocalyx and Hematocrit

Heparan sulfate

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues.

See Glycocalyx and Heparan sulfate

Hyaluronic acid

Hyaluronic acid (abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.

See Glycocalyx and Hyaluronic acid

Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the degradation of hyaluronic acid.

See Glycocalyx and Hyaluronidase

Hypoxia (medicine)

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.

See Glycocalyx and Hypoxia (medicine)

Immune system

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.

See Glycocalyx and Immune system

Ischemia

Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).

See Glycocalyx and Ischemia

Lipoprotein lipase

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (EC 3.1.1.34, systematic name triacylglycerol acylhydrolase (lipoprotein-dependent)) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase.

See Glycocalyx and Lipoprotein lipase

Low-density lipoprotein

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein that transport all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water.

See Glycocalyx and Low-density lipoprotein

Lumen (anatomy)

In biology, a lumen (lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine.

See Glycocalyx and Lumen (anatomy)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrix metallopeptidases or matrixins, are metalloproteinases that are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins.

See Glycocalyx and Matrix metalloproteinase

Micrograph

A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object.

See Glycocalyx and Micrograph

Microvillus

Microvilli (microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.

See Glycocalyx and Microvillus

Organ transplantation

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

See Glycocalyx and Organ transplantation

Osmium tetroxide

Osmium tetroxide (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO4.

See Glycocalyx and Osmium tetroxide

Perineuronal net

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain.

See Glycocalyx and Perineuronal net

Phagocyte

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.

See Glycocalyx and Phagocyte

Platelet

Platelets or thrombocytes are a blood component whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. Glycocalyx and Platelet are cell biology.

See Glycocalyx and Platelet

Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. Glycocalyx and Polysaccharide are polysaccharides.

See Glycocalyx and Polysaccharide

Prokaryote

A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

See Glycocalyx and Prokaryote

Proteoglycan

Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated.

See Glycocalyx and Proteoglycan

Red blood cell

Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

See Glycocalyx and Red blood cell

Ruthenium red

The inorganic dye ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride, also known as ruthenium red, is used in histology to stain aldehyde fixed mucopolysaccharides.

See Glycocalyx and Ruthenium red

Shear stress

Shear stress (often denoted by, Greek: tau) is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section.

See Glycocalyx and Shear stress

Slime layer

A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removable (e.g. by centrifugation), unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells.

See Glycocalyx and Slime layer

SOD3

Extracellular superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD3 gene.

See Glycocalyx and SOD3

Sperm

Sperm (sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one).

See Glycocalyx and Sperm

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus Streptococcus.

See Glycocalyx and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Syndecan

Syndecans are single transmembrane domain proteins that are thought to act as coreceptors, especially for G protein-coupled receptors.

See Glycocalyx and Syndecan

Thrombosis

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

See Glycocalyx and Thrombosis

Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.

See Glycocalyx and Transmission electron microscopy

Tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin; formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα or TNF-α) is a cytokine and member of the TNF superfamily, which consists of various transmembrane proteins with a homologous TNF domain.

See Glycocalyx and Tumor necrosis factor

White blood cell

White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

See Glycocalyx and White blood cell

See also

Glycobiology

• Carbohydrate chemistry
• Disaccharidase
• Gluconeogenesis
• Glycan array
• Glycan-protein interactions
• Glycobiology
• Glycobiology (journal)
• Glycocalyx
• Glycoconjugate
• Glycogen
• Glycogenin-1
• Glycolipids
• Glycomics
• Glycopeptides
• Glycoproteins
• Glycoside hydrolase
• Glycosides
• Glycosyltransferase
• Glycosynthase
• Intelectin
• Langerin
• List of glycoside hydrolase families
• Minimum Information Required About a Glycomics Experiment
• National Center for Functional Glycomics
• Neuraminidase
• Neuraminidase inhibitors
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carbohydrates
• Paucimannosylation
• Peptidoglycan
• Protein–carbohydrate interaction
• Sugar signal transduction
• Translational glycobiology

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx

Also known as Cell coat, Glycocalix, Pericellular coat, Pericellular matrix.

, Platelet, Polysaccharide, Prokaryote, Proteoglycan, Red blood cell, Ruthenium red, Shear stress, Slime layer, SOD3, Sperm, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Syndecan, Thrombosis, Transmission electron microscopy, Tumor necrosis factor, White blood cell.