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Glycoside hydrolase, the Glossary

In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars.^[1]

76 relations: Acarbose, Acid, Afegostat, Amylase, Anomer, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Antiviral drug, Base (chemistry), Biochemistry, Biofilm, Biomass, Biosynthesis, Carboxylate, Castanospermine, Catalysis, Cellulase, Cellulose, Chitinase, Diabetes medication, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endothelium, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Ethanol, Extracellular polymeric substance, Food industry, Gastrointestinal tract, Glucosidases, Glycogen, Glycoprotein, Glycosidic bond, Glycosyltransferase, Glycosynthase, Golgi apparatus, Hemicellulose, Hyaluronidase, Hydrolysis, In vitro, In vivo, Invertase, Α-Amylase, Α-Mannosidase, Β-Galactosidase, Β-Glucosidase, Lac operon, Lactase, Lactose, Lactose intolerance, List of glycoside hydrolase families, ... Expand index (26 more) »
Glycobiology

Acarbose

Acarbose (INN) is an anti-diabetic drug used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2 and, in some countries, prediabetes.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Acarbose

Acid

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Acid

Afegostat (INN; also known as isofagomine; planned trade name Plicera) was an experimental drug for the treatment of certain forms of Gaucher's disease that was being developed by Amicus Therapeutics and Shire plc until a failed clinical trial in 2009 led to termination of its development.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Afegostat

Amylase

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin) into sugars. Glycoside hydrolase and amylase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Amylase

Anomer

In carbohydrate chemistry, a pair of anomers is a pair of near-identical stereoisomers or diastereomers that differ at only the anomeric carbon, the carbon atom that bears the aldehyde or ketone functional group in the sugar's open-chain form. Glycoside hydrolase and anomer are carbohydrate chemistry and carbohydrates.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Anomer

Antibiotic

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Antibiotic

Antimicrobial

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent).

See Glycoside hydrolase and Antimicrobial

Antiviral drug

Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Antiviral drug

Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, there are three definitions in common use of the word "base": Arrhenius bases, Brønsted bases, and Lewis bases.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Base (chemistry)

Biochemistry

Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Biochemistry

Biofilm

A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Biofilm

Biomass

Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Biomass

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Biosynthesis

Carboxylate

In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid,. It is an ion with negative charge.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Carboxylate

Castanospermine

Castanospermine is an indolizidine alkaloid first isolated from the seeds of Castanospermum australe.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Castanospermine

Catalysis

Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Catalysis

Cellulase

Cellulase (systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides: The name is also used for any naturally occurring mixture or complex of various such enzymes, that act serially or synergistically to decompose cellulosic material.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Cellulase

Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Cellulose

Chitinase

Chitinases (chitodextrinase, 1,4-β-poly-N-acetylglucosaminidase, poly-β-glucosaminidase, β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, poly glycanohydrolase, (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase; systematic name (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase) are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin. Glycoside hydrolase and Chitinase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Chitinase

Diabetes medication

Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Diabetes medication

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Endoplasmic reticulum

Endothelium

The endothelium (endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Endothelium

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Enzyme

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Escherichia coli

Ethanol

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Ethanol

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Extracellular polymeric substance

Food industry

The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Food industry

Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Gastrointestinal tract

Glucosidases

Glucosidases are the glycoside hydrolase enzymes categorized under the EC number 3.2.1. Glycoside hydrolase and Glucosidases are carbohydrates.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Glucosidases

Glycogen

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. Glycoside hydrolase and Glycogen are Glycobiology.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Glycogen

Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. Glycoside hydrolase and Glycoprotein are carbohydrate chemistry.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Glycoprotein

Glycosidic bond

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. Glycoside hydrolase and glycosidic bond are carbohydrate chemistry and carbohydrates.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Glycosidic bond

Glycosyltransferase

Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are enzymes (EC 2.4) that establish natural glycosidic linkages. Glycoside hydrolase and Glycosyltransferase are carbohydrate chemistry, carbohydrates and Glycobiology.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Glycosyltransferase

Glycosynthase

The term glycosynthase refers to a class of proteins that have been engineered to catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond. Glycoside hydrolase and glycosynthase are carbohydrate chemistry, carbohydrates and Glycobiology.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Glycosynthase

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Golgi apparatus

Hemicellulose

A hemicellulose (also known as polyose) is one of a number of heteropolymers (matrix polysaccharides), such as arabinoxylans, present along with cellulose in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Hemicellulose

Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the degradation of hyaluronic acid. Glycoside hydrolase and Hyaluronidase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Hyaluronidase

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Hydrolysis

In vitro

In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

See Glycoside hydrolase and In vitro

In vivo

Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.

See Glycoside hydrolase and In vivo

Invertase

β-Fructofuranosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of the table sugar sucrose into fructose and glucose. Glycoside hydrolase and Invertase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Invertase

Α-Amylase

α-Amylase is an enzyme (systematic name 4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase) that hydrolyses α bonds of large, α-linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding shorter chains thereof, dextrins, and maltose, through the following biochemical process: It is the major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals. Glycoside hydrolase and Α-Amylase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Α-Amylase

Α-Mannosidase

α-Mannosidase (α-D-mannosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-mannosidase, α-D-mannopyranosidase, 1,2-α-mannosidase, 1,2-α-D-mannosidase, exo-α-mannosidase) is an enzyme involved in the cleavage of the α form of mannose. Glycoside hydrolase and Α-Mannosidase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Α-Mannosidase

Β-Galactosidase

β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23, beta-gal or β-gal; systematic name β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues in β-D-galactosides. Glycoside hydrolase and Β-Galactosidase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Β-Galactosidase

Β-Glucosidase

β-Glucosidase (systematic name β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyses the following reaction. Glycoside hydrolase and Β-Glucosidase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Β-Glucosidase

Lac operon

The lactose operon (lac operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Lac operon

Lactase

(Phlorizin hydrolase) | EC_number. Glycoside hydrolase and Lactase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Lactase

Lactose

Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Lactose

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is caused by a lessened ability or a complete inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Lactose intolerance

List of glycoside hydrolase families

Glycoside hydrolases (O-Glycosyl hydrolases) are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. Glycoside hydrolase and List of glycoside hydrolase families are carbohydrate chemistry, eC 3.2.1 and Glycobiology.

See Glycoside hydrolase and List of glycoside hydrolase families

Lysosome

A lysosome is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Lysosome

Lysozyme

Lysozyme (muramidase, N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Glycoside hydrolase and Lysozyme are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Lysozyme

Maltase

Maltase is an informal name for a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of disaccharide maltose into two simple sugars of glucose. Glycoside hydrolase and Maltase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Maltase

Migalastat

Migalastat, sold under the brand name Galafold, is a medication for the treatment of Fabry disease, a rare genetic disorder. It was developed by Amicus Therapeutics. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted it orphan drug status in 2004, and the European Commission followed in 2006. The European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) granted the drug a marketing approval under the name Galafold in May 2016.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Migalastat

Miglitol

Miglitol is an oral anti-diabetic drug that acts by inhibiting the ability of the patient to break down complex carbohydrates into glucose. It is primarily used in diabetes mellitus type 2 for establishing greater glycemic control by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides) into monosaccharides which can be absorbed by the body.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Miglitol

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

See Glycoside hydrolase and Mucopolysaccharidosis

N-linked glycosylation

N-linked glycosylation is the attachment of an oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate consisting of several sugar molecules, sometimes also referred to as glycan, to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry.

See Glycoside hydrolase and N-linked glycosylation

Natural product

A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Natural product

Neuraminidase

Exo-α-sialidase (sialidase, neuraminidase; systematic name acetylneuraminyl hydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids: Neuraminidase enzymes are a large family, found in a range of organisms. Glycoside hydrolase and neuraminidase are carbohydrate chemistry, eC 3.2.1 and Glycobiology.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Neuraminidase

Nucleophile

In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Nucleophile

Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Organic chemistry

Oseltamivir

Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Oseltamivir

Pathogenesis

In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Pathogenesis

Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. Glycoside hydrolase and Polysaccharide are carbohydrate chemistry.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Polysaccharide

Prokaryote

A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Prokaryote

Saliva

Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Saliva

Starch

Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. Glycoside hydrolase and Starch are carbohydrates.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Starch

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Stereochemistry

Sucrase

Sucrases are digestive enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to its component monosaccharides, fructose and glucose. Glycoside hydrolase and Sucrase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Sucrase

Sucrose

Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Sucrose

Swainsonine

Swainsonine is an indolizidine alkaloid.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Swainsonine

Trehalose

Trehalose (from Turkish tıgala – a sugar derived from insect cocoons + -ose) is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose. Glycoside hydrolase and Trehalose are carbohydrates.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Trehalose

Walden inversion

Walden inversion is the inversion of a stereogenic center in a chiral molecule in a chemical reaction.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Walden inversion

Xylanase

Endo-1,4-β-xylanase (systematic name 4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase) is any of a class of enzymes that degrade the linear polysaccharide xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose, one of the major components of plant cell walls: Xylanase plays a major role in micro-organisms thriving on plant sources for the degradation of plant matter into usable nutrients. Glycoside hydrolase and Xylanase are eC 3.2.1.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Xylanase

Zanamivir

Zanamivir is a medication used to treat and prevent influenza caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses.

See Glycoside hydrolase and Zanamivir

1-Deoxynojirimycin

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ or 1-DNJ), also called duvoglustat or moranolin, is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, most commonly found in mulberry leaves.

See Glycoside hydrolase and 1-Deoxynojirimycin

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase

Also known as GH families, GH family, Glycosidase, Glycosidases, Glycosidasic, Glycoside hydrolases, Glycosyl hydrolase, Α-glucosidase, Β-glycosidase.

, Lysosome, Lysozyme, Maltase, Migalastat, Miglitol, Mucopolysaccharidosis, N-linked glycosylation, Natural product, Neuraminidase, Nucleophile, Organic chemistry, Oseltamivir, Pathogenesis, Polysaccharide, Prokaryote, Saliva, Starch, Stereochemistry, Sucrase, Sucrose, Swainsonine, Trehalose, Walden inversion, Xylanase, Zanamivir, 1-Deoxynojirimycin.

Glycoside hydrolase, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Glycobiology

References