Golan Heights, the Glossary
The Golan Heights (Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or; רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau, at the southwest corner of Syria.[1]
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418 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Achaemenid Empire, Afik, Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria, Al Jazeera English, Al-Butayha, Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, Al-Marsad, Al-Nusra Front, Al-Rafid, Syria, Alawites, Alec Douglas-Home, Alexander Jannaeus, Alexander the Great, Allon Plan, American Journal of International Law, Ancient Greece, Annexation, Anno Domini, Anti-Lebanon mountains, Antony Blinken, April 2018 missile strikes against Syria, Arab League, Arabic, Arabs, Aram-Damascus, Aramaic, Arameans, Archaeological site, Archaeology, Ashteroth Karnaim, Associated Press, Assyria, Augustus, Authoritarianism, Autocracy, Avigdor Lieberman, Ayyubid dynasty, Babylonia, Babylonian captivity, Banias, Bar Kokhba revolt, Barack Obama, Bariqa, Basalt, Baseflow, Bashan, Bashar al-Assad, Batanaea, Battle of Ain Jalut, ... Expand index (368 more) »
- Disputed territories in Asia
- Geography of the Middle East
- Israel–Syria border
- Israeli-occupied territories
- Lava plateaus
- Quneitra Governorate
- Syrian civil war
- Territorial disputes of Israel
- Territorial disputes of Syria
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Golan Heights and Abbasid Caliphate
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Golan Heights and Achaemenid Empire
Afik
Afik is an Israeli settlement organized as a kibbutz in the Golan Heights.
Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria
The Agreement on Disengagement (הסכם הפרדת הכוחות בין ישראל לסוריה, اتفاقية فك الاشتباك) is an agreement between Israel and Syria that was signed on May 31, 1974, which officially ended the Yom Kippur War and the subsequent attrition period on the Syrian front.
See Golan Heights and Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria
Al Jazeera English
Al Jazeera English (AJE; lit) is a 24-hour English-language news channel operating under Al Jazeera Media Network, which is partially funded by the government of Qatar.
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Al-Butayha
Al-Butayha (البطيحة) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict.
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Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
Al-Ḥārith ibn Jabalah (الحارث بن جبلة; known in Byzantine sources as Flavios Arethas (Greek: Φλάβιος Ἀρέθας) and Khālid ibn Jabalah (خالد بن جبلة) in later Islamic sources), was a king of the Ghassanids, a pre-Islamic Arab Christian tribe who lived on the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire.
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Al-Marsad
Al-Marsad – Arab Human Rights Centre in Golan Heights is an independent, not-for-profit international human rights organization with no religious or political affiliation that operates in the Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Al-Marsad
Al-Nusra Front
Al-Nusra Front, also known as Front for the Conquest of the Levant, was a Salafi jihadist organization fighting against Syrian government forces in the Syrian Civil War.
See Golan Heights and Al-Nusra Front
Al-Rafid, Syria
Al-Rafid (الرفيد) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Quneitra Governorate (Golan Heights), in the portion of the province under the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone.
See Golan Heights and Al-Rafid, Syria
Alawites
The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.
See Golan Heights and Alawites
Alec Douglas-Home
Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel, (2 July 1903 – 9 October 1995), styled as Lord Dunglass between 1918 and 1951 and the Earl of Home from 1951 until 1963, was a British statesman and Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1963 to 1964.
See Golan Heights and Alec Douglas-Home
Alexander Jannaeus
Alexander Jannaeus (Ἀλέξανδρος Ἰανναῖος; יַנַּאי Yannaʾy; born Jonathan יהונתן) was the second king of the Hasmonean dynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
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Allon Plan
The Allon Plan (תָּכְנִית אַלּוֹן) was a political proposition that outlined potential next steps for Israel after the 1967 Arab–Israeli War.
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American Journal of International Law
The American Journal of International Law is an English-language scholarly journal focusing on international law and international relations.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
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Annexation
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.
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Anno Domini
The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
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Anti-Lebanon mountains
The Anti-Lebanon mountains (eastern mountains of Lebanon) are a southwest–northeast-trending, c. long mountain range that forms most of the border between Syria and Lebanon.
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Antony Blinken
Antony John Blinken (born April 16, 1962) is an American lawyer and diplomat currently serving as the 71st United States secretary of state.
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April 2018 missile strikes against Syria
On 14 April 2018, beginning at 04:00 Syrian time (UTC+3), the United States, France, and the United Kingdom carried out a series of military strikes involving aircraft and ship-based missiles against multiple government sites in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.
See Golan Heights and April 2018 missile strikes against Syria
Arab League
The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.
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Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Aram-Damascus
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus (ܐܪܡ-ܕܪܡܣܘܩ) was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant.
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Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.
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Archaeological site
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record.
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Archaeology
Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
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Ashteroth Karnaim
Ashteroth Karnaim (Astarte of the Two Horns), also rendered as Ashtaroth Karnaim, was a city in Bashan east of the Jordan River.
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Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
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Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
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Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
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Autocracy
Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.
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Avigdor Lieberman
Avigdor Lieberman (born 5 June 1958) is a Soviet-born Israeli politician who served as Minister of Finance between 2021 and 2022, having previously served twice as Deputy Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2012.
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Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
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Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
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Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
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Banias
Banias or Banyas (بانياس الحولة; label; Judeo-Aramaic, Medieval Hebrew: פמייס, etc.; Πανεάς) is a site in the Golan Heights near a natural spring, once associated with the Greek god Pan.
Bar Kokhba revolt
The Bar Kokhba revolt (מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.
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Bariqa
Bariqa (بريقة, also spelled Buraykah or Breikeh) is a village in southwestern Syria, administratively part of the Quneitra Governorate, south of Quneitra, in the Syrian-controlled portion of the Golan Heights.
Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
Baseflow
Baseflow (also called drought flow, groundwater recession flow, low flow, low-water flow, low-water discharge and sustained or fair-weather runoff) is the portion of the streamflow that is sustained between precipitation events, fed to streams by delayed pathways.
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Bashan
Bashan (translit; Basan or Basanitis) is the ancient, biblical name used for the northernmost region of the Transjordan during the Iron Age.
Bashar al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.
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Batanaea
Batanaea or Batanea was an area often mentioned between the first century BC until the fourth century AD.
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Battle of Ain Jalut
The Battle of Ain Jalut, also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley.
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Battle of Issus
The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III.
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Battle of the Yarmuk
The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk) was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
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Beer Ajam
Beer Ajam (Biʾr ʿAjam, also spelled Bir Ajam, lit. "Non-Arabs' Spring") is a Syrian Circassian village in the Quneitra Governorate in the Syrian controlled portion of the Golan Heights.
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Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician, serving as the prime minister of Israel since 2022, having previously held the office in 1996–1999 and 2009–2021.
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Bethsaida Valley
The Bethsaida Valley (בקעת הבטיחה), Arabic: Buq'at al-Butayhah,, Mindat.org, accessed 23.1.2022.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
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Blue Line (withdrawal line)
The Blue Line is a demarcation line dividing Lebanon from Israel and the Golan Heights.
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Bnei Yehuda, Golan Heights
Bnei Yehuda (בְּנֵי יְהוּדָה) is an Israeli settlement organized as a moshav located in the southern Golan Heights, under the administration of Israel.
See Golan Heights and Bnei Yehuda, Golan Heights
Borders of Israel
The modern borders of Israel exist as the result both of past wars and of diplomatic agreements between the State of Israel and its neighbours, as well as an effect of the agreements among colonial powers ruling in the region before Israel's creation.
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Buffer zone
A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries.
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Buq'ata
Buq'ata (بقعاثا Buqʿāthā; בוקעאתא) is a Druze town, administered as a local council, in the northern section of the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Cain and Abel
In the biblical Book of Genesis, Cain and Abel are the first two sons of Adam and Eve.
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Caligula
Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula, was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41.
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Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
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Canaanite languages
The Canaanite languages, sometimes referred to as Canaanite dialects, are one of three subgroups of the Northwest Semitic languages, the others being Aramaic and Amorite.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
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Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Azriel Weizmann 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as president of the Zionist Organization and later as the first president of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann was instrumental in obtaining the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and convincing the United States government to recognize the newly formed State of Israel in 1948.
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Circassians in Syria
Circassians in Syria refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century.
See Golan Heights and Circassians in Syria
Cities of Refuge
The cities of refuge (‘ārê ha-miqlāṭ) were six Levitical towns in the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah in which the perpetrators of accidental manslaughter could claim the right of asylum.
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Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August – 13 October) was a Roman emperor, ruling from to 54.
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Client state
In the field of international relations, a client state, is a state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state.
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Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
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Council on Foreign Relations
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Daily News Egypt
Daily News Egypt (DNE) is an English-language daily Egyptian newspaper established in 2005 and relaunched in June 2012.
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Daliyot River
The Daliyot River (Hebrew: Nahal Daliyot) is a river in the Golan Heights.
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Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
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Dan (ancient city)
Dan (דן) is an ancient city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, described as the northernmost city of the Kingdom of Israel, and belonging to the tribe of Dan, its namesake.
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Dan River (Middle East)
The Dan (translit; translit) is a tributary of the Jordan River.
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Daraa
Daraa (Darʿā, Levantine Arabic:, also Darʿā, Dara’a, Deraa, Dera'a, Dera, Derʿā and Edrei; means "fortress", compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria, located about north of the border with Jordan.
David
David ("beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.
Dean Rusk
David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909December 20, 1994) was the United States secretary of state from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, the second-longest serving Secretary of State after Cordell Hull from the Franklin Roosevelt administration.
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Deir Aziz synagogue
The Deir Aziz synagogue is an ancient synagogue dating from the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods, located at the archeological site of Deir Aziz, in the southern Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Deir Aziz synagogue
Deir Qeruh
church: the nave with the door at its western end Deir Qeruh (دير قروح, 'Monastery of Qeruḥ'; דיר קרוח) is a ruined Byzantine-period village in the Golan Heights, located within an Israeli national park, the Gamla nature reserve.
See Golan Heights and Deir Qeruh
Demarcation line
A political demarcation line is a geopolitical border, often agreed upon as part of an armistice or ceasefire.
See Golan Heights and Demarcation line
Demilitarized zone
A demilitarized zone (DMZ or DZ) is an area in which treaties or agreements between states, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel.
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Dennis Ross
Dennis B. Ross (born November 26, 1948) is an American diplomat and author.
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Diocletian
Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, Diokletianós; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305.
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Dnipro
Dnipro is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants.
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
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Drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
See Golan Heights and Drainage basin
Druze
The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.
Dunam
A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: دونم; dönüm; דונם), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area equivalent to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day.
East Jerusalem
East Jerusalem (al-Quds ash-Sharqiya) is the portion of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel. Golan Heights and East Jerusalem are disputed territories in Asia and Israeli-occupied territories.
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Edmond James de Rothschild
Baron Abraham Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild (19 August 1845 – 2 November 1934) was a French member of the Rothschild banking family.
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Effi Eitam
Efraim "Effi" Eitam (אפרים "אפי" איתם, born 25 July 1952) is an Israeli brigadier general, former commander of the 91st Division, and politician.
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Ehud Barak
Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק; born Ehud Brog; 12 February 1942) is an Israeli former general and politician who served as the tenth prime minister from 1999 to 2001.
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Ehud Olmert
Ehud Olmert (אֶהוּד אוֹלְמֶרְט,; born 30 September 1945) is an Israeli politician and lawyer.
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Ein Gev
Ein Gev (עֵין גֵּב) is a kibbutz in northern Israel.
Ein Qiniyye
Ein Qiniyye or 'Ayn Qunya (عين قنية; עֵין קֻנִיֶּה) is a Druze village in the Israeli-occupied southern foothills of Mount Hermon, 750 meters above sea level.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Evacuation Day (Syria)
Evacuation Day (ʿīd al-jalāʾ, also known as Jalaa Day or Clearance Day) is Syria's national day commemorating the evacuation of the last French soldier at the end of the French mandate of Syria on 17 April 1946 after Syria's proclamation of full independence in 1941.
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Faisal I of Iraq
Faisal I bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, Fayṣal al-Awwal bin al-Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933.
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Fatah
Fatah (Fatḥ), formally the Palestinian National Liberation Movement (label), is a Palestinian nationalist and social democratic political party.
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.
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Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.
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Fiq, Syria
Fiq (فيق) was a Syrian town in the Golan Heights that administratively belonged to Quneitra Governorate.
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First Jewish–Roman War
The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt (ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire fought in the province of Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.
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Front for the Liberation of the Golan
The Front for the Liberation of the Golan is a guerrilla organization formed by Syria in July 2006 shortly after the 2006 Lebanon War, viewed by Syria as a victory by Hezbollah over Israel.
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Galilee campaign (67)
The Galilee campaign, also known as the Northern Revolt, took place in the year 67, when Roman general Vespasian invaded Galilee under the orders of Emperor Nero in order to crush the Great Revolt of Judea.
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Gamla
Gamla (גַּמְלָא, the camel), also Gamala, was an ancient Jewish town on the Golan Heights.
Gaza War (2008–2009)
The Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead (מִבְצָע עוֹפֶרֶת יְצוּקָה), also known as the Gaza Massacre, and referred to as the Battle of al-Furqan (معركة الفرقان) by Hamas, Secondary source, Abdul-Hameed al-Kayyali, Studies on the Israeli Aggression on Gaza Strip: Cast Lead Operation / Al-Furqan Battle, 2009 was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinian paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 with a unilateral ceasefire.
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Genie Energy
Genie Energy Ltd. is an American energy company headquartered in Newark, New Jersey.
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Geology
Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
Gergesa
Gergesa, also Gergasa (Γέργεσα in Byzantine greek) or the Country of the Gergesenes, is a place on the eastern (Golan Heights) side of the Sea of Galilee located at some distance to the ancient Decapolis cities of Gadara and Gerasa.
Geshur
Geshur was a territory in the ancient Levant mentioned in the early books of the Hebrew Bible and possibly in several other ancient sources, located in the region of the modern-day Golan Heights.
Ghajar
Ghajar (غجر, ע'ג'ר or), also Rhadjar, is an Alawite-Arab village on the Hasbani River, on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights. Golan Heights and Ghajar are disputed territories in Asia.
Ghassanids
The Ghassanids, also called the Jafnids, were an Arab tribe which founded a kingdom which was in place from the third century to the seventh century in the area of the Levant and northern Arabia. They emigrated from South Arabia in the early third century to the Levant. Some merged with Hellenized Christian communities, converting to Christianity in the first few centuries, while others may have already been Christians before emigrating north to escape religious persecution.
See Golan Heights and Ghassanids
Gilead
Gilead or Gilad (جلعاد, Ǧalʻād, גִּלְעָד Gilʿāḏ, Jalaad) is the ancient, historic, biblical name of the mountainous northern part of the region of Transjordan.
Globes (newspaper)
Globes (גלובס) is a Hebrew-language daily evening financial newspaper in Israel.
See Golan Heights and Globes (newspaper)
Golan
Golan (Gōlān; Jawlān) is the name of a biblical town later known from the works of Josephus (first century CE) and Eusebius (Onomasticon, early 4th century CE).
Golan Archaeological Museum
The Golan Archaeological Museum is a museum of the archaeological finds of the Golan Heights, located in Katzrin.
See Golan Heights and Golan Archaeological Museum
Golan Heights
The Golan Heights (Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or; רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau, at the southwest corner of Syria. Golan Heights and Golan Heights are Arab–Israeli conflict, disputed territories in Asia, geography of the Middle East, Great Rift Valley, Israel–Syria border, Israeli-occupied territories, lava plateaus, Quneitra Governorate, Syrian civil war, territorial disputes of Israel, territorial disputes of Syria and volcanic fields.
See Golan Heights and Golan Heights
Golan Heights Law
The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Golan Heights Law
Golan Heights wind farm
The Golan Heights wind farm is a wind farm located 1050 m above sea level on Mount Bnei Rasan 5 km south of Quneitra in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Golan Heights wind farm
Golan Heights Winery
The Golan Heights Winery (יקבי רמת הגולן) is an Israeli winery located in the Israeli settlement of Katzrin in the Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Golan Heights Winery
Golan Regiment
The Golan Regiment (Arabic: فوج الجولان, Fouj al-Joulan) was a Syrian militia based in Khan Arnabah that was part of the National Defence Forces (NDF).
See Golan Heights and Golan Regiment
Golan Regional Council
Golan Regional Council (מועצה אזורית גולן, مجلس الجولان الإقليمي) is a regional council that supervises regional services to Israeli settlements located on the Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Golan Regional Council
Google News
Google News is a news aggregator service developed by Google.
See Golan Heights and Google News
Gospel
Gospel (εὐαγγέλιον; evangelium) originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.
Gottlieb Schumacher
Gottlieb Schumacher (21 November 1857 – 26 November 1925) was an American-born civil engineer, architect and archaeologist of German descent, who was an important figure in the early archaeological exploration of Palestine.
See Golan Heights and Gottlieb Schumacher
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Golan Heights and Greek language
Haaretz
Haaretz (originally Ḥadshot Haaretz –) is an Israeli newspaper.
Hader, Quneitra Governorate
Hader (حضر, also spelt Hadar) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Khan Arnabah Subdistrict of the Quneitra Governorate.
See Golan Heights and Hader, Quneitra Governorate
Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad (6 October 193010 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000.
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Hamat Gader
Hamat Gader (חַמַּת גָּדֵר; חמתא דגדר,; Ἑμμαθά, or ῎Αμαθα,; الحمة السورية) is a hot springs site in the Yarmuk River valley, located in an area under Israeli control, near the Golan Heights and the border with Jordan.
See Golan Heights and Hamat Gader
Har Senaim
Har Senaim or Senaim (Mount of squirrels; Arabic: Hafur el-Qurn, or Tell el-Hafur, or Mountain of Sweetness), is an archaeological site that sits on a peak near Mount Hermon in the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, north east of Kiryat Shmona and from Banias.
See Golan Heights and Har Senaim
Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.
See Golan Heights and Hasmonean dynasty
Hauran
The Hauran (Ḥawrān; also spelled Hawran or Houran) is a region that spans parts of southern Syria and northern Jordan. Golan Heights and Hauran are lava plateaus.
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
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Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
See Golan Heights and Hebrew language
Heraclius
Heraclius (Hērákleios; – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641.
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Herod Agrippa
Herod Agrippa (Roman name Marcus Julius Agrippa), also known as Herod II or Agrippa I, was the last Jewish king of Judea.
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Herod Agrippa II
Herod Agrippa II (AD 27/28 – or 100), officially named Marcus Julius Agrippa and sometimes shortened to Agrippa, was the last ruler from the Herodian dynasty, reigning over territories outside of Judea as a Roman client.
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Herod II
Herod II (c. 27 BC – 33/34 AD) was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest, and the first husband of Herodias, daughter of Aristobulus IV and his wife Berenice.
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Herod the Great
Herod I or Herod the Great was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea.
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Herodian dynasty
The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian Tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire.
See Golan Heights and Herodian dynasty
Herodian kingdom
The Herodian kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate.
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Herodian tetrarchy
The Herodian tetrarchy was a regional division of a client state of Rome, formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE.
See Golan Heights and Herodian tetrarchy
Hezbollah
Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.
See Golan Heights and Hezbollah
Hippos (Golan Heights)
Hippos (horse) or Sussita (Aramaic, סוסיתא) is an ancient city and archaeological site located on a hill 2 km east of the Sea of Galilee, attached by a topographical saddle to the western slopes of the Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Hippos (Golan Heights)
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
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Homo erectus
Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.
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Hula Valley
The Hula Valley (ʿEmeq haḤūlā; Buḥayrat al-Ḥūla) is an agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water that used to be Lake Hula before it was drained.
See Golan Heights and Hula Valley
Independent Israel–Syria peace initiatives
Since a state of war has been existing between Israel and Syria several independent peace initiatives had taken place.
See Golan Heights and Independent Israel–Syria peace initiatives
The international community is a term used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world.
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International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
The International law bearing on issues of Arab–Israeli conflict, which became a major arena of regional and international tension since the birth of Israel in 1948, resulting in several disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel.
See Golan Heights and International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia refers to two different versions of a Bible encyclopedia: a 1915 fundamentalist edition, and a 1979–1995 revised evangelical edition.
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Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been accused by several countries of training, financing, and providing weapons and safe havens for non-state militant actors, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, and other Palestinian groups such as the Islamic Jihad (IJ) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
See Golan Heights and Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
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ISBN
The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique.
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC; سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces.
See Golan Heights and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.
See Golan Heights and Islamic State
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
Israel Antiquities Authority
The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA, רשות העתיקות rashut ha-'atiqot; داﺌرة الآثار, before 1990, the Israel Department of Antiquities) is an independent Israeli governmental authority responsible for enforcing the 1978 Law of Antiquities.
See Golan Heights and Israel Antiquities Authority
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה, HaLishka HaMerkazit LiStatistika; دائرة الإحصاء المركزية الإسرائيلية), abbreviated CBS, is an Israeli government office established in 1949 to carry out research and publish statistical data on all aspects of Israeli life, including population, society, economy, industry, education, and physical infrastructure.
See Golan Heights and Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym, is the national military of the State of Israel.
See Golan Heights and Israel Defense Forces
Israel Nature and Parks Authority
The Israel Nature and Parks Authority (רשות הטבע והגנים,; سلطة الطبيعة والحدائق) is an Israeli government organization that manages nature reserves and national parks in Israel, the Golan Heights and parts of the West Bank.
See Golan Heights and Israel Nature and Parks Authority
Israel–Syria relations
Israel–Syria relations refer to the bilateral ties between the State of Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic.
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Israeli citizenship law
Israeli citizenship law details the conditions by which a person holds citizenship of Israel.
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Israeli law
Israeli law is based mostly on a common law legal system, though it also reflects the diverse history of the territory of the State of Israel throughout the last hundred years (which was at various times prior to independence under Ottoman, then British sovereignty), as well as the legal systems of its major religious communities.
See Golan Heights and Israeli law
Israeli Military Governorate
The Israeli Military Governorate was a military governance system established following the Six-Day War in June 1967, in order to govern the civilian population of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula and the western part of Golan Heights. Golan Heights and Israeli Military Governorate are Arab–Israeli conflict, Israeli-occupied territories and territorial disputes of Israel.
See Golan Heights and Israeli Military Governorate
Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights
The Golan Heights are a rocky plateau in the Levant region of Western Asia that was captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War.
See Golan Heights and Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights
Israeli settlement
Israeli settlements, also called Israeli colonies, are the civilian communities built by Israel throughout the Israeli-occupied territories. Golan Heights and Israeli settlement are Arab–Israeli conflict and Israeli-occupied territories.
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Israeli-occupied territories
Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights since the Six-Day War of 1967. Golan Heights and Israeli-occupied territories are territorial disputes of Israel.
See Golan Heights and Israeli-occupied territories
Itamar Rabinovich
Itamar Rabinovich (איתמר רבינוביץ; born 1942) is the president of the Israel Institute (Washington and Jerusalem).
See Golan Heights and Itamar Rabinovich
Iturea
Iturea or Ituraea (Ἰτουραία, Itouraía) is the Greek name of a Levantine region north of Galilee during the Late Hellenistic and early Roman periods.
Jabal Druze State
Jabal al-Druze (جبل الدروز, Djebel Druze) was an autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria from 1921 to 1936, designed to function as a government for the local Druze population under French oversight.
See Golan Heights and Jabal Druze State
Jabiyah
Jabiyah (الجابية / ALA-LC: al-Jābiya) was a town of political and military significance in the 6th–8th centuries.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. Golan Heights and Jerusalem are disputed territories in Asia and territorial disputes of Israel.
See Golan Heights and Jerusalem
Jewish National Fund
The Jewish National Fund (JNF; קֶרֶן קַיֶּימֶת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, Keren Kayemet LeYisrael; previously, Ha Fund HaLeumi) is a non-profit organizationProfessor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev.
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Jewish Telegraphic Agency
The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service that primarily covers Judaism- and Jewish-related topics and news.
See Golan Heights and Jewish Telegraphic Agency
Jihadism
Jihadism is a neologism for militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West.
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Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
Jordan Rift Valley
The Jordan Rift Valley, also Jordan Valley also called the Syro-African Depression, is an elongated depression located in modern-day Israel, Jordan and the West Bank. Golan Heights and Jordan Rift Valley are Great Rift Valley.
See Golan Heights and Jordan Rift Valley
Jordan River
The Jordan River or River Jordan (نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, Nahr al-ʾUrdunn; נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, Nəhar hayYardēn), also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat (نهر الشريعة.), is a river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee and on to the salt water Dead Sea. Golan Heights and Jordan River are Great Rift Valley and Israel–Syria border.
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Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
The Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan, commonly known as the "Johnston Plan", was a plan for the unified water resource development of the Jordan Valley.
See Golan Heights and Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
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Josias Leslie Porter
Josias Leslie Porter DD LLD (1823–1889) was an Irish Presbyterian minister, missionary and traveller, who became an academic administrator.
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Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
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Judea
Judea or Judaea (Ἰουδαία,; Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant.
Judean provisional government
The Judean provisional government was a short-lived de facto governing entity in Judea, which was established during the Great Jewish Revolt in the year 66 CE by Judean rebel forces of the Pharisee and Sadducee parties.
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Jurassic
The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.
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Justinian I
Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
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Karst
Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.
Katzrin
Katzrin (קַצְרִין; also Qatzrin, qaṣrīn) is an Israeli settlement organized as a local council in the Golan Heights.
Katzrin ancient village and synagogue
The Katzrin ancient village and synagogue (also Qasrin and Kasrin, from the Arabic Qisrin) is an open-air museum located in the Golan Heights on the outskirts of the Israeli settlement of Katzrin.
See Golan Heights and Katzrin ancient village and synagogue
Kfarchouba
Kfarchouba (كفرشوبا), also known as Kafrchouba and Kafr Shuba, is a Lebanese village in the Hasbaya District of the Nabatieh Governorate in Southern Lebanon.
See Golan Heights and Kfarchouba
Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
The Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (جيش خالد بن الوليد Jaysh Khalid ibn al-Waleed) was an armed Salafi jihadist group active in southern Syria. Golan Heights and Khalid ibn al-Walid Army are Syrian civil war.
See Golan Heights and Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
Khan Arnabah
Khan Arnabah (خان أرنبة, also spelt Khan Arnabeh) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Quneitra Governorate (Golan Heights), in the portion of the province still under Syrian control.
See Golan Heights and Khan Arnabah
Khartoum Resolution
The Khartoum Resolution (قرار الخرطوم) of 1 September 1967 was issued at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit, which was convened in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in the wake of the Six-Day War.
See Golan Heights and Khartoum Resolution
Kibbutz
A kibbutz (קִבּוּץ / קיבוץ,;: kibbutzim קִבּוּצִים / קיבוצים) is an intentional community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture.
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
The Kingdom of Israel, or the Kingdom of Samaria, was an Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age, whose beginnings can be dated back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.
See Golan Heights and Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Knesset
The Knesset (translit, translit) is the unicameral legislature of Israel.
Kurds
Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.
Kursi, Sea of Galilee
Kursi (Κυρσοί,, الكرسي) is an archaeological site in the Golan Heights containing the ruins of a Byzantine monastery and identified by tradition as the site of Jesus' "Miracle of the Swine".
See Golan Heights and Kursi, Sea of Galilee
Lajat
The Lajat (/ALA-LC: al-Lajāʾ), also spelled Lejat, Lajah, el-Leja or Laja, is the largest lava field in southern Syria, spanning some 900 square kilometers.
Lake Ram
Lake Ram (Lake of Mas'ade and Birkat el-Ram. Brekhat Ram) is a crater lake (maar) in the northeastern Golan Heights near the village of Mas'ade and Mount Hermon.
See Golan Heights and Lake Ram
Lakhmid kingdom
The Lakhmid Kingdom (translit), also referred to in Arabic as al-Manādhirah (المناذرة, romanized as) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم, romanized as) was an Arab kingdom in Southern Iraq and Eastern Arabia, with al-Hirah as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 AD/CE.
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Land of Israel
The Land of Israel is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Golan Heights and Land of Israel are geography of the Middle East.
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Late Bronze Age collapse
The Late Bronze Age collapse was a time of widespread societal collapse during the 12th century BC associated with environmental change, mass migration, and the destruction of cities.
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Later Roman Empire
In historiography, the Later Roman Empire traditionally spans the period from 284 (Diocletian's proclamation as emperor) to 641 (death of Heraclius) in the history of the Roman Empire.
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Laurence Oliphant (author)
Laurence Oliphant (3 August 1829 – 23 December 1888), a Member of Parliament, was a South African-born British author, traveller, diplomat, British intelligence agent, Christian mystic, and Christian Zionist.
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Lebanese Democratic Party
The Lebanese Democratic Party (al-ḥizb ad-dīmuqrāṭī al-Lubnānī) is a political party in Lebanon established by Prince Talal Arslan and Marwan Abou Fadel in 2001.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.
Limes (Roman Empire)
Limes (Latin;,: limites) is a term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the borders of the Roman Empire.
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Limestone
Limestone (calcium carbonate) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime.
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Local council (Israel)
Local councils (Hebrew plural; singular: מוֹעָצָה מְקוֹמִית; label; singular: مجلس محلّي) are one of the three types of local government found in Israel, the other two being cities and regional councils.
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Lower Paleolithic
The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
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Lynne Rienner Publishers
Lynne Rienner Publishers is an independent scholarly and textbook publishing firm based in Boulder, Colorado.
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Majdal Shams
Majdal Shams (مجدل شمس; מַגְ'דַל שַׁמְס) is a predominantly Druze town in the Golan Heights, located in the southern foothills of Mount Hermon.
See Golan Heights and Majdal Shams
Majdal Shams attack
The Majdal Shams attack, also known as the Majdal Shams massacre, took place on 27 July 2024, when a football pitch was hit by a rocket in the Druze town of Majdal Shams in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Majdal Shams attack
Mamluk
Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.
Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.
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Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.
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Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
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Marl
Marl is an earthy material rich in carbonate minerals, clays, and silt.
Martin Indyk
Martin Sean Indyk (July 1, 1951 – July 25, 2024) was an Australian-American diplomat and foreign relations analyst with expertise in the Middle East.
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Mas'ade
Mas'ade (مسعدة, מַסְעַדֶה) is a Syrian village in the northern Golan Heights.
Mass suicide
Mass suicide is a form of suicide, occurring when a group of people simultaneously kill themselves.
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Mattityahu Peled
Mattityahu "Matti" Peled (מתתיהו "מתי" פלד; born Mattityahu Ifland, 20 July 1923 – 10 March 1995) was a well-known Israeli public figure who was at various periods of his life a professional military man who reached the rank of Aluf (Major General) in the IDF and was a member of the General Staff during the Six-Day War of 1967; a notable scholar who headed the Arabic Language and Literature Department of Tel Aviv University; a radical peace activist and a leading proponent of Israeli dialogue with the PLO and of complete withdrawal from the Occupied Territories in whose conquest he personally had a major role; and a member of the Knesset who often expressed controversial views considered "extreme left" in Israeli terms, yet was treated with considerable respect by political peers.
See Golan Heights and Mattityahu Peled
Merom Golan
Merom Golan (מְרוֹם גּוֹלָן) is an Israeli settlement organized as a kibbutz in the Western Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Merom Golan
Mikoyan
Russian Aircraft Corporation "MiG" (Rossiyskaya samolyotostroitel'naya korporatsiya "MiG"), commonly known as Mikoyan and MiG, is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Begovoy District, Moscow.
Military base
A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations.
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Military occupation
Military occupation, also called belligerent occupation or simply occupation, is temporary hostile control exerted by a ruling power's military apparatus over a sovereign territory that is outside of the legal boundaries of that ruling power's own sovereign territory.
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Ministry of Energy (Israel)
The Ministry of Energy (משרד האנרגיה) is the Israeli government ministry responsible for energy and water infrastructure.
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Ministry of Interior (Israel)
The Ministry of Interior (משרד הפנים, Misrad HaPnim; وزارة الداخلية) in the State of Israel is one of the government offices that is responsible for local government, citizenship and residency, identity cards, and student and entry visas.
See Golan Heights and Ministry of Interior (Israel)
Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb shanah, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah.
Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.
Monophysitism
Monophysitism or monophysism (from Greek μόνος, "solitary" and φύσις, "nature") is a Christology that states that in the person of the incarnated Word (that is, in Jesus Christ) there was only one nature—the divine.
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Mosaic of Rehob
The Mosaic of Reḥob (also known as the Tel Rehov inscription and the Baraita of the Boundaries), is a late 3rd–6th century CE mosaic discovered in 1973.
See Golan Heights and Mosaic of Rehob
Moshav
A moshav (מוֹשָׁב, plural מוֹשָׁבִים, "settlement, village") is a type of Israeli village or town or Jewish settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists between 1904 and 1914, during what is known as the second wave of ''aliyah''.
Moshe Dayan
Moshe Dayan (משה דיין; May 20, 1915 – October 16, 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician.
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Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies is an Israeli think tank based in Tel Aviv, Israel, focused on the contemporary study and analysis of the Middle East and Africa.
See Golan Heights and Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Mount Hermon
Mount Hermon (جبل الشيخ or جبل حرمون / ALA-LC: Jabal al-Shaykh ('Mountain of the Sheikh') or Jabal Haramun; הַר חֶרְמוֹן, Har Ḥermōn) is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Golan Heights and mount Hermon are Great Rift Valley.
See Golan Heights and Mount Hermon
Mount Hermon ski resort
The Mount Hermon ski resort (אתר החרמון) is situated on the south-eastern slopes of Mount Hermon, a few kilometers off the Purple line, in the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Mount Hermon ski resort
Mount Qasioun
Mount Qasioun (Jabal Qāsiyūn) is a mountain overlooking the city of Damascus, Syria.
See Golan Heights and Mount Qasioun
Mowafaq Tarif
Shaykh Mowafaq Ṭarīf (موفق طريف; מוואפק טריף; born 1963) is the qadi (spiritual leader) of the Druze in Israel.
See Golan Heights and Mowafaq Tarif
Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
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Muslim conquest of the Levant
The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.
See Golan Heights and Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muzayrib
Muzayrib (مُزَيْرِيب, also spelled Mzerib, Mzeireb, Mzereeb, Mezereeb or al-Mezereeb) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Daraa Governorate, located northwest of Daraa on the Jordan–Syria border.
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My Life (Clinton autobiography)
My Life is a 2004 autobiography written by former U.S. president Bill Clinton.
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Naftali Bennett
Naftali Bennett (Naftālī Beneṭ,; born 25 March 1972) is an Israeli politician who served as the 13th prime minister of Israel from 13 June 2021 to 30 June 2022, and as the 3rd Alternate Prime Minister of Israel from 1 July to 8 November 2022.
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National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records.
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National Water Carrier of Israel
National Water Carrier of Israel The National Water Carrier of Israel (המוביל הארצי, HaMovil HaArtzi) is the largest water project in Israel, completed in 1964.
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Nawa, Syria
Nawa (Nawā) is a city in Syria, administratively belonging to the Daraa Governorate.
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Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.
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Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
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New Jersey
New Jersey is a state situated within both the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.
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Nimrod Castle
The Nimrod Fortress or Nimrod Castle (قلعة الصبيبة Qal'at al-Subeiba, "Castle of the Large Cliff", later Qal'at Namrud, "Nimrod's Castle"; מבצר נמרוד, Mivtzar Nimrod, "Nimrod's Fortress") is a castle built by the Ayyubids and hugely enlarged by the Mamluks, situated on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, on a ridge rising about 800 m (2600 feet) above sea level.
See Golan Heights and Nimrod Castle
Northern District (Israel)
The Northern District (translit; translit) is one of Israel's six administrative districts.
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Nova Science Publishers
Nova Science Publishers is an academic publisher of books, encyclopedias, handbooks, e-books and journals, based in Hauppauge, New York.
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Nur al-Din Zengi
Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.
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Oenology
Oenology (also enology) is the science and study of wine and winemaking.
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Old Yishuv
The Old Yishuv (היישוב הישן, haYishuv haYashan) were the Jewish communities of the region of Palestine during the Ottoman period, up to the onset of Zionist aliyah waves, and the consolidation of the New Yishuv by the end of World War I. Unlike the New Yishuv, characterized by secular and Zionist ideologies promoting labor and self-sufficiency, the Old Yishuv primarily consisted of religious Jews who relied on external donations (halukka) for support.
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Open society
Open society (société ouverte) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932, and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism.
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Operation House of Cards
The May 2018 Israel–Iran clashes were a series of short military confrontations between Israeli and Iranian forces in Syria.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
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Ottoman Syria
Ottoman Syria (سوريا العثمانية) was a group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of Syria, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains.
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Palaestina Secunda
Palaestina Secunda or Palaestina II was a province of the Byzantine Empire from 390, until its conquest by the Muslim armies in 634–636.
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Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
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Palestine Jewish Colonization Association
The Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (חברה להתיישבות יהודית בארץ־ישראל), commonly known by its Yiddish acronym PICA (פיק"א), was established in 1924.
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Pan (god)
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pan (Pán) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, rustic music and impromptus, and companion of the nymphs.
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Parliament of Lebanon
The Lebanese Parliament (translit, English "House of Representatives", Parlement Libanais) is the national parliament of the Republic of Lebanon.
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Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
The Paulet–Newcombe Agreement or Paulet-Newcombe Line, was a 1923 agreement between the British and French governments regarding the position and nature of the boundary between the Mandates of Palestine and Iraq, attributed to Great Britain, and the Mandate of Syria and Lebanon, attributed to France.
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Pella, Jordan
Pella (Πέλλα) was an ancient city in what is now northwest Jordan, and contains ruins from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Canaanite, Hellenistic and Islamic periods.
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Perea
Perea or Peraea (Greek: Περαία, "the country beyond") was the term used mainly during the early Roman period for part of ancient Transjordan.
Petroleum Road
The Petroleum Road or Tapline Road (Hebrew: כביש הנפט, Kvish HaNeft) is a long, privately owned north-south asphalt road in the Golan Heights.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.
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Phylarch
A phylarch (φύλαρχος, phylarchus) is a Greek title meaning "ruler of a tribe", from phyle, "tribe" + archein "to rule".
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Physical geography
Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography.
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Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
Plateau
In geology and physical geography, a plateau (plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.
Politics of Syria
Politics in the Syrian Arab Republic takes place in the framework of a presidential republic with nominal multi-party representation in People's Council under the Ba'athist-dominated National Progressive Front.
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.
See Golan Heights and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Purple Line (ceasefire line)
The Purple Line was the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria after the 1967 Six-Day War and serves as the de facto border between the two countries. Golan Heights and Purple Line (ceasefire line) are Arab–Israeli conflict and Israel–Syria border.
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Quneitra
Quneitra (also Al Qunaytirah, Qunaitira, or Kuneitra; ٱلْقُنَيْطِرَة or ٱلْقُنَيطْرَة, al-Qunayṭrah or al-Qunayṭirah) is the largely destroyed and abandoned capital of the Quneitra Governorate in south-western Syria.
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Quneitra Crossing
The Quneitra Crossing (تقاطع القنيطرة, מעבר קוניטרה) is a border crossing through the purple ceasefire line into the UNDOF controlled area between the Syrian controlled and the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.
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Quneitra Governorate
Quneitra Governorate (مُحافظة القنيطرة / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Al-Qunayṭrah) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
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Quraysh
The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba.
Qutuz
Sayf al-Din Qutuz (سيف الدين قطز; died 24 October 1260), also romanized as Kutuz or Kotuz and fully al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Quṭuz (الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز), was the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who is the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014.
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Resistance and Liberation Day (Lebanon)
Resistance and Liberation Day (Arabic:عيد المقاومة والتحرير, Yawm al-Muqawamat Waltahrir) is a Lebanese holiday celebrated on May 25.
See Golan Heights and Resistance and Liberation Day (Lebanon)
Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
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Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.
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Roman temple
Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture, and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state.
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Ronnie Ellenblum
Ronnie Ellenblum (born June 21, 1952, Haifa, Israel; died January 7, 2021, Jerusalem, Israel) was an Israeli professor at the department of geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, specializing in Medieval geographies, the history of the Levant in the Middle Ages, and the history of the Crusades.
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Rujm el-Hiri
Rujm el-Hiri (Rujm al-Hīrī; Gilgal Refaʾim) is an ancient megalith consisting of concentric circles of stone with a tumulus at center.
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Ruqqad
The Ruqqad is a wadi flowing in south-west Syria, and de facto also in Northeast Israel.
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
See Golan Heights and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Safed
Safed (also known as Tzfat; צְפַת, Ṣəfaṯ; صفد, Ṣafad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel.
Saham al-Jawlan
Saham al-Jawlan or Saham el-Golan (Saḥam al-Jawlān) is a Syrian village in the Daraa Governorate, in the Hauran region.
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Saint George
Saint George (Geṓrgios;Geʽez: ጊዮርጊስ, Geōrgius, გიორგი, Ge'orgiyos, Mar Giwargis, translit died 23 April 303), also George of Lydda, was an early Christian martyr who is venerated as a saint in Christianity.
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Saladin
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
San Remo conference
The San Remo conference was an international meeting of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council as an outgrowth of the Paris Peace Conference, held at Castle Devachan in Sanremo, Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920.
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Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
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Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
The Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering aspects of the Hebrew Bible.
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Sea of Galilee
The Sea of Galilee (יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, بحيرة طبريا), also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel.
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Second Temple
The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in use between and its destruction in 70 CE.
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Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation.
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Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
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Seleucus I Nicator
Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.
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Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.
See Golan Heights and Seljuk dynasty
Shaft sinking
Shaft mining or shaft sinking is the action of excavating a mine shaft from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom.
See Golan Heights and Shaft sinking
Shayta
Shayta, also spelled Suhayta, S'heita or Su'heita, (سحيتا) was a Syrian village located in the Golan Heights. Golan Heights and Shayta are Quneitra Governorate.
Shebaa Farms
The Shebaa Farms, also spelled Sheba'a Farms (مزارع شبعا,; חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a), also known as Mount Dov (translit), is a small strip of land at the intersection of the Lebanese–Syrian border and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. Golan Heights and Shebaa Farms are territorial disputes of Israel and territorial disputes of Syria.
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Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
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Shimon Peres
Shimon Peres (שמעון פרס; born Szymon Perski,; 2 August 1923 – 28 September 2016) was an Israeli politician and statesman who served as the eighth prime minister of Israel from 1984 to 1986 and from 1995 to 1996 and as the ninth president of Israel from 2007 to 2014.
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Shouting Hill
Shouting Hill is a hill in the Golan Heights.
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Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.
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Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.
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Six-Day War
The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967. Golan Heights and Six-Day War are Arab–Israeli conflict.
See Golan Heights and Six-Day War
Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)
The Southern Front (الجبهة الجنوبية) was a Syrian rebel alliance consisting of 54 or 58 Syrian opposition factions affiliated with the Free Syrian Army, established on 13 February 2014 in southern Syria.
See Golan Heights and Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)
State of Damascus
The State of Damascus (État de Damas; دولة دمشق) was one of the six states established by the French General Henri Gouraud in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference of 1920 and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria.
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Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, west of Amesbury.
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Structural geology
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories.
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Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
Supreme Court of Israel
The Supreme Court of Israel (Hebrew acronym Bagatz; al-Maḥkama al-‘Ulyā) is the highest court in Israel.
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Surface runoff
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow).
See Golan Heights and Surface runoff
Synagogue
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.
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Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Syria (region)
Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant. Golan Heights and Syria (region) are geography of the Middle East.
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Syria Palaestina
Syria Palaestina (Syría hē Palaistínē) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD.
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Syria vilayet
The Vilayet of Syria (ولاية سوريا.; Vilâyet-i Sûriye), also known as Vilayet of Damascus,.
See Golan Heights and Syria vilayet
Syriac language
The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.
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Syrian Army
The Syrian Army (SyA or SA), officially the Syrian Arab Army (SyAA or SAA) (al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.
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Syrian civil war
The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.
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Syrian nationality law
Syrian nationality law is the law governing the acquisition, transmission and loss of Syrian citizenship.
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Syrian opposition
The Syrian opposition (المعارضة السورية) is the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated Syrian anti-Assad groups with certain territorial control as an alternative Syrian government.
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Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict
Before the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War, the Golan Heights comprised 312 inhabited areas, including 2 towns, 163 villages, and 108 farms.
See Golan Heights and Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict
Syrian Turkmen
Syrian Turkmen (translit; Suriye Türkmenleri) are Syrian citizens of Turkish origin who mainly trace their roots to Anatolia (i.e. modern Turkey).
See Golan Heights and Syrian Turkmen
Tal Saki
Tel Saki (تل الساقي. / ALA-LC: Tel Al-Saki; תל סאקי) is a dormant volcanic hill in the southeastern part of the Golan Heights.
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Talal Arslan
Emir Talal Arslan (الأمير طلال أرسلان) is a Lebanese politician, Political Leader of the Druze sect.
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Talmud
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.
Tel Faher
Tel Faher or Golani Lookout is a former Syrian outpost in the Golan Heights that has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967.
See Golan Heights and Tel Faher
Tel Hazor
Tel Hazor (תל חצור), also Chatsôr (חָצוֹר), translated in LXX as Hasōr (Άσώρ), named in Arabic Tell Waqqas / Tell Qedah el-Gul (Tell el-Qedah), is an archaeological tell at the site of ancient Hazor, located in Israel, Upper Galilee, north of the Sea of Galilee, in the northern Korazim Plateau.
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Tell Hadar
Tell Hadar (Arabic: Sheikh Chader or Sheikh Khadr, lit), is an archaeological site on the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee.
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Tennessee Valley Authority
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned electric utility corporation in the United States.
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The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
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The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
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The Jerusalem Post
The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli broadsheet newspaper based in Jerusalem, founded in 1932 during the British Mandate of Palestine by Gershon Agron as The Palestine Post.
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The Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.
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The Jewish War
The Jewish War is a work of Jewish history written by Josephus, a first-century Roman-Jewish historian.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Times of Israel
The Times of Israel is an Israeli multi-language online newspaper that was launched in 2012.
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TheMarker
TheMarker (דה-מרקר) is a Hebrew-language daily business newspaper published by the Haaretz Group in Israel.
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Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions
The United Nations has authorized 71 peacekeeping operations as of April 2018.
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Topography
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces.
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Toyota Land Cruiser
The (also sometimes spelled as LandCruiser) is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota.
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Travel document
A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international entity pursuant to international agreements to enable individuals to clear border control measures.
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Trump Heights
Trump Heights (translit) is a planned Israeli settlement in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights named after and in honour of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States.
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Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
Tzipi Livni
Tziporah Malka "Tzipi" Livni (ציפי (ציפורה) מלכה לבני,; born 8 July 1958) is an Israeli politician, diplomat, and lawyer.
See Golan Heights and Tzipi Livni
U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants
The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with locations in the United States, Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, and Kenya, and a national network of nearly 200 partner agencies that provide support for those experiencing forced and voluntary displacement.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Umm el-Qanatir
Umm el-Qanatir, also spelled Umm el-Kanatir (translit), recent Israeli name Ein Keshatot (lit), is an archaeological site on the Golan Heights, whose main phase is dated to the mid-5th–8th centuries.
See Golan Heights and Umm el-Qanatir
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
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United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) is a United Nations peacekeeping mission tasked with maintaining the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
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United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ.
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United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the Six-Day War.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 425
United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, adopted on 19 March 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War, called on Israel to withdraw immediately its forces from Lebanon and established the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL).
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 452
United Nations Security Council Resolution 452, adopted on 20 July 1979, addressed the issue of the Israeli settlements in Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights, specifically the illegality thereof.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 465
United Nations Security Council resolution 465, adopted unanimously on 1 March 1980, was on the issue of the Israeli settlements and administration in "the Arab territories occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem", referring to the Palestinian territories of the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip as well as the Syrian Golan Heights.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 471
United Nations Security Council Resolution 471, adopted on 5 June 1980 under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter was on the issue of the Israeli occupation and settlement activity in the Palestinian territories of East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 497
United Nations Security Council resolution 497, adopted unanimously on 17 December 1981, declared that the Israeli Golan Heights Law, which effectively annexed the Golan Heights, is "null and void and without international legal effect" and further calls on Israel to rescind its action.
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
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United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel
On March 25, 2019, the United States officially recognized the Golan Heights as being under the sovereignty of Israel.
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University of California, Davis
The University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD, or Davis) is a public land-grant research university in Davis, California, United States.
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Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
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Uthman
Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.
Uzi Landau
Uzi Landau (עוזי לנדאו, born 2 August 1943) is an Israeli politician and systems analyst.
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Valley of Tears
The Valley of Tears (עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא, Emek HaBakha) is the name given to an area in the Golan Heights after it became the site of a major battle in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, known as the Valley (or Vale) of Tears Battle, which was fought from 6 October to 9 October.
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Venus of Berekhat Ram
The Venus of Berekhat Ram (280,000–250,000 BP) is a pebble found at Berekhat Ram on the Golan Heights.
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Vespasian
Vespasian (Vespasianus; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79.
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Viticulture
Viticulture (vitis cultura, "vine-growing"), viniculture (vinis cultura, "wine-growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes.
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Volcanic crater lake
A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed by explosive activity or a collapse during a volcanic eruption.
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Volcanic field
A volcanic field or crater row is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. Golan Heights and volcanic field are volcanic fields.
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Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Wadi
Wadi (wādī), alternatively wād (وَاد), Maghrebi Arabic Oued) is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a river valley. In some instances, it may refer to a wet (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs. Arroyo (Spanish) is used in the Americas for similar landforms.
Wael Abou Faour
Wael Abou Faour (born 1974) is a Lebanese politician who served as the Minister of Health.
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Walid Muallem
Walid Mohi Edine al Muallem (وليد محيي الدين المعلمWalīd Muḥīyy ad-Dīn al-Muʿallam; 13 January 194116 November 2020) was a Syrian diplomat and Ba'ath Party member who served as foreign minister from 2006 to 2020 and as deputy prime minister from 2012 to 2020.
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War over Water (Jordan River)
The War over Water, also known as the Battle over Water, was a series of confrontations between Israel and its Arab neighbors from November 1964 to May 1967 over control of water sources in the Jordan River drainage basin. Golan Heights and war over Water (Jordan River) are Arab–Israeli conflict.
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Water resources
Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply or irrigation water.
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Wazzani
Al Wazzani (Al-Ouazzani), also known as Arab Louaize or Aarab El Louaizeh,Water Wars in the Middle East: A Looming Threat, Hussein A. Amery, The Geographical Journal, Vol.
Weathering
Weathering is the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals (as well as wood and artificial materials) through contact with water, atmospheric gases, sunlight, and biological organisms.
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West Bank
The West Bank (aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; HaGadáh HaMaʽarávit), so called due to its location relative to the Jordan River, is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip). Golan Heights and West Bank are Israeli-occupied territories.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.
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Whitehouse.gov
whitehouse.gov (also simply known as wh.gov) is the official website of the White House and is managed by the Office of Digital Strategy.
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Yarmuk (river)
The Yarmuk River (translit,; Greek: Ἱερομύκης,; Hieromyces or Heromicas; sometimes spelled Yarmouk) is the largest tributary of the Jordan River. Golan Heights and Yarmuk (river) are Great Rift Valley.
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Yehudiya Forest Nature Reserve
The Yehudiya Reserve (שמורת יהודיה) is a nature reserve in the central Golan Heights.
See Golan Heights and Yehudiya Forest Nature Reserve
Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.
Yigal Allon
Yigal Allon (יגאל אלון; 10 October 1918 – 29 February 1980) was an Israeli military leader and politician.
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Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Rabin (יִצְחָק רַבִּין,; 1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general.
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Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 6 to 25 October 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. Golan Heights and Yom Kippur War are Arab–Israeli conflict.
See Golan Heights and Yom Kippur War
1920 Nebi Musa riots
The 1920 Nebi Musa riots or 1920 Jerusalem riots took place in British-controlled part of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration between Sunday, 4 April, and Wednesday, 7 April 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem.
See Golan Heights and 1920 Nebi Musa riots
1948 Arab–Israeli War
The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war. Golan Heights and 1948 Arab–Israeli War are Arab–Israeli conflict.
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1949 Armistice Agreements
The 1949 Armistice Agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt, UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949 Lebanon, UN Doc S/1296 23 March 1949 Jordan, UN Doc S/1302/Rev.1 3 April 1949 and Syria. Golan Heights and 1949 Armistice Agreements are Israel–Syria border.
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1967 Arab League summit
The 1967 Arab League summit was held on August 29 in Khartoum as the fourth Arab League Summit in the aftermath of the Arab defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War, and is famous for its Khartoum Resolution known as "The Three No's"; No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel.
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2018 Israeli municipal elections
Municipal elections were held in Israel on October 30, 2018.
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2018 Southern Syria offensive
The 2018 Southern Syria offensive, code-named Operation Basalt (عملية البازلت), was a military operation launched by the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and its allies against the rebels and ISIL in Southern Syria.
See Golan Heights and 2018 Southern Syria offensive
See also
Disputed territories in Asia
- Azad Kashmir
- British Indian Ocean Territory
- Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
- Disputed territories of northern Iraq
- Doklam
- East Jerusalem
- Ghajar
- Gilgit-Baltistan
- Golan Heights
- Hatay Province
- Jammu and Kashmir (state)
- Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
- Jerusalem
- Kashmir
- Kashmir conflict
- Korea
- Kowloon Walled City
- Kuril Islands
- Ladakh
- Latrun salient
- Liancourt Rocks
- List of active separatist movements in Asia
- Longju
- Money Island, Paracel Islands
- No man's land (Latrun)
- North Borneo
- Northern Cyprus
- Palestinian territories
- Pattle Island
- Rocky Island, South China Sea
- Russian-occupied territories
- Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
- Siachen Glacier
- Sir Creek
- South China Sea Islands
- Southern Kuriles
- Spratly Islands
- Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967
- Susta territory
- Syngman Rhee Line
- Tibet (1912–1951)
- Ungar-Too
- Woody Island (South China Sea)
- Zogam
Geography of the Middle East
- Anatolia
- Arabian Desert
- Arabian Peninsula
- Assyrian homeland
- Banias River
- Bilad al-Sham
- East Thrace
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Emutbal
- Galatia
- Geography of Kurdistan
- Geography of Mesopotamia
- Golan Heights
- Greater Middle East
- Greater Yemen
- Greek East and Latin West
- Iranian Plateau
- Klarjeti
- Kurdistan
- Land of Israel
- Levant
- Lower Mesopotamia
- Mashriq
- Mediterranean
- Mediterranean Basin
- Mesopotamia
- Near East
- Persian Gulf
- Red Sea
- South Arabia
- Syria (region)
- Tao (historical region)
- Transjordan (region)
Israel–Syria border
- 1949 Armistice Agreements
- Golan Heights
- Green Line (Israel)
- Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war
- Jordan River
- Purple Line (ceasefire line)
Israeli-occupied territories
- Area C (West Bank)
- East Jerusalem
- Golan Heights
- Israel and apartheid
- Israeli Military Governorate
- Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine
- Israeli disengagement from Gaza
- Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip
- Israeli occupation of the West Bank
- Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip
- Israeli settlement
- Israeli-occupied territories
- Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine
- List of Israeli settlements
- Palestinian freedom of movement
- Seam Zone
- Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967
- United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories
- West Bank
- Yesha
- Youth Against Dictatorship
Lava plateaus
- Big Raven Plateau
- Biu Plateau
- Caja del Rio
- Cariboo Plateau
- Chilcotin Plateau
- Deccan Plateau
- Dil-Dil Plateau
- Elysium (volcanic province)
- Fraser Plateau
- Golan Heights
- Hauran
- Heart Peaks
- Javakheti Plateau
- Kitsu Plateau
- Lakshmi Planum
- Letha Taung
- Level Mountain
- Mount Edziza volcanic complex
- Nechako Plateau
- Ngaoundere Plateau
- Plaine des Sables
- Putorana Plateau
- Siletzia
- Spatsizi Plateau
- Tamborine Mountain
- Tharsis
- Tolmachev Dol
- Tsalka Plateau
- Upper and Lower Table Rock
- Wrangellia Terrane
Quneitra Governorate
- Elmahjer
- Golan Heights
- Khishniyah
- Quneitra Governorate
- Shayta
Syrian civil war
- AANES–Syria relations
- Adana Agreement
- Al-Shaitat massacres
- Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
- Background and causes of the Syrian revolution
- Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act
- Central Crisis Management Cell (Syria)
- Chechen mujahideen in Syria
- Code of Conduct for Syrian Coexistence
- Control of cities during the Syrian civil war
- Deconfliction line
- Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war
- Federalization of Syria
- Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
- German refugee policy
- Golan Heights
- Hashemite Tribes Regiment
- Humanitarian aid in conflict zones
- Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war
- International sanctions against Syria
- Jinwar
- Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
- Khan Tuman (operation)
- News Deeply
- Northern Syria Buffer Zone
- Refugees of the Syrian civil war
- Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Lebanon
- Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey
- Return of refugees of the Syrian civil war
- Rojava conflict
- Rojava–Kurdistan Region relations
- SDF insurgency in northern Syria
- Safe Zone (Syria)
- Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
- Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war
- Sexual jihad
- Spillover of the Syrian civil war
- Syria Files
- Syria Relief
- Syrian Center for Policy Research
- Syrian civil war
- The Council of the Syrian Charter
- Timeline of the Syrian civil war
- Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations
- War against the Islamic State
- YPG–FSA relations
Territorial disputes of Israel
- Golan Heights
- Israeli Military Governorate
- Israeli-occupied territories
- Jerusalem
- Latrun salient
- Palestinian territories
- Shebaa Farms
Territorial disputes of Syria
- Golan Heights
- Hatay Province
- Shebaa Farms
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights
Also known as Djolan, Gaulanitis, Golan Height, Golan Heights (Israeli sub-district), Gush Chispin, Gush Hispin, Haḍbatu 'l-Jawlān, History of the Golan Heights, Israeli settlements in the Golan Heights, Jawlan, Julan, Liberation of the golan heights, Murtafaʻātu l-Jawlān, Ramat Hagolan, Ramat ha-Golan, Salukia spring, Syrian Golan, Syrian Heights, The Golan, The Golan Heights.
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Authority, Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel Defense Forces, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel–Syria relations, Israeli citizenship law, Israeli law, Israeli Military Governorate, Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights, Israeli settlement, Israeli-occupied territories, Itamar Rabinovich, Iturea, Jabal Druze State, Jabiyah, Jerusalem, Jewish National Fund, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jihadism, Jordan, Jordan Rift Valley, Jordan River, Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan, Josephus, Josias Leslie Porter, Judaea (Roman province), Judea, Judean provisional government, Jurassic, Justinian I, Karst, Katzrin, Katzrin ancient village and synagogue, Kfarchouba, Khalid ibn al-Walid Army, Khan Arnabah, Khartoum Resolution, Kibbutz, Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), Knesset, Kurds, Kursi, Sea of Galilee, Lajat, Lake Ram, Lakhmid kingdom, Land of Israel, Late Bronze Age collapse, Later Roman Empire, Laurence Oliphant (author), Lebanese Democratic Party, Lebanon, Limes (Roman Empire), Limestone, Local council (Israel), Lower Paleolithic, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Majdal Shams, Majdal Shams attack, Mamluk, Mamluk Sultanate, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, Marl, Martin Indyk, Mas'ade, Mass suicide, Mattityahu Peled, Merom Golan, Mikoyan, Military base, Military occupation, Ministry of Energy (Israel), Ministry of Interior (Israel), Mishnah, Mongols, Monophysitism, Mosaic of Rehob, Moshav, Moshe Dayan, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Mount Hermon, Mount Hermon ski resort, Mount Qasioun, Mowafaq Tarif, Mu'awiya I, Muhammad, Muslim conquest of the Levant, Muzayrib, My Life (Clinton autobiography), Naftali Bennett, National Archives and Records Administration, National Water Carrier of Israel, Nawa, Syria, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, New Jersey, Nimrod Castle, Northern District (Israel), Nova Science Publishers, Nur al-Din Zengi, Oenology, Old Yishuv, Open society, Operation House of Cards, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Syria, Palaestina Secunda, Palestine (region), Palestine Jewish Colonization Association, Pan (god), Parliament of Lebanon, Paulet–Newcombe Agreement, Pella, Jordan, Perea, Petroleum Road, Phoenicia, Phylarch, Physical geography, Plain, Plateau, Politics of Syria, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Purple Line (ceasefire line), Quneitra, Quneitra Crossing, Quneitra Governorate, Quraysh, Qutuz, Rashidun Caliphate, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Resistance and Liberation Day (Lebanon), Reuters, Roman Empire, Roman Syria, Roman temple, Ronnie Ellenblum, Rujm el-Hiri, Ruqqad, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Safed, Saham al-Jawlan, Saint George, Saladin, San Remo conference, Sasanian Empire, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament, Sea of Galilee, Second Temple, Sedimentary rock, Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator, Seljuk dynasty, Shaft sinking, Shayta, Shebaa Farms, Shia Islam, Shimon Peres, Shouting Hill, Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), Simon & Schuster, Six-Day War, Southern Front (Syrian rebel group), State of Damascus, Stonehenge, Structural geology, Sultan, Supreme Court of Israel, Surface runoff, Synagogue, Syria, Syria (region), Syria Palaestina, Syria vilayet, Syriac language, Syrian Army, Syrian civil war, Syrian nationality law, Syrian opposition, Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict, Syrian Turkmen, Tal Saki, Talal Arslan, Talmud, Tel Faher, Tel Hazor, Tell Hadar, Tennessee Valley Authority, The Economist, The Independent, The Jerusalem Post, The Jewish Encyclopedia, The Jewish War, The New York Times, The Times of Israel, TheMarker, Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions, Topography, Toyota Land Cruiser, Travel document, Trump Heights, Turkey, Tzipi Livni, U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Umayyad Caliphate, Umm el-Qanatir, United Nations, United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, United Nations Security Council Resolution 452, United Nations Security Council Resolution 465, United Nations Security Council Resolution 471, United Nations Security Council Resolution 497, United States, United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel, University of California, Davis, Upper Paleolithic, Uthman, Uzi Landau, Valley of Tears, Venus of Berekhat Ram, Vespasian, Viticulture, Volcanic crater lake, Volcanic field, Volcano, Wadi, Wael Abou Faour, Walid Muallem, War over Water (Jordan River), Water resources, Wazzani, Weathering, West Bank, White House, Whitehouse.gov, Yarmuk (river), Yehudiya Forest Nature Reserve, Yemen, Yigal Allon, Yitzhak Rabin, Yom Kippur War, 1920 Nebi Musa riots, 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1949 Armistice Agreements, 1967 Arab League summit, 2018 Israeli municipal elections, 2018 Southern Syria offensive.