Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 384 relations: Abdication, Absolutism (European history), Acetic acid, Adjutant general, Administrative division, Adolf von Bonin, Agriculture, Albert Pick, Alexander II of Russia, Alfred Messel, Alizarin, Allies of World War I, Anif declaration, Aniline, Anti-Socialist Laws, Antisemitism, Architect, Arnsberg, Art Nouveau, Arts and Crafts movement, Aschaffenburg, August Euler, August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome, Austrian Empire, Austro-Prussian War, Bad Nauheim, Bad Wimpfen, Banknote, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of Frohnhofen, Battle of Königgrätz, Battle of Tauberbischofsheim, Bavarian Ludwig Railway, Büdingen, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bergstraße (route), Berlin, Bessungen, Bicameralism, Biplane, Bourgeoisie, Breuberg, Building society, Canton (administrative division), Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman, Carl Ulrich, Carlsbad Decrees, Carolingian Renaissance, Catholic Church, Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, ... Expand index (334 more) »

2. Former grand duchies
3. States and territories established in 1806
4. States of the Confederation of the Rhine
5. States of the German Empire
6. States of the North German Confederation

Abdication

Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Abdication

Absolutism (European history)

Absolutism or the Age of Absolutism (–) is a historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Absolutism (European history)

Acetic acid

Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula (also written as,, or). Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water.

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Adjutant general

An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer.

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Administrative division

Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, #-level subdivisions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divided.

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Adolf von Bonin

Albert Ferdinand Adolf Karl Friedrich von Bonin (11 November 1803 in Heeren, Altmark – 16 April 1872 in Berlin) was a corps commander of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Trautenau in 1866, and a colleague of Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz.

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Agriculture

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.

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Albert Pick

Albert Pick (born 15 May 1922, Cologne – 22 November 2015, Garmisch-Partenkirchen) was a German numismatist.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.

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Alfred Messel

Alfred Messel (22 July 1853 – 24 March 1909) was a German architect at the turning point to the 20th century, creating a new style for buildings which bridged the transition from historicism to modernism.

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Alizarin

Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, C.I. 58000, and Turkey Red) is an organic compound with formula that has been used throughout history as a red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

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Anif declaration

The Anif declaration (Anifer Erklärung) was issued by Ludwig III, King of Bavaria, on 12 November 1918 at Anif Palace, Austria.

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Aniline

Aniline (and -ine indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula.

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The Anti-Socialist Laws or Socialist Laws (Sozialistengesetze; officially Gesetz gegen die gemeingefährlichen Bestrebungen der Sozialdemokratie, approximately "Law against the public danger of Social Democratic endeavours") were a series of acts of the parliament of the German Empire, the first of which was passed on 19 October 1878 by the Reichstag lasting until 31 March 1881 and extended four times (May 1880, May 1884, April 1886 and February 1888).

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Architect

An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings.

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Arnsberg

Arnsberg (Arensperg) is a town in the Hochsauerland county, in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts.

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Arts and Crafts movement

The Arts and Crafts movement was an international trend in the decorative and fine arts that developed earliest and most fully in the British Isles and subsequently spread across the British Empire and to the rest of Europe and America.

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Aschaffenburg

Aschaffenburg (Hessian: Aschebersch) is a town in northwest Bavaria, Germany.

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August Euler

August Euler (20 November 1868 – 1 July 1957) was a pioneer German aviator, aircraft constructor and the holder of the first German pilot's license, issued in 1909.

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August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome

August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (8 June 1753 in Sengwarden – 11 June 1833 in Rödelheim) was a German economist and statistician, and Professor of Cameralism at the University of Giessen.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Austrian Empire are states of the German Confederation.

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Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War, also by many variant names such as Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as Deutscher Krieg ("German War"), Deutscher Bruderkrieg ("German war of brothers") and by a variety of other names, was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.

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Bad Nauheim

Bad Nauheim is a town in the Wetteraukreis district of Hesse state of Germany.

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Bad Wimpfen

Bad Wimpfen is a historic spa town in the district of Heilbronn in the Baden-Württemberg region of southern Germany.

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Banknote

A banknotealso called a bill (North American English), paper money, or simply a noteis a type of negotiable promissory note, made by a bank or other licensed authority, payable to the bearer on demand.

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Battle of Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Battle of Frohnhofen

The Battle of Frohnhofen or Battle of Laufach took place on 13 July 1866 as part of the Main Campaign of the Prussian Army in the Austro-Prussian War.

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Battle of Königgrätz

The Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire.

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Battle of Tauberbischofsheim

The Battle of Tauberbischofsheim was an engagement of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, on the 24 July at Tauberbischofsheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden between troops of the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Bavarian Ludwig Railway

The Bavarian Ludwig Railway (Bayerische Ludwigseisenbahn or Ludwigsbahn) was the first steam-hauled railway opened in Germany.

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Büdingen

Büdingen is a town in the Wetteraukreis, in Hesse, Germany.

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Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch

The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, abbreviated BGB, is the civil code of Germany, codifying most generally-applicably private law.

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Bergstraße (route)

The Bergstraße ("Mountain Road") is an ancient trade route in the south-west of Germany.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bessungen

Bessungen is a district in the South of the city of Darmstadt in Hesse.

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Bicameralism

Bicameralism is a type of legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature.

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Biplane

A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

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Breuberg

Breuberg is a town in the Odenwaldkreis district of Hesse, Germany.

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Building society

A building society is a financial institution owned by its members as a mutual organization, which offers banking and related financial services, especially savings and mortgage lending.

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Canton (administrative division)

A canton is a type of administrative division of a country.

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Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman

Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman, since 1812 von Grolmann, (* July 23, 1775 in Giessen; † February 14, 1829 in Darmstadt) was Jurist and Grand Duchy of Hesse Minister-President.

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Carl Ulrich

Carl Theodor Johann Ulrich (28 January 1853 – 12 April 1933) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who served as the first State-President of the People's State of Hesse from 1918 to 1928.

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Carlsbad Decrees

The Carlsbad Decrees (Karlsbader Beschlüsse) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Austrian Empire.

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Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine

The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (CCNR; Commission centrale pour la navigation du Rhin; Zentralkommission für die Rheinschifffahrt; Centrale Commissie voor de Rijnvaart) is an international organisation with five member countries, whose function is to encourage European prosperity by guaranteeing a high level of security for navigation of the Rhine and environs.

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Christian Wilhelm Karl Ewald

Christian Wilhelm Karl Ewald, beginning 1912 von Ewald, (June 18, 1852 in Rehbach - September 2, 1932 in Darmstadt) was a Grand Duchy of Hesse Minister of State and a Reichsgericht member.

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Church (congregation)

A church (or local church) is a religious organization or congregation that meets in a particular location.

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Cigarette

A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking.

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Circle of the Rhine

The Circle of the Rhine or Rhine Circle (Rheinkreis), sometimes the Bavarian Rheinkreis (Bayerischer Rheinkreis or Baierischer Rheinkreis), was the name given to the territory on the west bank of the Rhine from 1816 to 1837 which was one of 15 (later 8) administrative districts of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

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Civil procedure code of Germany

Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO) is the German code of civil procedure.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Compound (linguistics)

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem.

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Concession (contract)

A concession or concession agreement is a grant of rights, land, property, or facility by a government, local authority, corporation, individual or other legal entity.

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Concordat

A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, What is Canon Law? (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960), pg.

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Condominium (international law)

A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a political territory (state or border area) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal dominium (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones.

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Confederation of the Rhine

The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz. Grand Duchy of Hesse and confederation of the Rhine are states and territories established in 1806.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Constitution of the German Confederation

The Constitution of the German Confederation, or German Federal Act (Deutsche Bundesakte), was the constitution for the German Confederation as set forth in the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna.

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Constitution of the German Empire

The Constitution of the German Empire (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches) was the basic law of the German Empire of 1871–1918, from 16 April 1871, coming into effect on 4 May 1871.

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Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.

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Coregency

A coregency is the situation where a monarchical position (such as prince, princess, king, queen, emperor or empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more.

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County of Isenburg

The County of Isenburg was a region of Germany located in southern present-day Hesse, located in territories north and south of Frankfurt. Grand Duchy of Hesse and County of Isenburg are states of the Confederation of the Rhine.

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County of Katzenelnbogen

The County of Katzenelnbogen was an immediate state of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Cultural heritage management

Cultural heritage management (CHM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage.

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Customs union

A customs union is generally defined as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff.

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Darmstadt

Darmstadt is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region).

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Darmstadt Artists' Colony

The Darmstadt Artists' Colony refers both to a group of Jugendstil artists as well as to the buildings in Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt in which these artists lived and worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Decimal

The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral system and denary or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers.

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Dresden Coinage Convention

The Dresden Coinage Convention of 1838 was a multilateral treaty that attempted to bring some degree of standardisation to the currencies used in the Zollverein.

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Duchy of Holstein

The Duchy of Holstein (Herzogtum Holstein., Hertugdømmet Holsten.) was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Duchy of Holstein are states of the German Confederation.

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Duchy of Nassau

The Duchy of Nassau (German: Herzogtum Nassau) was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Duchy of Nassau are former countries, states of the Confederation of the Rhine and states of the German Confederation.

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Duchy of Westphalia

The Duchy of Westphalia (Herzogtum Westfalen) was a historic territory in the Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 1102 to 1803.

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Easter

Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary.

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Economic freedom

Economic freedom, or economic liberty, refers to the agency of people to make economic decisions.

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Edward VII

Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.

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Electorate of Cologne

The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century.

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Electorate of Hesse

The Electorate of Hesse (Kurfürstentum Hessen), also known as Hesse-Kassel or Kurhessen, was a state whose prince was given the right to elect the Emperor by the Imperial diet in 1803. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Electorate of Hesse are states of the German Confederation.

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Electorate of Mainz

The Electorate of Mainz (Kurfürstentum Mainz or Kurmainz, Electoratus Moguntinus), previously known in English as Mentz and by its French name Mayence, was one of the most prestigious and influential states of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Ell

An ell (from Proto-Germanic *alinō, cognate with Latin ulna) is a northwestern European unit of measurement, originally understood as a cubit (the combined length of the forearm and extended hand).

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Emigration

Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).

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Eminent domain

Eminent domain (also known as land acquisition, compulsory purchase, resumption, resumption/compulsory acquisition, or expropriation) is the power to take private property for public use.

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Enclave and exclave

An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity.

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Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse

Ernest Louis (Ernst Ludwig Karl Albrecht Wilhelm; 25 November 1868 – 9 October 1937) was the last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, reigning from 1892 until 1918.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse

Estates of the realm

The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe.

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Ewald Grothe

Ewald Grothe (born 23 February 1961 in Nieheim, Westphalia) is a German historian.

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Executive (government)

The executive, also referred to as the juditian or executive power, is that part of government which executes the law; in other words, directly makes decisions and holds power.

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Faculty (division)

A faculty is a division within a university or college comprising one subject area or a group of related subject areas, possibly also delimited by level (e.g. undergraduate).

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Federal Convention (German Confederation)

The Federal Convention (or Confederate Diet Bundesversammlung or Bundestag) was the only general joint institution of the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) from 1815 until 1848, and from 1851 until 1866.

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Ferdinand Eberstadt (mayor)

Ferdinand Falk Eberstadt (14 January 1808 – 9 February 1888) was a businessman and liberal politician in Worms in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, who became the first Jewish mayor in Germany.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing.

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The foot (standard symbol: ft) is a unit of length in the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement.

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Fortress of Mainz

The Fortress of Mainz was a fortressed garrison town between 1620 and 1918.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Frankenberg, Hesse

Frankenberg an der Eder is a town in Waldeck-Frankenberg district, Hesse, Germany.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

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Frankfurt Parliament

The Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of the Austrian Empire, elected on 1 May 1848 (see German federal election, 1848).

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Frankfurt–Offenbach Local Railway

The Frankfurt-Offenbach local railway (Frankfurt-Offenbacher Lokalbahn) was a former railway in the Frankfurt am Main area, which developed from the state-owned Frankfurt-Offenbach Railway (Frankfurt-Offenbacher Eisenbahn).

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Frederick III, German Emperor

Frederick III (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl; 18 October 183115 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days between March and June 1888, during the Year of the Three Emperors.

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Free City of Frankfurt

Frankfurt was a major city of the Holy Roman Empire, being the seat of imperial elections since 885 and the city for imperial coronations from 1562 (previously in Free Imperial City of Aachen) until 1792. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Free City of Frankfurt are states of the German Confederation.

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French Algeria

French Algeria (Alger until 1839, then Algérie afterwards; unofficially Algérie française, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French Revolution of 1848

The French Revolution of 1848 (Révolution française de 1848), also known as the February Revolution (Révolution de février)or Third French Revolution, was a period of civil unrest in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic.

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Friedberg, Hesse

Friedberg (official name: Friedberg (Hessen)) is a town and the capital of the Wetteraukreis district, in Hesse, Germany.

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Friedberg–Hanau railway

The Friedberg–Hanau railway is a 32.2 km long double-track, electrified mainline in the German state of Hesse.

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Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (Friedrich Adolf Hermann Fürst zu Waldeck und Pyrmont; 20 January 1865 – 26 May 1946) was the last reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 12 May 1893 to 13 November 1918.

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Fritz Reuter

Fritz Reuter (7 November 1810 – 12 July 1874; born as Heinrich Ludwig Christian Friedrich Reuter) was a novelist from Northern Germany who was a prominent contributor to Low German literature.

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Gas lighting

Gas lighting is the production of artificial light from combustion of a fuel gas such as methane, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, coal gas (town gas) or natural gas.

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Gastein Convention

The Gastein Convention (Gasteiner Konvention), also called the Convention of Badgastein, was a treaty signed at Bad Gastein in Austria on 14 August 1865.

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Gasworks

A gasworks or gas house is an industrial plant for the production of flammable gas.

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Georg Büchner

Karl Georg Büchner (17 October 1813 – 19 February 1837) was a German dramatist and writer of poetry and prose, considered part of the Young Germany movement.

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Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse

Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse (Georg Donatus Wilhelm Nikolaus Eduard Heinrich Karl, 8 November 1906 – 16 November 1937) was the first child of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, and his second wife, Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich.

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Georg Moller

Georg Moller (21 January 1784 – 13 March 1852) was an architect and a town planner who worked in the South of Germany, mostly in the region today known as Hessen.

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German Confederation

The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic. Grand Duchy of Hesse and German Empire are states and territories disestablished in 1918.

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German mark (1871)

The German mark (Goldmark; sign: ℳ&#xfe01) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918.

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German National Association

The German National Association, or German National Union (Deutscher Nationalverein) was a liberal political organisation, precursor of a party, in the German Confederation that existed from 1859 to 1867.

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German revolution of 1918–1919

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and German revolution of 1918–1919

German revolutions of 1848–1849

The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (Märzrevolution), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and German revolutions of 1848–1849

German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919

The German workers' and soldiers' councils of 1918–1919 (Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte) were short-lived revolutionary bodies that spread the German Revolution to cities across the German Empire during the final days of World War I. Meeting little to no resistance, they formed quickly, took over city governments and key buildings, caused most of the locally stationed military to flee and brought about the abdications of all of Germany's ruling monarchs, including Emperor Wilhelm II, when they reached Berlin on 9 November 1918.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Germany

Giessen

Giessen, spelled Gießen in German, is a town in the German state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Giessen

Gram

The gram (originally gramme; SI unit symbol g) is a unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one thousandth of a kilogram.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Gram

Grand duchy

A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Grand duchy

Grand Duchy of Baden

The Grand Duchy of Baden (Großherzogtum Baden) was a state in south-west Germany on the east bank of the Rhine. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Grand Duchy of Baden are former grand duchies, states and territories disestablished in 1918, states and territories established in 1806, states of the Confederation of the Rhine, states of the German Confederation and states of the German Empire.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Grand Duchy of Baden

Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway

The Grand Duchy of Baden was an independent state in what is now southwestern Germany until the creation of the German Empire in 1871.

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Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways

The Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways (Großherzoglich Hessischen Staatseisenbahnen) belonged to the Länderbahnen at the time of the German Empire.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways

Great Exhibition

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, also known as the Great Exhibition or the Crystal Palace Exhibition (in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held), was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851.

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Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.

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Griesheim Airport

Griesheim Airport is a private airfield in Germany, located southwest of Griesheim (Hessen); approximately southwest of Berlin.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Griesheim Airport

Groß Gerau station

Groß Gerau station is located approximately 500 metres north of the centre of the town of Groß-Gerau in the German state of Hesse on the Rhine-Main Railway, running from Wiesbaden and Mainz to Darmstadt and Aschaffenburg.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Groß Gerau station

Groß-Gerau

Groß-Gerau is the district seat of the Groß-Gerau district, lying in the southern Frankfurt Rhein-Main Region in Hesse, Germany, and serving as a hub for the surrounding area.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Groß-Gerau

Groß-Zimmern

Groß-Zimmern is a municipality in the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg, in Hessen, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Groß-Zimmern

Ground rent

As a legal term, ground rent specifically refers to regular payments made by a holder of a leasehold property to the freeholder or a superior leaseholder, as required under a lease.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Guild

Guilder

Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc ("gold penny").

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Guilder

Hall of Mirrors

The Hall of Mirrors (Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France.

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Hans Christiansen (artist)

Hans Christiansen (6 March 1866 in Flensburg – 5 January 1945 in Wiesbaden) was a German craftsman and painter of the Jugendstil.

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Head of state

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.

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Heinrich von Gagern

Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern (20 August 179922 May 1880) was a statesman who argued for the unification of Germany.

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Hesse

Hesse or Hessia (Hessen), officially the State of Hesse (Land Hessen), is a state in Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hesse

Hesse-Homburg

Hesse-Homburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and a sovereign member of the German Confederation. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hesse-Homburg are states of the German Confederation.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hesse-Homburg

Hessenlager

The Hessenlager or Hessian Camp is a former military encampment established by Hessian-Darmstadt troops during the French occupation near Göhren on the German island of Rügen.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessenlager

Hessenlied

The Hessenlied (Song of Hesse) is the official anthem of the German federal state of Hesse.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessenlied

Hessian dialects

Hessian (Hessisch) is a West Central German group of dialects of the German language in the central German state of Hesse.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessian dialects

Hessian Hinterland

The land known as the Hessian Hinterland (Hessisches Hinterland) lies within the region of Middle Hesse and is concentrated around the old county of Biedenkopf, that is the western part of the present county of Marburg-Biedenkopf, as well as elements of the present-day counties of Lahn-Dill-Kreis and Waldeck-Frankenberg.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessian Hinterland

Hessian Ludwig Railway

The Hessian Ludwig Railway (German: Hessische Ludwigsbahn) or HLB with its network of 697 kilometres of railway was one of the largest privately owned railway companies in Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessian Ludwig Railway

Hessian Ried

The Hessian Ried (Hessische Ried) is a low-lying, agricultural region that forms part of the northeastern area of the Upper Rhine Plain.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessian Ried

Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt

Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (HLMD) is a large multidisciplinary museum in Darmstadt, Germany. The museum exhibits Rembrandt, Beuys, a primeval horse and a mastodon under the slogan "The whole world under one roof". As one of the oldest public museums in Germany, it has 80,000 visitors every year and a collection size of 1.35 million objects.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt

Heuchelheim

Heuchelheim (official name: Heuchelheim a. d. Lahn) is a municipality in the district of Gießen, in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Heuchelheim

Hohen-Sülzen

Hohen-Sülzen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hohen-Sülzen

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Horsepower

Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power, or the rate at which work is done, usually in reference to the output of engines or motors.

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Horst Dreier

Horst Dreier (born 7 September 1954) is a German jurist and legal philosopher.

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Hundred Days

The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (Guerre de la Septième Coalition), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).

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Hundredweight

The hundredweight (abbreviation: cwt), formerly also known as the centum weight or quintal, is a British imperial and United States customary unit of weight or mass.

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Hyphen

The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.

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Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

The Imperial Diet (or Comitium Imperiale; Reichstag) was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial German Army

The Imperial German Army (1871–1919), officially referred to as the German Army (Deutsches Heer), was the unified ground and air force of the German Empire.

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In the Holy Roman Empire, imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit or Reichsfreiheit) was the status of an individual or a territory which was defined as 'immediate' (unmittelbar) to Emperor and Empire (Kaiser und Reich) and not to any other intermediate authorities, while one that did not possess that status was defined as 'mediate' (mittelbar).

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Inch

The inch (symbol: in or pprime) is a unit of length in the British Imperial and the United States customary systems of measurement.

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Industrialisation

Industrialisation (UK) or industrialization (US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society.

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Isle of Wight

The Isle of Wight (/waɪt/ ''WYTE'') is an island, English county and unitary authority in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, across the Solent.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Isle of Wight

Jewish emancipation

Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights.

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Joseph Maria Olbrich

Joseph Maria Olbrich (22 December 1867 – 8 August 1908) was an Austrian architect and one of the Vienna Secession founders.

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Joseph Vitus Burg

Joseph Vitus Burg (27 August 1768, in Offenburg – 22 May 1833, in Mainz) was a German Roman Catholic clergyman.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or Trois Glorieuses ("Three Glorious "), was a second French Revolution after the first in 1789.

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Jury trial

A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a legal proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact.

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Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis

Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, full German name: Karl Alexander Fürst von Thurn und Taxis (22 February 1770 – 15 July 1827) was the fifth Prince of Thurn and Taxis, head of the Thurn-und-Taxis Post, and Head of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis from 13 November 1805 until his death on 15 July 1827.

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Kürnbach

Kürnbach is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe in southwestern Baden-Württemberg.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Kürnbach

Kingdom of Bavaria

The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern;; spelled Baiern until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Kingdom of Bavaria are states and territories disestablished in 1918, states and territories established in 1806, states of the Confederation of the Rhine, states of the German Confederation and states of the German Empire.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Kingdom of Bavaria

Kingdom of Württemberg

The Kingdom of Württemberg (Königreich Württemberg) was a German state that existed from 1805 to 1918, located within the area that is now Baden-Württemberg. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Kingdom of Württemberg are states and territories disestablished in 1918, states of the Confederation of the Rhine, states of the German Confederation and states of the German Empire.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Kingdom of Württemberg

Kingdom of Westphalia

The Kingdom of Westphalia was a client state of France in present-day Germany that existed from 1807 to 1813. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Kingdom of Westphalia are states of the Confederation of the Rhine.

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Kreuzer

The Kreuzer, in English also spelled kreutzer, was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871–1873, and in Austria and Switzerland.

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Kulturkampf

In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany, led by Pope Pius IX; and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

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Lacquer

Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal.

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Landeskirche

In Germany and Switzerland, a Landeskirche (plural: Landeskirchen) is the church of a region.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Landeskirche

Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt

The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hesse. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt are former countries.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt

Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel

The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel), spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, also known as the Hessian Palatinate (Hessische Pfalz), was a state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel

Landstände

The Landstände (singular Landstand) or Landtage (singular Landtag) were the various territorial estates or diets in the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages and the early modern period, as opposed to their respective territorial lords (the Landesherrn).

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Langen, Hesse

Langen is a town of roughly 39,000 in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Langen, Hesse

Leather

Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Leather

Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Legislature

Lesser Germany

The term "Lesser Germany" (German) or "Lesser German solution" (German) denoted essentially exclusion of the multinational Austria of the Habsburgs from the planned German unification as an option for solving the German question, in opposition to the one of 'Greater Germany'.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Lesser Germany

Letters patent

Letters patent (plural form for singular and plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title or status to a person or corporation.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Liberalism

Lieutenant field marshal

Lieutenant field marshal, also frequently historically field marshal lieutenant (Feldmarschall-Leutnant, formerly Feldmarschallleutnant, historically also Feldmarschall-Lieutenant and, in official Imperial and Royal Austrian army documents from 1867 always Feldmarschalleutnant, abbreviated FML), was a senior army rank in certain European armies of the 17th to 20th centuries.

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Lignite

Lignite (derived from Latin lignum meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.

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Lindenfels

Lindenfels is a town in the Bergstraße district in Hesse, Germany.

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List of monarchs of Hesse

This is a list of monarchs of Hesse (Hessen) during the history of Hesse on west-central Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and List of monarchs of Hesse

Livonia

Livonia or in earlier records Livland, is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Livonia

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Lorsch Abbey

Lorsch Abbey, otherwise the Imperial Abbey of Lorsch (Reichsabtei Lorsch; Laureshamense Monasterium or Laurissa), is a former Imperial abbey in Lorsch, Germany, about east of Worms.

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Lot (weight)

The Lot (formerly also written Loth) was a unit of measurement of mass, which was mainly used in German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire and in Scandinavia.

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Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (14 June 1753 in Prenzlau – 6 April 1830 in Darmstadt) was Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (as Louis X) and later the first Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis II (26 December 1777 – 16 June 1848) was Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 6 April 1830 until 16 June 1848.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (Großherzog Ludwig III von Hessen und bei Rhein; 9 June 1806, Darmstadt – 13 June 1877, Seeheim) was Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1848 until his death in 1877.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis IV (Ludwig IV.; 12 September 1837 – 13 March 1892) was the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 13 June 1877 until his death in 1892.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Louis Philippe I

Ludwig III of Bavaria

Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; 7 January 1845 – 18 October 1921) was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918.

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Luise Büchner

Elisabeth Emma Louise "Luise" Büchner (12 June 1821, Darmstadt – 28 November 1877) was a German women's rights activist and writer of essays, novels, travelogues and poetry.

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Luther Monument (Worms)

The Luther Monument (Lutherdenkmal) is a group of statues that was erected in Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, to commemorate the Protestant reformer Martin Luther.

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Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

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LZ 10 Schwaben

LZ 10 Schwaben was a German rigid airship built by Luftschiffbau Zeppelin in 1911 and operated by DELAG (Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft) for passenger service.

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Main (river)

The Main is the longest tributary of the Rhine.

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Main river

Main rivers are a statutory type of watercourse in England and Wales, usually larger streams and rivers, but also some smaller watercourses.

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Main-Neckar Railway

The Main-Neckar Railway (Main-Neckar–Eisenbahn, MNE) is a main line railway west of the Odenwald in the Upper Rhine Plain of Germany that connects Frankfurt am Main to Heidelberg via Darmstadt, Bensheim and Weinheim.

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Main–Weser Railway

The Main–Weser Railway (German: Main-Weser-Bahn) is a railway line in central Germany that runs from Frankfurt am Main via Gießen to Kassel.

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Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Mainz

Mainz-Kastel

Mainz-Kastel is a district of the city Wiesbaden, which is the capital of the German state Hesse in western Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Mainz-Kastel

Mainz-Kastel station

Mainz-Kastel station is situated on the Frankfurt–Wiesbaden line (line number 3603; timetable section 645.1) in Mainz-Kastel, now a suburb of Wiesbaden, in the German state of Hesse.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Mainz-Kastel station

Mainz-Kostheim

Mainz-Kostheim is a district administered by the city of Wiesbaden, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Mainz-Kostheim

Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway

The Mainz–Worms–Ludwigshafen Railway connects Mainz via Worms to Ludwigshafen in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate From there trains cross the Rhine via Mannheim or run south towards Speyer. It was opened in 1853 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway

Masonic lodge

A Masonic lodge, also called a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry.

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Maximilian II of Bavaria

Maximilian II (28 November 1811 – 10 March 1864) reigned as King of Bavaria between 1848 and 1864.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Maximilian II of Bavaria

The mediatised houses (or mediatized houses, Standesherren) were ruling princely and comital-ranked houses that were mediatised in the Holy Roman Empire during the period 1803–1815 as part of German mediatisation, and were later recognised in 1825–1829 by the German ruling houses as possessing considerable rights and rank.

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Merck Group

The Merck Group, branded and commonly known as Merck, is a German multinational science and technology company headquartered in Darmstadt, with about 60,000 employees and a presence in 66 countries.

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Methylation

Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.

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Metre

The metre (or meter in US spelling; symbol: m) is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI).

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Metric system

The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement.

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Middle power

A middle power is a state that is not a superpower or a great power, but still exerts influence and plays a significant role in international relations.

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Minister-president

A minister-president or minister president is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments with a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government where they preside over the council of ministers.

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Mint mark

A mint mark is a letter, symbol or an inscription on a coin indicating the mint where the coin was produced.

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Modern art

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era.

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Mombach

Mombach, with 14,080 inhabitants (Apr. 2023), is a borough in the northwest corner of Mainz, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Mombach

Monopoly

A monopoly (from Greek label and label), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing.

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Mont-Tonnerre

Mont-Tonnerre was a department of the First French Republic and later the First French Empire in present-day Germany.

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Municipalities of Germany

Municipalities, European Commission, May 2021, pages 58–59.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Napoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of the French (simply referred to as Code civil), is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

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Nicholas II

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 186817 July 1918) or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917.

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Nidda, Hesse

Nidda is a town in the district Wetterau, in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Nidda, Hesse

Nidderau

Nidderau is a town in the Main-Kinzig district, in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Nidderau

North German Confederation

The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) was initially a German military alliance established in August 1866 under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was transformed in the subsequent year into a confederated state (a de facto federal state) that existed from July 1867 to December 1870.

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North German thaler

The North German thaler was a currency used by several states of Northern Germany from 1690 to 1873, first under the Holy Roman Empire, then by the German Confederation.

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Odenwald

The Odenwald is a low mountain range in the German states of Hesse, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Odenwald

Offenbach am Main

Offenbach am Main is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the left bank of the river Main.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Offenbach am Main

Opel

Opel Automobile GmbH, usually shortened to Opel, is a German automobile manufacturer which has been a subsidiary of Stellantis since 16 January 2021.

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Oppenheim

Oppenheim is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Oppenheim

Orchard

An orchard is an intentional plantation of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production.

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Ortenberg, Hesse

Ortenberg is a town in the Wetteraukreis district, in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Ortenberg, Hesse

Osborne House

Osborne House is a former royal residence in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Osborne House

Otto von Bismarck

Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Otto von Bismarck

Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Palace of Versailles

Palatine Northern Railway

The Palatine Northern Railway (Pfälzische Nordbahn) is a non-electrified single-track main line that connects Neustadt (Weinstr) Hbf with Monsheim in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Palatine Northern Railway

Papal bull

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Papal bull

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Parquet

Parquet (French for "a small compartment") is a geometric mosaic of wood pieces used for decorative effect in flooring.

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People's State of Hesse

The People's State of Hesse (Volksstaat Hessen) was one of the constituent states of Germany from 1918 to 1945, as the successor to the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Großherzogtum Hessen) after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I, on the territory of the current German states of Hesse and the Rhineland-Palatinate.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and People's State of Hesse

Peter Behrens

Peter Behrens (14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940) was a leading German architect, graphic and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Peter Behrens

Philadelphia

Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the nation, with a population of 1,603,797 in the 2020 census.

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Pint glass

A pint glass is a form of drinkware made to hold either a British imperial pint of or an American pint of.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Pint glass

Population pyramid

A population pyramid (age structure diagram) or "age-sex pyramid" is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population (typically that of a country or region of the world) by age groups and sex; it typically takes the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

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Post office

A post office is a public facility and a retailer that provides mail services, such as accepting letters and parcels, providing post office boxes, and selling postage stamps, packaging, and stationery.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Post office

Post road

A post road is a road designated for the transportation of postal mail.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Post road

Pound (mass)

The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in both the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement.

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Prenzlau

Prenzlau (formerly also Prenzlow) is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, the administrative seat of Uckermark District.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prenzlau

Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Presbyterianism

Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine (Alexander Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil; 15 July 1823 – 15 December 1888), was the third son and fourth child of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Wilhelmine of Baden.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

Prince Emil of Hesse and by Rhine

Prince Emil of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Emil Maximilian Leopold von Hessen und bei Rhein, 3 September 1790 — 30 April 1856 was the fourth son of Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and his wife Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was a commander during Napoleonic Wars. From 1820 to 1849, Prince Emil was a member of the Hessen Parliament.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prince Emil of Hesse and by Rhine

Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

Princess Alice (Alice Maud Mary; 25 April 1843 – 14 December 1878) was Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine from 13 June 1877 until her death in 1878 as the wife of Grand Duke Louis IV.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich

Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (Eleonore Ernestine Marie; 17 September 1871 – 16 November 1937) was Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine as the second wife of Grand Duke Ernest Louis.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich

Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1761–1829)

Princess Louise Henriette Karoline of Hesse-Darmstadt (15 February 1761 – 24 October 1829), was the first Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine by marriage.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1761–1829)

Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria

Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria (Mathilde Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine Charlotte von Bayern.) (Augsburg, 30 August 1813 – Darmstadt, 25 May 1862) was the second child and eldest daughter of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria

Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia (born Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh; 25 November 1876 – 2 March 1936), was the third child and second daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia.

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Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Princess Wilhelmine of Baden (Wilhelmine Louise; 21 September 1788 – 27 January 1836), was by birth a Princess of Baden from the House of Zähringen and by marriage Grand Duchess consort of Hesse and by Rhine.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont

The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont are states and territories disestablished in 1918, states of the Confederation of the Rhine, states of the German Confederation, states of the German Empire and states of the North German Confederation.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont

Private law

Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems).

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Private property

Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.

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Private railway

A private railway is a railroad run by a private business entity (usually a corporation but not need be), as opposed to a railroad run by a public sector.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Private railway

Proclamation of the German Empire

The proclamation of the German Empire, also known as the Deutsche Reichsgründung, took place in January 1871 after the joint victory of the German states in the Franco-Prussian War.

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Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau

The Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau (Evangelische Kirche in Hessen und Nassau, EKHN) is a United Protestant church body in the German federal states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau

Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Protestantism

Province of Hesse-Nassau

The Province of Hesse-Nassau was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1868 to 1918, then a province of the Free State of Prussia until 1944.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Province of Hesse-Nassau

Province of Westphalia

The Province of Westphalia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 to 1946.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Province of Westphalia

Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prussia

Prussian Army

The Royal Prussian Army (1701–1919, Königlich Preußische Armee) served as the army of the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Prussian state railways

The term Prussian state railways (German: Preußische Staatseisenbahnen) encompasses those railway organisations that were owned or managed by the State of Prussia.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prussian state railways

Prussian three-class franchise

The Prussian three-class franchise (German) was an indirect electoral system used from 1848 until 1918 in the Kingdom of Prussia and for shorter periods in other German states.

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Prussian-Hessian Customs Union

The Prussian-Hessian Customs Union (preußisch-hessische Zollverein) was a customs union between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Hesse that was established in 1828.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prussian-Hessian Customs Union

Prussian-Hessian Railway Company

The Royal Prussian and Grand-Ducal Hessian State Railways (German: Königlich Preußische und Großherzoglich Hessischen Staatseisenbahnen or K.P.u.G.H.St.E.) was a state-owned network of independent railway divisions in the German states of Prussia and Hesse in the early 20th century.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prussian-Hessian Railway Company

Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Queen Victoria

Quinine

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Quinine

Rabbi

A rabbi (רַבִּי|translit.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rabbi

Rail transport

Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel rails.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rail transport

Ranstadt

Ranstadt is a municipality in the Wetteraukreis, in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Ranstadt

Rüsselsheim am Main

Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rüsselsheim am Main

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Reformed Christianity

Regierungsbezirk

A Regierungsbezirk means "governmental district" and is a type of administrative division in Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Regierungsbezirk

Reichsdeputationshauptschluss

The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (formally the Hauptschluss der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation, or "Principal Conclusion of the Extraordinary Imperial Delegation"), sometimes referred to in English as the Final Recess or the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire on 24 March 1803.

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Reichspost

Reichspost ("Imperial Mail") was the name of the postal service of Germany from 1866 to 1945.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Reichspost

Reichstag (German Empire)

The Reichstag of the German Empire was Germany's lower House of Parliament from 1871 to 1918.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Reichstag (German Empire)

Republic

A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Republic

Revolutions of 1848

The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Revolutions of 1848

Rhenish Hesse

Rhenish Hesse or Rhine Hesse (Rheinhessen) is a region and a former government district (Regierungsbezirk) in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rhenish Hesse

Rhine

--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rhine

Rhine Province

The Rhine Province (Rheinprovinz), also known as Rhenish Prussia (Rheinpreußen) or synonymous with the Rhineland (Rheinland), was the westernmost province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, within the German Reich, from 1822 to 1945.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rhine Province

Rhine-Main Railway

The Rhine-Main Railway (Main-Rhein-Bahn), is a railway line in southern Germany from Mainz via Darmstadt to Aschaffenburg.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rhine-Main Railway

Rhineland-Palatinate

Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz; Rheinland-Pfalz; Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate

Riedesel

The Riedesel family is an ancient German noble family that began to appear in legal documents in the early 13th century.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Riedesel

Rod (unit)

The rod, perch, or pole (sometimes also lug) is a surveyor's tool and unit of length of various historical definitions.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Rod (unit)

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg

The Archdiocese of Freiburg im Breisgau (Latin Archidioecesis Friburgensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Baden-Württemberg comprising the former states of Baden and Hohenzollern.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg

Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda

The Diocese of Fulda (Dioecesis Fuldensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the north of the German state of Hessen.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda

Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz

The Diocese of Mainz, (Diœcesis Moguntinus) historically known in English as Mentz as well as by its French name Mayence, is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz

Roman numerals

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Roman numerals

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917. Grand Duchy of Hesse and Russian Empire are former countries.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Russian Empire

Südbrücke, Mainz

The Südbrücke, Mainz ("South bridge") is a railway bridge on the Main Railway that connects Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, across the Rhine with Gustavsburg in Hesse.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Südbrücke, Mainz

Schleswig–Holstein question

The Schleswig–Holstein question (Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage; Spørgsmålet om Sønderjylland og Holsten) was a complex set of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century from the relations of two duchies, Schleswig (Sønderjylland/Slesvig) and Holstein (Holsten), to the Danish Crown, to the German Confederation, and to each other.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Schleswig–Holstein question

Schloß Wolfsgarten

Schloss Wolfsgarten is a former hunting seat of the ruling family of Hesse-Darmstadt, located in the German state of Hessen, approximately 15 kilometers south of Frankfurt am Main.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Schloß Wolfsgarten

Second French Empire

The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was an Imperial Bonapartist regime, ruled by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third French Republics.

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Seeheim-Jugenheim

Seeheim-Jugenheim is a municipality in the Darmstadt-Dieburg district in Hesse, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Seeheim-Jugenheim

Seminary

A seminary, school of theology, theological college, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture and theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry.

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Sewing machine

Diagram of a modern sewing machine Animation of a modern sewing machine as it stitches A sewing machine is a machine used to sew fabric and materials together with thread.

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The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Social Democratic Party of Germany

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Socialism

Sodium silicate

Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate, sodium orthosilicate, and sodium pyrosilicate.

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Solms-Hohensolms-Lich

Solms-Hohensolms-Lich was at first a County and later Principality with Imperial immediacy in what is today the federal Land of Hessen, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Solms-Hohensolms-Lich

South German gulden

The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of Southern Germany between 1754 and 1873.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and South German gulden

Sovereignty

Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Sovereignty

Sparkling wine

Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it, making it fizzy.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Sparkling wine

Sports club

A sports club or sporting club, sometimes an athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Sports club

Staatstheater Mainz

The Staatstheater Mainz (Mainz State Theatre) is a theatre in Mainz, Germany, which is owned and operated by the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Staatstheater Mainz

Stadt Frankfurt (1827)

Stadt Frankfurt was the first steamboat on the Main and the first steamboat to steam up the Oberrhein to Basel, Switzerland in 1832.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Stadt Frankfurt (1827)

Starkenburg

Starkenburg is an historical region in the State of Hesse, Germany, comprising the area south of the Main River and east of the Rhine, around the regional capital Darmstadt.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Starkenburg

States of the German Confederation

The states of the German Confederation were member states of the German Confederation, from 20 June 1815 until 24 August 1866.

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States of the German Empire

The German Empire consisted of 25 constituent states and an imperial territory, the largest of which was Prussia.

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Steamboat

A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Steamboat

Street network

A street network is a system of interconnecting lines and points (called edges and nodes in network science) that represent a system of streets or roads for a given area.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Street network

Substantive law

Substantive law is the set of laws that governs how members of a society are to behave.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Substantive law

Suffragan bishop

A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Suffragan bishop

Suffrage

Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote).

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Suffrage

Summary execution

In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Summary execution

Synod

A synod is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application.

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Synthetic colorant

A colorant is any substance that changes the spectral transmittance or reflectance of a material.

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Tariff

A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Tariff

Taunus Railway

The Taunus Railway (German: Taunus-Eisenbahn) is a double-track electrified railway line, which connects Frankfurt and Wiesbaden, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Taunus Railway

Tax resistance

Tax resistance is the refusal to pay tax because of opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, or to government policy, or as opposition to taxation in itself.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Tax resistance

Technische Universität Darmstadt

The Technische Universität Darmstadt (official English name Technical University of Darmstadt, sometimes also referred to as Darmstadt University of Technology), commonly known as TU Darmstadt, is a research university in the city of Darmstadt, Germany.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Technische Universität Darmstadt

Telegraphy

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Telegraphy

Telephone network

A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects telephones, which allows telephone calls between two or more parties, as well as newer features such as fax and internet.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Telephone network

Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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The Hessian Courier

The Hessian Courier (German: Der Hessische Landbote) is an eight-page pamphlet, written by Georg Büchner in 1834, in which he argues against the social injustices of his time.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and The Hessian Courier

Thurn-und-Taxis Post

The Thurn-und-Taxis Post was a private postal service and the successor to the Imperial Reichspost of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Thurn-und-Taxis Post

Trial court

A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Trial court

Tsesarevich

Tsesarevich (цесаревич) was the title of the heir apparent or presumptive in the Russian Empire.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Tuberculosis

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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Unit of measurement

A unit of measurement, or unit of measure, is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity.

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Unit of volume

A unit of volume is a unit of measurement for measuring volume or capacity, the extent of an object or space in three dimensions.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Unit of volume

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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Universal manhood suffrage

Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Universal manhood suffrage

University of Giessen

University of Giessen, official name Justus Liebig University Giessen (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen), is a large public research university in Giessen, Hesse, Germany.

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Upper Hesse

The term Upper Hesse (Provinz Oberhessen) originally referred to the southern possessions of the Landgraviate of Hesse, which were initially geographically separated from the more northerly Lower Hesse by the.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Upper Hesse

Urban planner

An urban planner (also known as town planner) is a professional who practices in the field of town planning, urban planning or city planning.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Urban planner

Varnish

Varnish is a clear transparent hard protective coating or film.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Varnish

Vehicle registration plate

A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate (British, Indian and Australian English) or license plate (American English) or licence plate (Canadian English), is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Vehicle registration plate

Vereinsthaler

The Vereinsthaler (union thaler) was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Vereinsthaler

Victoria, Princess Royal

Victoria, Princess Royal (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa; 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was German Empress and Queen of Prussia as the wife of Frederick III, German Emperor.

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VIII Army Corps (German Confederation)

The VIII Army Corps (VIII.) was a mixed corps of the army of the German Confederation (the Bundesheer), which was made up of contingents from Württemberg, Baden and Hesse.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and VIII Army Corps (German Confederation)

Viticulture

Viticulture (vitis cultura, "vine-growing"), viniculture (vinis cultura, "wine-growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Viticulture

Vogelsberg

The is a large volcanic mountain range in the German Central Uplands in the state of Hesse, separated from the Rhön Mountains by the Fulda river valley.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Vogelsberg

War bond

War bonds (sometimes referred to as victory bonds, particularly in propaganda) are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war without raising taxes to an unpopular level.

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War reparations

War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other.

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Werner & Mertz

Werner & Mertz GmbH is a medium-sized, family-run manufacturer of cleaning and care agents with headquarters in Mainz.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Werner & Mertz

Wetterau

The Wetterau is a fertile undulating tract, watered by the Wetter, a tributary of the Nidda River, in the western German state of Hesse, between the hilly province Oberhessen and the north-western Taunus mountains.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Wetterau

Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler

Baron Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler (25 December 181113 July 1877) was a German theologian and politician who served as Bishop of Mainz.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler

William I, Elector of Hesse

William I, Elector of Hesse (Wilhelm I., Kurfürst von Hessen; 3 June 1743 – 27 February 1821) was the eldest surviving son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Princess Mary of Great Britain, the daughter of George II.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and William I, Elector of Hesse

William I, German Emperor

William I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), or Wilhelm I, was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and William I, German Emperor

Women's suffrage

Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Women's suffrage

World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and World Heritage Site

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and World War I

Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Worms, Germany

Zeppelin

A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Ferdinand von Zeppelin who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Zeppelin

Zollverein

The Zollverein, or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and Zollverein

130 departments of the First French Empire

This is a list of the 130 departments (départements), the conventional name for the administrative subdivisions of the First French Empire at the height of its territorial extent, circa 1811.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and 130 departments of the First French Empire

1862 International Exhibition

The International Exhibition of 1862, officially the London International Exhibition of Industry and Art, also known as the Great London Exposition, was a world's fair held from 1 May to 1 November 1862 in South Kensington, London, England.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and 1862 International Exhibition

25th Division (German Empire)

The 25th Division (25. Division), officially the Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division (Großherzoglich Hessische (25.) Division), was a unit of the Prussian/German Army.

See Grand Duchy of Hesse and 25th Division (German Empire)

See also

Former grand duchies

• Grand Duchy of Baden
• Grand Duchy of Berg
• Grand Duchy of Finland
• Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
• Grand Duchy of Hesse
• Grand Duchy of Kraków
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania
• Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
• Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
• Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
• Grand Duchy of Posen
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• Grand Duchy of Würzburg
• Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

States and territories established in 1806

• Bydgoszcz Department
• Cape Colony
• Confederation of the Rhine
• Dholpur State
• Grand Duchy of Baden
• Grand Duchy of Hesse
• Isarkreis
• Jalaun State
• Kingdom of Bavaria
• Kingdom of Holland
• Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)
• Kingdom of Saxony
• Lower Danube Circle
• Mainkreis (Bavaria)
• Neutral Ground (Louisiana)
• Poznań Department
• Principality of Reuss-Gera
• Regenkreis
• Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)
• San Andrés de Giles Partido
• State of Haiti
• Sugartown, Louisiana
• Tonk State
• Warsaw Department

States of the Confederation of the Rhine

• Anhalt-Bernburg
• Anhalt-Dessau
• Anhalt-Köthen
• Arenberg
• County of Isenburg
• County of Nassau
• Duchy of Berg
• Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
• Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
• Duchy of Nassau
• Duchy of Oldenburg
• Electorate of Saxony
• Grand Duchy of Baden
• Grand Duchy of Berg
• Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
• Grand Duchy of Hesse
• Grand Duchy of Würzburg
• Hohenzollern-Hechingen
• Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
• Imperial County of Reuss
• Kingdom of Bavaria
• Kingdom of Saxony
• Kingdom of Württemberg
• Kingdom of Westphalia
• Liechtenstein
• Principality of Aschaffenburg
• Principality of Leyen
• Principality of Lippe
• Principality of Regensburg
• Principality of Reuss-Gera
• Principality of Reuss-Greiz
• Principality of Salm
• Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
• Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
• Reuss-Lobenstein
• Salm-Horstmar
• Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
• Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
• Saxe-Eisenach
• Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
• Saxe-Hildburghausen
• Saxe-Meiningen
• Saxe-Weimar
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

States of the German Empire

• Alsace–Lorraine
• Bremen (state)
• Duchy of Anhalt
• Duchy of Brunswick
• Federal prince
• Grand Duchy of Baden
• Grand Duchy of Hesse
• Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
• Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
• Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
• Hamburg
• History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck
• Kingdom of Bavaria
• Kingdom of Prussia
• Kingdom of Saxony
• Kingdom of Württemberg
• List of historic states of Germany
• Principality of Lippe
• Principality of Reuss-Gera
• Principality of Reuss-Greiz
• Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
• Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
• Saxe-Altenburg
• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
• Saxe-Lauenburg
• Saxe-Meiningen
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
• States of the German Empire

States of the North German Confederation

• Bremen (state)
• Duchy of Anhalt
• Duchy of Brunswick
• Grand Duchy of Hesse
• Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
• Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
• Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
• Hamburg
• History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck
• Kingdom of Prussia
• Kingdom of Saxony
• List of historic states of Germany
• Principality of Lippe
• Principality of Reuss-Gera
• Principality of Reuss-Greiz
• Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
• Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
• Saxe-Altenburg
• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
• Saxe-Lauenburg
• Saxe-Meiningen
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse

Also known as Duke of Hesse, Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hessen, Grand Duke of Hesse, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine, Großherzogtum Hessen, Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein, Hesse and by Rhine, Hesse and the Rhine, Hessian Curse, Rhine-Hesse, The Grand Duchy of Hesse.

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