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Gravitational lens, the Glossary

A gravitational lens is matter, such as a cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer.^[1]

103 relations: Abell 1689, Abell 2744, Albert Einstein, Arthur Eddington, Associated Press, Astronomical seeing, Astronomical unit, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Celestial sphere, Classical mechanics, Corpuscular theory of light, Cosmic microwave background, Dark energy, Dark matter, Dennis Walsh, Einstein ring, Electromagnetic radiation, Equivalence principle, Escape velocity, Exoplanet, FOCAL (spacecraft), Focus (optics), Frank Drake, Frank Watson Dyson, Fritz Zwicky, Galaxy, Galaxy cluster, Galaxy group, General relativity, Geometry, Gravitational constant, Gravitational lens, Gravitational microlensing, Henry Cavendish, Hubble Space Telescope, Hydrogen line, Impact parameter, IRC 0218, Isaac Newton, J1000+0221, Johann Georg von Soldner, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Lambda-CDM model, Lens, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, McGill University, Milky Way, Minute and second of arc, Montreal, ... Expand index (53 more) »
Effects of gravity

Abell 1689

Abell 1689 is a galaxy cluster in the constellation Virgo over 2.3 billion light-years away. Gravitational lens and Abell 1689 are gravitational lensing.

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Abell 2744, nicknamed Pandora's Cluster, is a giant galaxy cluster resulting from the simultaneous pile-up of at least four separate, smaller galaxy clusters that took place over a span of 350 million years, and is located approximately 4 billion light years from Earth.

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Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".

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Arthur Eddington

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Astronomical seeing

In astronomy, seeing is the degradation of the image of an astronomical object due to turbulence in the atmosphere of Earth that may become visible as blurring, twinkling or variable distortion.

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Astronomical unit

The astronomical unit (symbol: au, or AU) is a unit of length defined to be exactly equal to.

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), is the national broadcaster of Australia.

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Celestial sphere

In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth.

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Classical mechanics

Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of objects such as projectiles, parts of machinery, spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies.

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Corpuscular theory of light

In optics, the corpuscular theory of light states that light is made up of small discrete particles called "corpuscles" (little particles) which travel in a straight line with a finite velocity and possess impetus.

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Cosmic microwave background

The cosmic microwave background (CMB or CMBR) is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. Gravitational lens and cosmic microwave background are astrophysics and gravitational lensing.

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Dark energy

In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. Gravitational lens and dark energy are Concepts in astronomy.

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Dark matter

In astronomy, dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that appears not to interact with light or the electromagnetic field. Gravitational lens and dark matter are Concepts in astronomy and large-scale structure of the cosmos.

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Dennis Walsh

Dennis Walsh (12 June 1933 – 1 June 2005) was an English astronomer.

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Einstein ring

An Einstein ring, also known as an Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring (named for Orest Chwolson), is created when light from a galaxy or star passes by a massive object en route to the Earth. Gravitational lens and Einstein ring are effects of gravity and gravitational lensing.

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Electromagnetic radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy.

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Equivalence principle

The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature.

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Escape velocity

In celestial mechanics, escape velocity or escape speed is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from contact with or orbit of a primary body, assuming.

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Exoplanet

An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. Gravitational lens and exoplanet are Concepts in astronomy.

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FOCAL (spacecraft)

FOCAL (an acronym for Fast Outgoing Cyclopean Astronomical Lens) is a proposed space telescope that would use the Sun as a gravity lens. Gravitational lens and FOCAL (spacecraft) are gravitational lensing.

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Focus (optics)

In geometrical optics, a focus, also called an image point, is a point where light rays originating from a point on the object converge.

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Frank Drake

Frank Donald Drake (May 28, 1930 – September 2, 2022) was an American astrophysicist and astrobiologist.

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Frank Watson Dyson

Sir Frank Watson Dyson, KBE, FRS, FRSE (8 January 1868 – 25 May 1939) was an English astronomer and the ninth Astronomer Royal who is remembered today largely for introducing time signals ("pips") from Greenwich, England, and for the role he played in proving Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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Fritz Zwicky

Fritz Zwicky (February 14, 1898 – February 8, 1974) was a Swiss astronomer.

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Galaxy

A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. Gravitational lens and galaxy are Concepts in astronomy.

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Galaxy cluster

A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses.

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Galaxy group

A galaxy group or group of galaxies (GrG) is an aggregation of galaxies comprising about 50 or fewer gravitationally bound members, each at least as luminous as the Milky Way (about 1010 times the luminosity of the Sun); collections of galaxies larger than groups that are first-order clustering are called galaxy clusters.

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General relativity

General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. Gravitational lens and general relativity are Concepts in astronomy.

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Geometry

Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures.

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Gravitational constant

The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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Gravitational lens

A gravitational lens is matter, such as a cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer. Gravitational lens and gravitational lens are astrophysics, Concepts in astronomy, effects of gravity, gravitational lensing and large-scale structure of the cosmos.

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Gravitational microlensing

Gravitational microlensing is an astronomical phenomenon caused by the gravitational lens effect. Gravitational lens and gravitational microlensing are effects of gravity and gravitational lensing.

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Henry Cavendish

Henry Cavendish (10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher and scientist who was an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist.

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Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope (often referred to as HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.

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Hydrogen line

The hydrogen line, 21 centimeter line, or H I line is a spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of solitary, electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.

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Impact parameter

In physics, the impact parameter is defined as the perpendicular distance between the path of a projectile and the center of a potential field created by an object that the projectile is approaching (see diagram).

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IRC 0218

The galaxy cluster IRC 0218 (also known as XMM-LSS J02182−05102) hosts the most distant strong gravitational lensing galaxy currently known at a redshift of z. Gravitational lens and IRC 0218 are gravitational lensing.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

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J1000+0221

J1000+0221 was the most distant gravitational lens galaxy known (up until the discovery of the IRC 0218 lens galaxy), and remains the most distant quad-image lens galaxy discovered so far. Gravitational lens and J1000+0221 are gravitational lensing.

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Johann Georg von Soldner

Johann Georg von Soldner (16 July 1776 in Feuchtwangen, Ansbach – 13 May 1833 in Bogenhausen, Munich) was a German physicist, mathematician and astronomer, first in Berlin and later in 1808 in Munich.

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Kitt Peak National Observatory

The Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) is a United States astronomical observatory located on Kitt Peak of the Quinlan Mountains in the Arizona-Sonoran Desert on the Tohono Oʼodham Nation, west-southwest of Tucson, Arizona.

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Lambda-CDM model

The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components. Gravitational lens and Lambda-CDM model are Concepts in astronomy.

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Lens

A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.

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MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1

MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1, also known as Icarus,Other names include LS1, MACS J1149 LS1, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (LS1) and MACS J1149+2223 Lensed Star 1 is a blue supergiant star observed through a gravitational lens. Gravitational lens and MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 are gravitational lensing.

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Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics

The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) is a Max Planck Institute whose research is aimed at investigating Einstein's theory of relativity and beyond: Mathematics, quantum gravity, astrophysical relativity, and gravitational-wave astronomy.

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McGill University

McGill University (French: Université McGill) is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.

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Minute and second of arc

A minute of arc, arcminute (arcmin), arc minute, or minute arc, denoted by the symbol, is a unit of angular measurement equal to of one degree.

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Montreal

Montreal is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest in Canada, and the tenth-largest in North America.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

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National Science Foundation

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.

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Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Gravitational lens and Newton's law of universal gravitation are Concepts in astronomy.

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Newton's laws of motion

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.

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Observational error

Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its unknown true value.

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OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb

OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb is an extremely massive exoplanet, with a mass about 13.4 times that of Jupiter, or is, possibly, a low mass brown dwarf, orbiting the G-dwarf star OGLE-2016-BLG-1190L, located about 22,000 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Sagittarius, in the galactic bulge of the Milky Way.

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OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb

OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb is an extrasolar planet located about 22,000 light-years from Earth, in the galactic bulge, orbiting the 0.57 star OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L, discovered in 2017.

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Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment

The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) is a Polish astronomical project based at the University of Warsaw that runs a long-term variability sky survey (1992–present). Gravitational lens and Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment are gravitational lensing.

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Opticks

Opticks: or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light is a book by Isaac Newton that was published in English in 1704 (a scholarly Latin translation appeared in 1706).

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Orest Khvolson

Orest Danilovich Khvolson or Chwolson (Орест Данилович Хвольсон) (November 22 (N.S. December 4), 1852 – May 11, 1934) was a Russian and later Soviet physicist and honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1920).

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Parsec

The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to or (AU), i.e.. Gravitational lens and parsec are Concepts in astronomy.

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Physical Review

Physical Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols.

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Physical Review Letters

Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society.

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Point particle

A point particle, ideal particle or point-like particle (often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics.

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Point spread function

The point spread function (PSF) describes the response of a focused optical imaging system to a point source or point object.

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Quasar

A quasar is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN). Gravitational lens and quasar are Concepts in astronomy.

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Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

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Radio

Radio is the technology of communicating using radio waves.

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Ray Weymann

Ray Weymann is a retired astronomer and astrophysicist, associated with the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

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Redshift

In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). Gravitational lens and redshift are Concepts in astronomy and effects of gravity.

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Redshift survey

In astronomy, a redshift survey is a survey of a section of the sky to measure the redshift of astronomical objects: usually galaxies, but sometimes other objects such as galaxy clusters or quasars. Gravitational lens and redshift survey are large-scale structure of the cosmos.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.

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São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, the western equatorial coast of Central Africa.

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Schwarzschild radius

The Schwarzschild radius or the gravitational radius is a physical parameter in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations that corresponds to the radius defining the event horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole.

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The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other planets.

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Sedna (dwarf planet)

Sedna (minor-planet designation: 90377 Sedna) is a dwarf planet in the outermost reaches of the Solar System, orbiting the Sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.

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Shear mapping

In plane geometry, a shear mapping is an affine transformation that displaces each point in a fixed direction by an amount proportional to its signed distance from a given line parallel to that direction.

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Sjur Refsdal

Sjur Refsdal (30 December 1935 – 29 January 2009) was a Norwegian astrophysicist, born in Oslo.

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Slava Turyshev

Vyacheslav Gennadievich Turyshev (Вячеслав Геннадьевич Турышев) is a Russian physicist now working in the US at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

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Sobral, Ceará

Sobral is a municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil.

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Solar eclipse

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially.

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Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Thursday, May 29, 1919, with a magnitude of 1.0719.

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Solar gravitational lens

A solar gravitational lens or solar gravity lens (SGL) is a theoretical method of using the Sun as a large lens with a physical effect called gravitational lensing.

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Solar mass

The solar mass is a standard unit of mass in astronomy, equal to approximately.

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South Pole Telescope

The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a diameter telescope located at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica.

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Special relativity

In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.

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Speed of light

The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space.

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Spherical aberration

In optics, spherical aberration (SA) is a type of aberration found in optical systems that have elements with spherical surfaces.

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SPT0615-JD

SPT0615-JD is a dwarf galaxy situated within the constellation Pictor, and is the farthest galaxy ever imaged by means of gravitational lensing, as of 2018.

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Star

A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity. Gravitational lens and star are Concepts in astronomy.

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Strong gravitational lensing

Strong gravitational lensing is a gravitational lensing effect that is strong enough to produce multiple images, arcs, or Einstein rings. Gravitational lens and strong gravitational lensing are gravitational lensing.

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Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

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Telescope

A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.

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The Astrophysical Journal

The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, established in 1895 by American astronomers George Ellery Hale and James Edward Keeler.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Queries

The Queries (or simply Queries) is the third book to English physicist Isaac Newton's Opticks, with various numbers of Query sections or "question" sections (up to 31, depending on edition), expanded on from 1704 to 1718, that contains Newton's final thoughts on the future puzzles of science.

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Twin Quasar

The Twin Quasar (also known as Twin QSO, Double Quasar, SBS 0957+561, TXS 0957+561, Q0957+561 or QSO 0957+561 A/B), was discovered in 1979 and was the first identified gravitationally lensed double quasar, not to be confused with the first detection of light deflection in 1919. Gravitational lens and Twin Quasar are gravitational lensing.

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Type Ia supernova

A Type Ia supernova (read: "type one-A") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf.

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Vera C. Rubin Observatory

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory, formerly known as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), is an astronomical observatory currently under construction in Chile.

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Voyager 1

Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and the interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere.

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W. M. Keck Observatory

The W. M. Keck Observatory is an astronomical observatory with two telescopes at an elevation of 4,145 meters (13,600 ft) near the summit of Mauna Kea in the U.S. state of Hawaii.

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Weak gravitational lensing

While the presence of any mass bends the path of light passing near it, this effect rarely produces the giant arcs and multiple images associated with strong gravitational lensing. Gravitational lens and Weak gravitational lensing are gravitational lensing.

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X-ray

X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.

See Gravitational lens and X-ray

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens

Also known as Bend light, Einstein arc, Gravitatinal lensing, Gravitational Lenses, Gravitational Lensing, Gravitational arc, Gravitational deflection, Gravitational lense, Gravitationally lensed galaxy, Gravity lens, Macrolensing, Multiple images (gravitational lensing), Solar lens.

, NASA, National Science Foundation, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Newton's laws of motion, Observational error, OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb, OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb, Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, Opticks, Orest Khvolson, Parsec, Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Point particle, Point spread function, Quasar, Quebec, Radio, Ray Weymann, Redshift, Redshift survey, Saint Petersburg, São Tomé and Príncipe, Schwarzschild radius, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence, Sedna (dwarf planet), Shear mapping, Sjur Refsdal, Slava Turyshev, Sobral, Ceará, Solar eclipse, Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, Solar gravitational lens, Solar mass, South Pole Telescope, Special relativity, Speed of light, Spherical aberration, SPT0615-JD, Star, Strong gravitational lensing, Sun, Telescope, The Astrophysical Journal, The New York Times, The Queries, Twin Quasar, Type Ia supernova, Vera C. Rubin Observatory, Voyager 1, W. M. Keck Observatory, Weak gravitational lensing, X-ray.

Gravitational lens, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Effects of gravity

References