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Gregorio Aglipay, the Glossary

Gregorio Aglipay Cruz y Labayán (Gregorius Aglipay; Filipino: Gregorio Labayan Aglipay Cruz; May 5, 1860 – September 1, 1940) was a Filipino former Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War who became the first head of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI), the first-ever wholly Filipino-led independent Christian Church in the Philippines in the form of a nationalist church.^[1]

Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good.

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Agriculture

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.

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American Catholic Historical Association

The American Catholic Historical Association (ACHA) was founded by Peter Guilday in Cleveland, Ohio, in December 1919 as a national society to bring together scholars interested in the history of the Roman Catholic Church or in Catholic aspects of secular history.

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Andrés Bonifacio

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863May 10, 1897) was a Filipino revolutionary leader. Gregorio Aglipay and Andrés Bonifacio are Filipino Freemasons, Filipino paramilitary personnel and people of the Philippine Revolution.

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Archbishop

In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office.

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Arrest

An arrest is the act of apprehending and taking a person into custody (legal protection or control), usually because the person has been suspected of or observed committing a crime.

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Ateneo de Manila University

Ateneo de Manila University (Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila), commonly referred to as Ateneo de Manila or Ateneo, is a private, Catholic, teaching and research university, and a basic education institution located in Quezon City, Philippines.

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Autonomy

In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision.

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Bachelor of Arts

A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin baccalaureus artium, baccalaureus in artibus, or artium baccalaureus) is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines.

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Bachelor's degree

A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline).

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Batac

Batac, officially the City of Batac (Siudad ti Batac; Lungsod ng Batac), is a 5th class component city in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.

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Battle of Manila (1899)

The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Batalla de Manila), the first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino armed militiamen.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Battle of Manila (1899)

Bishop

A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.

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Cambridge, Massachusetts

Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

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Capital city

A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government.

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Captaincy General of the Philippines

The Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid.

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Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines

The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) is the permanent organizational assembly of the Catholic bishops of the Philippines exercising together certain pastoral offices for the Christian faithful of their territory through apostolic plans, programs and projects suited to the circumstances of time and place in accordance with law for the promotion of the greater good offered by the Catholic Church to all people. Gregorio Aglipay and Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines are Catholic Church in the Philippines.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Church in the Philippines

As part of the worldwide Catholic Church, the Catholic Church in the Philippines (Simbahang Katolika sa Pilipinas, Iglesia católica en Filipinas), or the Philippine Catholic Church, is under the spiritual direction of the Holy See in Vatican City, an enclave within Rome in Italy, with the Pope as its head.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Catholic Church in the Philippines

Chicago

Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States.

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Christian Church

In ecclesiology, the Christian Church is what different Christian denominations conceive of as being the true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus Christ.

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Christian denomination

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Civic nationalism

Civic nationalism, otherwise known as democratic nationalism, is a form of nationalism that adheres to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights, and is not based on ethnocentrism.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Civic nationalism

Clergy

Clergy are formal leaders within established religions.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Clergy

Clerical celibacy

Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried.

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Colegio de San Juan de Letran

The Colegio de San Juan de Letran, also referred to by its acronym CSJL, is a private Catholic coeducational basic and higher education institution owned and run by the friars of the Order of Preachers in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines.

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

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Commonwealth of the Philippines

The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Mancomunidad de Filipinas; Komonwelt ng Pilipinas) was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States that existed from 1935 to 1946.

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Communist party

A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism.

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Death

Death is the end of life; the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.

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Doctor of Divinity

A Doctor of Divinity (DD or DDiv; Doctor Divinitatis) is the holder of an advanced academic degree in divinity.

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Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Prædicatorum; abbreviated OP), commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by a Castilian-French priest named Dominic de Guzmán.

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Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena

The Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of St. Gregorio Aglipay and Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena are Catholic Church in the Philippines.

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Ecclesiastical jurisdiction

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is jurisdiction by church leaders over other church leaders and over the laity.

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Edward Mann Lewis

Major General Edward Mann Lewis, KCMG, (December 10, 1863 – July 27, 1949) was a highly decorated United States Army officer who served his nation for 46 years.

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Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and became the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. Gregorio Aglipay and Emilio Aguinaldo are Candidates in the 1935 Philippine presidential election, Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni, Filipino Freemasons, members of the Philippine Independent Church, people of the Philippine Revolution and people of the Philippine–American War.

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Eminence (style)

His Eminence (abbreviation H.Em. or HE) is a style of reference for high nobility, still in use in various religious contexts.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

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Episcopal Church (United States)

The Episcopal Church, officially the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PECUSA), is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere.

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Esquire (magazine)

Esquire is an American men's magazine.

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Evangelism

In Christianity, evangelism or witnessing is the act of preaching the gospel with the intention of sharing the message and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.

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Excommunication in the Catholic Church

In the canon law of the Catholic Church, excommunication (Lat. ex, "out of", and communio or communicatio, "communion"; literally meaning "exclusion from communion") is a form of censure.

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Filipino language

Filipino (Wikang Filipino) is a language under the Austronesian language family.

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Filipino nationalism

Filipino nationalism refers to the establishment and support of a political identity associated with the modern nation-state of the Philippines, leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the Philippines.

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Filipinos

Filipinos (Mga Pilipino) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines.

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Freemasonry

Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

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Friars in Spanish Philippines

The Spanish friars were the crucial elements in the Westernization of the Philippines, and in spreading the Christian faith in that part of the world. Gregorio Aglipay and friars in Spanish Philippines are Catholic Church in the Philippines.

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Google Sites

Google Sites is a structured wiki and web page creation tool included as part of the free, web-based Google Docs Editors suite offered by Google.

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Grand Lodge of the Philippines

The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines is the organizational body based on the Philippines that governs Freemasonry.

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Gregorio Aglipay National Shrine

Gregorio Aglipay National Shrine is a memorial shrine in Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines.

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Harvard Divinity School

Harvard Divinity School (HDS) is one of the constituent schools of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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History of the Philippines (1565–1898)

The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821.

See Gregorio Aglipay and History of the Philippines (1565–1898)

Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Holy See

Honorary degree

An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Ilocos Norte

Ilocos Norte, officially the Province of Ilocos Norte (Probinsia ti Ilocos Norte; Lalawigan ng Ilocos Norte), is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Ilocos Norte

Ilocos Norte's at-large congressional district

Ilocos Norte's at-large congressional district is an obsolete electoral district that was used for electing members of Philippine national legislatures in Ilocos Norte before 1987.

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Ilocos Region

The Ilocos Region (Rehion/Deppaar ti Ilocos; Sagor na Baybay na Luzon/Rehiyon Uno; Rehiyon ng Ilocos), designated as Region I, is an administrative region of the Philippines.

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Ilocos Sur

Ilocos Sur, officially the Province of Ilocos Sur (Probinsia ti Ilocos Sur; Lalawigan ng Ilocos Sur), is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Ilocos Sur

Independent Catholicism

Independent Catholicism is an independent sacramental movement of clergy and laity who self-identify as Catholic (most often as Old Catholic or as Independent Catholic) and form "micro-churches claiming apostolic succession and valid sacraments", in spite of not being affiliated to the historic Catholic church, the Roman Catholic church.

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Independent politician

An independent, non-partisan politician or non-affiliated politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or bureaucratic association.

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Intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as hemorrhagic stroke, is a sudden bleeding into the tissues of the brain (i.e. the parenchyma), into its ventricles, or into both.

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Intramuros

Intramuros is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines.

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Isabelo de los Reyes

Isabelo de los Reyes Sr. Gregorio Aglipay and Isabelo de los Reyes are Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni, Filipino Christian religious leaders, Ilocano people, members of the Philippine Independent Church, people excommunicated by the Catholic Church, Philippine Independent Church and university of Santo Tomas alumni.

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J-STAGE

J-STAGE (Japan Science Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic) is an electronic journal platform for Japanese academic journals.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Joaquin Luna

Joaquin Damaso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (December 11, 1864 – November 7, 1936) was a Filipino revolutionary and politician. Gregorio Aglipay and Joaquin Luna are people of the Philippine Revolution and people of the Philippine–American War.

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José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. Gregorio Aglipay and José Rizal are Filipino Freemasons, people excommunicated by the Catholic Church, people of the Philippine Revolution and university of Santo Tomas alumni.

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Katipunan

The Katipunan, officially known as the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo) and abbreviated as the KKK, was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon, and Teodoro Plata.

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Kyoto University

, or, is a national research university located in Kyoto, Japan.

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Laoag

Laoag, officially the City of Laoag (Siudad ti Laoag; Lungsod ng Laoag), is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.

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Law

Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.

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Law degree

A law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law.

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León María Guerrero (botanist)

León María Guerrero y Leogardo (January 21, 1853 – April 13, 1935) was a Filipino writer, revolutionary leader, politician, the first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of the most eminent botanists in the country in his time. Gregorio Aglipay and León María Guerrero (botanist) are members of the Malolos Congress and university of Santo Tomas alumni.

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Letter (message)

A letter is a written message conveyed from one person (or group of people) to another through a medium.

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Lieutenant general

Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries.

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Luzon

Luzon is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines.

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Malolos Congress

The Malolos Congress (also known as the Revolutionary Congress), formally known as the National Assembly, was the legislative body of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

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Manila

Manila (Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynila), is the capital and second-most-populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City.

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Manner of death

In many legal jurisdictions, the manner of death is a determination, typically made by the coroner, medical examiner, police, or similar officials, and recorded as a vital statistic.

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Manuel L. Quezon

Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. Gregorio Aglipay and Manuel L. Quezon are Candidates in the 1935 Philippine presidential election, Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni, people of the Philippine Revolution, people of the Philippine–American War and university of Santo Tomas alumni.

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Marriage

Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognised union between people called spouses.

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Meadville Lombard Theological School

The Meadville Lombard Theological School is a Unitarian Universalist seminary in Chicago, Illinois.

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Military chaplain

A military chaplain ministers to military personnel and, in most cases, their families and civilians working for the military.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Military chaplain

Monsignor

Monsignor (monsignore) is a form of address or title for certain members of the clergy in the Catholic Church.

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Nacionalista Party

The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Nacionalista) is the oldest political party in both the Philippines and in Southeast Asia in general.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Nacionalista Party

Natural theology

Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics (such as the existence of a deity) based on reason and the discoveries of science, the project of arguing for the existence of God on the basis of observed natural facts, and through natural phenomena viewed as divine, or complexities of nature seen as evidence of a divine plan (see predestination) or Will of God, which includes nature itself.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Natural theology

Novena

A novena (from Latin: novem, "nine") is an ancient tradition of devotional praying in Christianity, consisting of private or public prayers repeated for nine successive days or weeks.

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Official Gazette (Philippines)

The Official Gazette, which is printed by the National Printing Office (NPO), is the public journal and main publication of the government of the Philippines.

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Ordination

Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart and elevated from the laity class to the clergy, who are thus then authorized (usually by the denominational hierarchy composed of other clergy) to perform various religious rites and ceremonies.

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Orphan

An orphan (from the orphanós) is a child whose parents have died, are unknown or have permanently abandoned them.

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Parish

A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese.

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Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930

The Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP-1930), also known as the Philippine Communist Party, is a communist party in the Philippines that was established on November 7, 1930.

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Patriotism

Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state.

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Pedro Paterno

Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera Ignacio (February 27, 1857 – April 26, 1911), 993 pages was a Filipino politician infamous for being a turncoat. Gregorio Aglipay and Pedro Paterno are members of the Malolos Congress, people of the Philippine Revolution and people of the Philippine–American War.

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Philippine Independent Church

The Philippine Independent Church (Malayang Simbahan ng Pilipinas; Nawaya a Simbaan ti Filipinas), officially referred to by its Spanish name italic (IFI) and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, is an independent Christian denomination, in the form of a nationalist church, in the Philippines.

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Philippine Revolution

The Philippine Revolution was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898.

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Philippine Revolutionary Army

The Philippine Revolutionary Army, later renamed Philippine Republican Army (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Filipino; Tagalog: Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas), was the army of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the Philippine–American War.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Philippine Revolutionary Army

Philippine Studies (journal)

Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on the history and ethnography of the Philippines and its peoples.

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Philippine–American War

The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in December 1898 when the United States annexed the Philippine Islands under the Treaty of Paris.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Pinili

Pinili, officially the Municipality of Pinili (Ili ti Pinili; Bayan ng Pinili), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.

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Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (Leone XIII; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903.

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Pope Pius X

Pope Pius X (Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914.

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President of the Philippines

The president of the Philippines (pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to as presidente ng Pilipinas) is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines.

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Priesthood in the Catholic Church

The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned ("ordained") with the Holy orders of the Catholic Church.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Progressive Christianity

Progressive Christianity represents a postmodern theological approach, which developed out of the liberal Christianity of the modern era, itself rooted in the Enlightenment's thinking.

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Protestantism in the Philippines

Protestant denominations arrived in the Philippines in 1898, after the United States took control of the Philippines from Spain, first with United States Army chaplains and then within months civilian missionaries.

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Protestantism in the United States

Protestantism is the largest grouping of Christians in the United States, with its combined denominations collectively comprising about 43% of the country's population (or 141 million people) in 2019.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

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Rationalist Association

The Rationalist Association, originally the Rationalist Press Association, is an organization in the United Kingdom, founded in 1885 by a group of freethinkers who were unhappy with the increasingly political and decreasingly intellectual tenor of the British secularist movement.

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Real Audiencia of Manila

The Real Audiencia of Manila (Real Audiencia de Manila) was the Real Audiencia of the Spanish East Indies, which included modern-day Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Micronesia and the Philippines.

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Rebellion

Rebellion is a violent uprising against one's government.

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Religious nationalism

Religious nationalism can be understood in a number of ways, such as nationalism as a religion itself, a position articulated by Carlton Hayes in his text Nationalism: A Religion, or as the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, ideology, or affiliation.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Religious nationalism

Republican Party (Philippines)

The Republican Party (Spanish: Partido Republicano) was a political party in the Philippines.

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Revolution

In political science, a revolution (revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.

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Revolutionary

A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution.

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Roman Catholic (term)

The term Roman Catholic is used to differentiate the Catholic Church and its members in full communion with the pope in Rome from other Christians who identify as "Catholic".

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila

The Archdiocese of Manila (Archidioecesis Manilensis; Arkidiyosesis ng Maynilà; Arquidiócesis de Manila) is the archdiocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in Metro Manila, Philippines, encompassing the cities of Manila, Makati, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Pasay, and Taguig (Embo barangays only).

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia

The Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines.

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Sakdalista

The Sakdalista movement was founded by the writer Benigno Ramos in 1930.

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Santa Ana, Manila

Santa Ana is a district in the City of Manila, Philippines.

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Santa Catalina College

Santa Catalina College is a Roman Catholic, private institution that serves coeducational basic and higher education administered by the Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena, a religious congregation affiliated with the Dominican Order located in Sampaloc, Manila.

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Santiago Fonacier

Santiago Antonio Fonacier y Suguitan (May 21, 1885 – December 8, 1977) was a Filipino priest, bishop, writer, educator, and politician who became a senator and the second Obispo Maximo of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, also informally known as the Aglipayan Church. Gregorio Aglipay and Santiago Fonacier are bishops of Independent Catholic denominations, Filipino Christian religious leaders, members of the Philippine Independent Church and Philippine Independent Church.

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Sarrat

Sarrat, officially the Municipality of Sarrat (Ili ti Sarrat; Bayan ng Sarrat), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.

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Schism

A schism (or, less commonly) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination.

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Secret society

A secret society is an organization about which the activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed.

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Secularization movement in the Philippines

The secularization movement in the Philippines under Spanish colonial administration from the 18th to late 19th century advocated for greater rights for native Filipino Catholic clergymen. Gregorio Aglipay and secularization movement in the Philippines are Catholic Church in the Philippines.

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Self-governance

Self-governance, self-government, self-sovereignty, or self-rule is the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority.

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Seminary

A seminary, school of theology, theological college, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture and theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry.

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Sergio Osmeña

Sergio Osmeña Sr. (September 9, 1878 – October 19, 1961) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. Gregorio Aglipay and Sergio Osmeña are Candidates in the 1935 Philippine presidential election, Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni and university of Santo Tomas alumni.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish–American War

The Spanish–American War (April 21 – December 10, 1898) began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.

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State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.

See Gregorio Aglipay and State religion

Summit Publishing Co., Inc., trading as Summit Media, is a Filipino digital lifestyle network in the Philippines.

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Supreme Bishop

The Supreme Bishop (Obispo Máximo), abbreviated O.M., is the leader or primate of the autocephalous nationalist Independent Catholic denomination Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) or IFI, known informally as the "Aglipayan Church". Gregorio Aglipay and Supreme Bishop are Philippine Independent Church.

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Teodoro Agoncillo

Teodoro Andal Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985) was a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian.

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The Calendar of the Church Year

The Calendar of the Church Year is the liturgical calendar found in the 1979 ''Book of Common Prayer'', and in Lesser Feasts and Fasts, with additions made at recent General Conventions.

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The Catholic Historical Review

The Catholic Historical Review (CHR) is the official organ of the American Catholic Historical Association.

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The Catholic University of America Press

The Catholic University of America Press, also known as CUA Press, is the publishing division of The Catholic University of America.

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The Honourable

The Honourable (Commonwealth English) or The Honorable (American English; see spelling differences) (abbreviation: Hon., Hon'ble, or variations) is an honorific style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions.

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The Most Reverend

The Most Reverend is an honorific style given to certain high-ranking religious figures, primarily within the historic denominations of Christianity, but occasionally also in more modern traditions.

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Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

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Tobacco

Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants.

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Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).

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Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina

The Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina (UOD or UODF, English: Philippine Democratic Labor Union) was a trade union center in the Philippines.

See Gregorio Aglipay and Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina

Unitarianism

Unitarianism is a nontrinitarian branch of Christianity.

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United States Army

The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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University of Alicante

The University of Alicante (italic,; italic,; also known by the acronym UA) was established in 1979 on the basis of the Center for University Studies (CEU), which was founded in 1968.

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University of Santo Tomas

The University of Santo Tomas Manila (UST; Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas Manila), officially the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila or colloquially as USTè, is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines.

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University of the Philippines

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University of the Philippines Diliman

The University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD; Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman), also referred to as UP Diliman or simply University of the Philippines (UP), is a public, coeducational, research university located in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Aglipay

Also known as Gregorio Aglipay Cruz y Labayan.

, Grand Lodge of the Philippines, Gregorio Aglipay National Shrine, Harvard Divinity School, History of the Philippines (1565–1898), Holy See, Honorary degree, Illinois, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Norte's at-large congressional district, Ilocos Region, Ilocos Sur, Independent Catholicism, Independent politician, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Intramuros, Isabelo de los Reyes, J-STAGE, Jesuits, Joaquin Luna, José Rizal, Katipunan, Kyoto University, Laoag, Law, Law degree, León María Guerrero (botanist), Letter (message), Lieutenant general, Luzon, Malolos Congress, Manila, Manner of death, Manuel L. Quezon, Marriage, Meadville Lombard Theological School, Military chaplain, Monsignor, Nacionalista Party, Natural theology, Novena, Official Gazette (Philippines), Ordination, Orphan, Parish, Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930, Patriotism, Pedro Paterno, Philippine Independent Church, Philippine Revolution, Philippine Revolutionary Army, Philippine Studies (journal), Philippine–American War, Philippines, Pinili, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius X, President of the Philippines, Priesthood in the Catholic Church, Princeton University, Progressive Christianity, Protestantism in the Philippines, Protestantism in the United States, Rationalism, Rationalist Association, Real Audiencia of Manila, Rebellion, Religious nationalism, Republican Party (Philippines), Revolution, Revolutionary, Roman Catholic (term), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia, Sakdalista, Santa Ana, Manila, Santa Catalina College, Santiago Fonacier, Sarrat, Schism, Secret society, Secularization movement in the Philippines, Self-governance, Seminary, Sergio Osmeña, Socialism, Spanish Empire, Spanish–American War, State religion, Summit Media, Supreme Bishop, Teodoro Agoncillo, The Calendar of the Church Year, The Catholic Historical Review, The Catholic University of America Press, The Honourable, The Most Reverend, Theology, Tobacco, Trinity, Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina, Unitarianism, United States Army, University of Alicante, University of Santo Tomas, University of the Philippines, University of the Philippines Diliman, Usurper, Vicar general, Victoria, Tarlac, Vigan, Visionary, Western Michigan University, 1935 Philippine presidential election.

Gregorio Aglipay, the Glossary

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