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Heat pump, the Glossary

Index Heat pump

A heat pump is a device that consumes work (or electricity) to transfer heat from a cold heat sink to a hot heat sink.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 110 relations: Air source heat pump, Ammonia, Atmosphere of Earth, Aurel Stodola, Auto-defrost, BBC News, Bex, Boiling point, Brown, Boveri & Cie, Carbon dioxide, Carbon footprint, Carnot cycle, Chlorodifluoromethane, Chlorofluorocarbon, Climate change mitigation, Coal gas, Coefficient of performance, Cold district heating, Compression (physics), Compressor, Condensation, Condensing boiler, Daily Express, Difluoromethane, Dimethyl ether, District cooling, District heating, Electric heating, Energy, Energy Star, Enthalpy, Escher Wyss & Cie., European seasonal energy efficiency ratio, Evaporation, Flash evaporation, Flue gas, Fossil fuel, Fossil fuel phase-out, Geneva, Geothermal energy, Global warming potential, Greenhouse gas emissions, Ground source heat pump, Heat, Heat meter, Heat pump, Heat pump and refrigeration cycle, Heat recovery ventilation, Heat transfer, Heating seasonal performance factor, ... Expand index (60 more) »

  2. Bright green environmentalism
  3. Energy recovery
  4. Energy technology
  5. Heat pumps
  6. Residential heating

Air source heat pump

An air source heat pump (ASHP) is a heat pump that can absorb heat from air outside a building and release it inside; it uses the same vapor-compression refrigeration process and much the same equipment as an air conditioner, but in the opposite direction. Heat pump and air source heat pump are building engineering and heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Air source heat pump

Ammonia

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.

See Heat pump and Ammonia

Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.

See Heat pump and Atmosphere of Earth

Aurel Stodola

Aurel Boleslav Stodola (11 May 1859 – 25 December 1942) was a Slovak engineer, physicist, and inventor.

See Heat pump and Aurel Stodola

Auto-defrost

Auto-defrost, automatic defrost or self-defrosting is a technique which regularly defrosts the evaporator in a refrigerator or freezer.

See Heat pump and Auto-defrost

BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

See Heat pump and BBC News

Bex

Bex (Beis; Bés) is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle.

See Heat pump and Bex

Boiling point

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.

See Heat pump and Boiling point

Brown, Boveri & Cie

Brown, Boveri & Cie. (Brown, Boveri & Company; BBC) was a Swiss group of electrical engineering companies.

See Heat pump and Brown, Boveri & Cie

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.

See Heat pump and Carbon dioxide

A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere.

See Heat pump and Carbon footprint

Carnot cycle

A Carnot cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s.

See Heat pump and Carnot cycle

Chlorodifluoromethane

Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).

See Heat pump and Chlorodifluoromethane

Chlorofluorocarbon

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane.

See Heat pump and Chlorofluorocarbon

Climate change mitigation

Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change.

See Heat pump and Climate change mitigation

Coal gas

Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system.

See Heat pump and Coal gas

Coefficient of performance

The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work (energy) required. Heat pump and coefficient of performance are heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Coefficient of performance

Cold district heating

Cold district heating is a technical variant of a district heating network that operates at low transmission temperatures well below those of conventional district heating systems and can provide both space heating and cooling.

See Heat pump and Cold district heating

Compression (physics)

In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions.

See Heat pump and Compression (physics)

Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.

See Heat pump and Compressor

Condensation

Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization.

See Heat pump and Condensation

Condensing boiler

Condensing boilers are water heaters typically used for heating systems that are fueled by gas or oil.

See Heat pump and Condensing boiler

Daily Express

The Daily Express is a national daily United Kingdom middle-market newspaper printed in tabloid format.

See Heat pump and Daily Express

Difluoromethane

Difluoromethane, also called difluoromethylene, HFC-32 Methylene Fluoride or R-32, is an organic compound of the dihalogenoalkane variety.

See Heat pump and Difluoromethane

Dimethyl ether

Dimethyl ether (DME; also known as methoxymethane) is the organic compound with the formula CH3OCH3, (sometimes ambiguously simplified to C2H6O as it is an isomer of ethanol).

See Heat pump and Dimethyl ether

District cooling

District cooling is the cooling equivalent of district heating.

See Heat pump and District cooling

District heating

District heating (also known as heat networks) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of insulated pipes for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. Heat pump and District heating are residential heating.

See Heat pump and District heating

Electric heating

Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted directly to heat energy.

See Heat pump and Electric heating

Energy

Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.

See Heat pump and Energy

Energy Star

Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR) is a program run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that promotes energy efficiency.

See Heat pump and Energy Star

Enthalpy

Enthalpy is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume.

See Heat pump and Enthalpy

Escher Wyss & Cie.

Escher Wyss & Cie., also known as Escher Wyss AG, was a Swiss industrial company focused on engineering and turbine construction.

See Heat pump and Escher Wyss & Cie.

European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

In Europe, the seasonal efficiency of refrigeration equipment, chillers and air conditioners is often rated by the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER) which is controlled (among others) by the Eurovent Certification Company.

See Heat pump and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

Evaporation

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.

See Heat pump and Evaporation

Flash evaporation

Flash evaporation (or partial evaporation) is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device.

See Heat pump and Flash evaporation

Flue gas

Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases, as from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator.

See Heat pump and Flue gas

Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.

See Heat pump and Fossil fuel

Fossil fuel phase-out

Fossil fuel phase-out is the gradual reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels to zero, to reduce deaths and illness from air pollution, limit climate change, and strengthen energy independence.

See Heat pump and Fossil fuel phase-out

Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

See Heat pump and Geneva

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is thermal energy extracted from the Earth's crust.

See Heat pump and Geothermal energy

Global warming potential

Global warming potential (GWP) is an index to measure how much infrared thermal radiation a greenhouse gas would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the atmosphere (or emitted to the atmosphere).

See Heat pump and Global warming potential

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect.

See Heat pump and Greenhouse gas emissions

Ground source heat pump

A ground source heat pump (also geothermal heat pump) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Heat pump and ground source heat pump are building engineering, energy conversion and heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Ground source heat pump

Heat

In thermodynamics, heat is the thermal energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference.

See Heat pump and Heat

Heat meter

A heat meter attached to a heat exchanger in a District heating substation in a residential neighborhood. Right in white-blue: the calculator; in the center in bronze: the ultrasonic flow meter A heat meter, thermal energy meter or energy meter is a device which measures thermal energy provided by a source or delivered to a sink, by measuring the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid and the change in its temperature (ΔT) between the outflow and return legs of the system.

See Heat pump and Heat meter

Heat pump

A heat pump is a device that consumes work (or electricity) to transfer heat from a cold heat sink to a hot heat sink. Heat pump and heat pump are Bright green environmentalism, building engineering, energy conversion, energy recovery, energy technology, heat pumps and residential heating.

See Heat pump and Heat pump

Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Heat pump and heat pump and refrigeration cycle are heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

Heat recovery ventilation

Heat recovery ventilation (HRV), also known as mechanical ventilation heat recovery (MVHR) or energy recovery ventilation (ERV), is a ventilation system that recovers energy by operating between two air sources at different temperatures. Heat pump and heat recovery ventilation are energy recovery, heat pumps and residential heating.

See Heat pump and Heat recovery ventilation

Heat transfer

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems.

See Heat pump and Heat transfer

Heating seasonal performance factor

Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) is a term used in the heating and cooling industry.

See Heat pump and Heating seasonal performance factor

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Heat pump and Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are building engineering.

See Heat pump and Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Humidity

Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air.

See Heat pump and Humidity

Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

See Heat pump and Hydrocarbon

Hydrofluorocarbon

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are synthetic organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, and are the most common type of organofluorine compounds.

See Heat pump and Hydrofluorocarbon

Hydrofluoroolefin

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are unsaturated organic compounds composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon.

See Heat pump and Hydrofluoroolefin

Hydropower

Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. Heat pump and Hydropower are energy conversion.

See Heat pump and Hydropower

Inflation Reduction Act

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) is a landmark United States federal law which aims to reduce the federal government budget deficit, lower prescription drug prices, and invest in domestic energy production while promoting clean energy.

See Heat pump and Inflation Reduction Act

International Energy Agency

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global energy sector.

See Heat pump and International Energy Agency

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the sixth in a series of reports which assess the available scientific information on climate change.

See Heat pump and IPCC Sixth Assessment Report

Isobutane

Isobutane, also known as i-butane, 2-methylpropane or methylpropane, is a chemical compound with molecular formula HC(CH3)3.

See Heat pump and Isobutane

Jacob Perkins

Jacob Perkins (July 9, 1766 – July 30, 1849) was an American inventor, mechanical engineer and physicist based in the United Kingdom.

See Heat pump and Jacob Perkins

Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to gradually reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

See Heat pump and Kigali Amendment

Lake Geneva

Lake Geneva (Léman, lac Léman, rarely lac de Genève; Lago Lemano; Genfersee; Lai da Genevra) is a deep lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France.

See Heat pump and Lake Geneva

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources

Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the environmental impacts of electricity generation.

See Heat pump and Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources

Light industry

Light industry are industries that usually are less capital-intensive than heavy industries and are more consumer-oriented than business-oriented, as they typically produce smaller consumer goods.

See Heat pump and Light industry

List of refrigerants

This is a list of refrigerants, sorted by their ASHRAE-designated numbers, commonly known as R numbers.

See Heat pump and List of refrigerants

Lord Kelvin

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 182417 December 1907) was a British mathematician, mathematical physicist and engineer born in Belfast.

See Heat pump and Lord Kelvin

Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

See Heat pump and Montreal Protocol

Norwich

Norwich is a cathedral city and district of the county of Norfolk, England of which it is the county town.

See Heat pump and Norwich

Ozone depletion potential

The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0.

See Heat pump and Ozone depletion potential

Ozone layer

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

See Heat pump and Ozone layer

Packaged terminal air conditioner

A packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC) is a type of self-contained heating and air conditioning system intended to be mounted through a wall.

See Heat pump and Packaged terminal air conditioner

Peter von Rittinger

Peter Ritter von Rittinger or Peter von Rittinger (see styling variants at Ritter) (23 January 1811 Nový Jičín / Neutitschein – 7 December 1872 Vienna) was an Austrian pioneer of mineral processing. Heat pump and Peter von Rittinger are heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Peter von Rittinger

Process heat

Process heat refers to the application of heat during industrial processes.

See Heat pump and Process heat

Propane

Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula.

See Heat pump and Propane

R-410A

R-410A is a refrigerant used in air conditioning and heat pump applications.

See Heat pump and R-410A

Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where in most cases they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again.

See Heat pump and Refrigerant

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on sustainable energy.

See Heat pump and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Reversing valve

A reversing valve is a type of valve and is a component in a heat pump, that changes the direction of refrigerant flow. Heat pump and reversing valve are heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Reversing valve

River Thames

The River Thames, known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London.

See Heat pump and River Thames

Royal Festival Hall

The Royal Festival Hall is a 2,700-seat concert, dance and talks venue within Southbank Centre in London, England.

See Heat pump and Royal Festival Hall

Screed

Screed has three meanings in building construction.

See Heat pump and Screed

Seasonal energy efficiency ratio

In the United States, the efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute, a trade association, in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.

See Heat pump and Seasonal energy efficiency ratio

Seasonal thermal energy storage

Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), also known as inter-seasonal thermal energy storage, is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months. Heat pump and Seasonal thermal energy storage are energy recovery.

See Heat pump and Seasonal thermal energy storage

Sewage

Sewage (or domestic sewage, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people.

See Heat pump and Sewage

Subcooling

The term subcooling (also called undercooling) refers to a liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point. Heat pump and subcooling are heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Subcooling

Sulzer (manufacturer)

Sulzer Ltd. is a Swiss industrial engineering and manufacturing firm, founded by Salomon Sulzer-Bernet in 1775 and established as Sulzer Brothers Ltd. (Gebrüder Sulzer) in 1834 in Winterthur, Switzerland.

See Heat pump and Sulzer (manufacturer)

The Economist

The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.

See Heat pump and The Economist

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See Heat pump and The New York Times

Thermal energy

The term "thermal energy" is used loosely in various contexts in physics and engineering, generally related to the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms in a substance.

See Heat pump and Thermal energy

Thermal energy storage

Thermal energy storage (TES) is the storage of thermal energy for later reuse.

See Heat pump and Thermal energy storage

Thermal expansion valve

A thermal expansion valve or thermostatic expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in vapor-compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator and is intended to regulate the superheat of the refrigerant that flows out of the evaporator to a steady value.

See Heat pump and Thermal expansion valve

Thermoacoustic heat engine

Thermoacoustic engines (sometimes called "TA engines") are thermoacoustic devices which use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another (this requires work, which is provided by the loudspeaker) or use a heat difference to produce work in the form of sound waves (these waves can then be converted into electrical current the same way as a microphone does). Heat pump and thermoacoustic heat engine are heat pumps.

See Heat pump and Thermoacoustic heat engine

Transcritical cycle

A transcritical cycle is a closed thermodynamic cycle where the working fluid goes through both subcritical and supercritical states. Heat pump and transcritical cycle are energy conversion.

See Heat pump and Transcritical cycle

Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.

See Heat pump and Vapor pressure

Vapor-compression evaporation

Vapor-compression evaporation is the evaporation method by which a blower, compressor or jet ejector is used to compress, and thus, increase the pressure of the vapor produced.

See Heat pump and Vapor-compression evaporation

Vapor-compression refrigeration

Vapour-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air conditioning of buildings and automobiles.

See Heat pump and Vapor-compression refrigeration

Variable renewable energy

Variable renewable energy (VRE) or intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are renewable energy sources that are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power, as opposed to controllable renewable energy sources, such as dammed hydroelectricity or bioenergy, or relatively constant sources, such as geothermal power.

See Heat pump and Variable renewable energy

Ventilation (architecture)

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space.

See Heat pump and Ventilation (architecture)

Waste heat

Waste heat is heat that is produced by a machine, or other process that uses energy, as a byproduct of doing work. Heat pump and Waste heat are energy conversion.

See Heat pump and Waste heat

Water

Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.

See Heat pump and Water

Water heating

Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature.

See Heat pump and Water heating

William Cullen

William Cullen (15 April 17105 February 1790) was a Scottish physician, chemist and agriculturalist, and professor at the Edinburgh Medical School.

See Heat pump and William Cullen

Work (physics)

In science, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement.

See Heat pump and Work (physics)

Work (thermodynamics)

Thermodynamic work is one of the principal processes by which a thermodynamic system can interact with its surroundings and exchange energy.

See Heat pump and Work (thermodynamics)

Working fluid selection

Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle.

See Heat pump and Working fluid selection

World energy supply and consumption

World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption.

See Heat pump and World energy supply and consumption

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See Heat pump and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Heat pump and World War II

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Klea 134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, HFA-134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900).

See Heat pump and 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

See also

Bright green environmentalism

Energy recovery

Energy technology

Heat pumps

Residential heating

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump

Also known as Conventional heat pump, Geo-Thermal (Heat Pump), Heat Pumping, Heat pump water heater, Heat pumps, Heat-pump, Heatpump, Heatpumps, Phase change heat pump, Reversible heat pump, Water source heat pump, Water-source heat pump.

, Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, Humidity, Hydrocarbon, Hydrofluorocarbon, Hydrofluoroolefin, Hydropower, Inflation Reduction Act, International Energy Agency, IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Isobutane, Jacob Perkins, Kigali Amendment, Lake Geneva, Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources, Light industry, List of refrigerants, Lord Kelvin, Montreal Protocol, Norwich, Ozone depletion potential, Ozone layer, Packaged terminal air conditioner, Peter von Rittinger, Process heat, Propane, R-410A, Refrigerant, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Reversing valve, River Thames, Royal Festival Hall, Screed, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, Seasonal thermal energy storage, Sewage, Subcooling, Sulzer (manufacturer), The Economist, The New York Times, Thermal energy, Thermal energy storage, Thermal expansion valve, Thermoacoustic heat engine, Transcritical cycle, Vapor pressure, Vapor-compression evaporation, Vapor-compression refrigeration, Variable renewable energy, Ventilation (architecture), Waste heat, Water, Water heating, William Cullen, Work (physics), Work (thermodynamics), Working fluid selection, World energy supply and consumption, World War I, World War II, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane.