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Helicobacter pylori, the Glossary

Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium.^[1]

293 relations: Abdominal pain, Acridine orange, Adenoma, African Americans, Amino acid, Ammonia, Amoxicillin, Ancient Greek, Anemia, Antibiotic, Antibody, Antimicrobial resistance, Antisense RNA, Arginase, Aspirin, Asthma, Atmosphere of Earth, Atrophic gastritis, Bacteria, Bacterial adhesin, Bacterial cellular morphologies, Bacterial outer membrane, Bacterial transcription, Barrett's esophagus, Barry Marshall, Base pair, Bicarbonate, Bifidobacterium, Biofilm, Biopolymer, Biopsy, Bismuth subcitrate, Bleeding, Bloating, Burping, Butyric acid, C-terminus, Campylobacter, Cancer epigenetics, Carbon-13, Carbon-14, Carcinogen, Carcinogenesis, Carcinogenic bacteria, Catalase, Cell adhesion, Cell wall, Chemiosmosis, Chemotaxis, Chemotherapy, ... Expand index (243 more) »
Bacteria described in 1989
Conditions diagnosed by stool test

Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.

See Helicobacter pylori and Abdominal pain

Acridine orange

Acridine orange is an organic compound that serves as a nucleic acid-selective fluorescent dye with cationic properties useful for cell cycle determination.

See Helicobacter pylori and Acridine orange

Adenoma

An adenoma is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both.

See Helicobacter pylori and Adenoma

African Americans

African Americans, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa.

See Helicobacter pylori and African Americans

Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

See Helicobacter pylori and Amino acid

Ammonia

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.

See Helicobacter pylori and Ammonia

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family.

See Helicobacter pylori and Amoxicillin

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

See Helicobacter pylori and Ancient Greek

Anemia

Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen.

See Helicobacter pylori and Anemia

Antibiotic

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic

An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.

See Helicobacter pylori and Antibody

Antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials (drugs used to treat infections).

See Helicobacter pylori and Antimicrobial resistance

Antisense RNA

Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.

See Helicobacter pylori and Antisense RNA

Arginase

Arginase (arginine amidinase, canavanase, L-arginase, arginine transamidinase) is a manganese-containing enzyme.

See Helicobacter pylori and Arginase

Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.

See Helicobacter pylori and Aspirin

Asthma

Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.

See Helicobacter pylori and Asthma

Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.

See Helicobacter pylori and Atmosphere of Earth

Atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa of the stomach, leading to a loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues.

See Helicobacter pylori and Atrophic gastritis

Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bacteria

Bacterial adhesin

Adhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bacterial adhesin

Bacterial cellular morphologies

Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bacterial cellular morphologies

Bacterial outer membrane

The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bacterial outer membrane

Bacterial transcription

Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bacterial transcription

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal (metaplastic) change in the mucosal cells lining the lower portion of the esophagus, from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells that are normally present only in the small intestine and large intestine.

See Helicobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus

Barry Marshall

Barry James Marshall (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian physician, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Professor of Clinical Microbiology and Co-Director of the Marshall Centre at the University of Western Australia.

See Helicobacter pylori and Barry Marshall

Base pair

A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.

See Helicobacter pylori and Base pair

Bicarbonate

In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bicarbonate

Bifidobacterium

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bifidobacterium

Biofilm

A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.

See Helicobacter pylori and Biofilm

Biopolymer

Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms.

See Helicobacter pylori and Biopolymer

Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, an interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist.

See Helicobacter pylori and Biopsy

Bismuth subcitrate

Bismuth subcitrate potassium is a bismuth salt used in combination with antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bismuth subcitrate

Bleeding

Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bleeding

Bloating

Abdominal bloating (or simply bloating) is a short-term disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract.

See Helicobacter pylori and Bloating

Burping

Burping (also called belching and eructation) is the release of gas from the upper digestive tract (esophagus and stomach) of animals through the mouth.

See Helicobacter pylori and Burping

Butyric acid

Butyric acid (from βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula.

See Helicobacter pylori and Butyric acid

C-terminus

The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, carboxy tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).

See Helicobacter pylori and C-terminus

Campylobacter

Campylobacter is a type of bacteria that can cause a diarrheal disease in people.

See Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter

Cancer epigenetics

Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, but instead involve a change in the way the genetic code is expressed.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cancer epigenetics

Carbon-13

Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons.

See Helicobacter pylori and Carbon-13

Carbon-14

Carbon-14, C-14, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

See Helicobacter pylori and Carbon-14

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any agent that promotes the development of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Carcinogen

Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

See Helicobacter pylori and Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenic bacteria

Cancer bacteria are bacteria infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer. Helicobacter pylori and Carcinogenic bacteria are infectious causes of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Carcinogenic bacteria

Catalase

Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

See Helicobacter pylori and Catalase

Cell adhesion

Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cell adhesion

Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cell wall

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient.

See Helicobacter pylori and Chemiosmosis

Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus.

See Helicobacter pylori and Chemotaxis

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen.

See Helicobacter pylori and Chemotherapy

Chlorambucil

Chlorambucil, sold under the brand name Leukeran among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

See Helicobacter pylori and Chlorambucil

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cholesterol

CHOP (chemotherapy)

CHOP is the acronym for a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

See Helicobacter pylori and CHOP (chemotherapy)

Cistron

A cistron is a region of DNA that is conceptually equivalent to some definitions of a gene, such that the terms are synonymous from certain viewpoints, especially with regard to the molecular gene as contrasted with the Mendelian gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cistron

Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin, sold under the brand name Biaxin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections.

See Helicobacter pylori and Clarithromycin

Colonisation (biology)

Colonisation or colonization is the spread and development of an organism in a new area or habitat.

See Helicobacter pylori and Colonisation (biology)

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). Helicobacter pylori and Colorectal cancer are conditions diagnosed by stool test and infectious causes of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Colorectal cancer

Colorectal polyp

A colorectal polyp is a polyp (fleshy growth) occurring on the lining of the colon or rectum.

See Helicobacter pylori and Colorectal polyp

Combination therapy

Combination therapy or polytherapy is therapy that uses more than one medication or modality.

See Helicobacter pylori and Combination therapy

Coumarin

Coumarin or 2H-chromen-2-one is an aromatic organic chemical compound with formula.

See Helicobacter pylori and Coumarin

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract.

See Helicobacter pylori and Crohn's disease

Cyclooxygenase-2

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), also known as Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (HUGO PTGS2), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cyclooxygenase-2

Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide (CP), also known as cytophosphane among other names, is a medication used as chemotherapy and to suppress the immune system.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cyclophosphamide

Cysteine-rich protein

Cysteine-rich proteins (CRP, cysteine-rich peptide or disulphide-rich peptide) are small proteins that contain a large number of cysteines.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cysteine-rich protein

Cytokine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cytokine

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.

See Helicobacter pylori and Cytoskeleton

Dental plaque

Dental plaque is a biofilm of microorganisms (mostly bacteria, but also fungi) that grows on surfaces within the mouth.

See Helicobacter pylori and Dental plaque

Developed country

A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

See Helicobacter pylori and Developed country

Developing country

A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

See Helicobacter pylori and Developing country

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for producing antibodies.

See Helicobacter pylori and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) and inhibit gastric acid secretion.

See Helicobacter pylori and Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors

DNA adduct

In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical.

See Helicobacter pylori and DNA adduct

DNA oxidation

DNA oxidation is the process of oxidative damage of deoxyribonucleic acid.

See Helicobacter pylori and DNA oxidation

DNA repair

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

See Helicobacter pylori and DNA repair

DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.

See Helicobacter pylori and DNA sequencing

Drug discovery

In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.

See Helicobacter pylori and Drug discovery

Duodenum

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

See Helicobacter pylori and Duodenum

East Africa

East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape.

See Helicobacter pylori and East Africa

Easter

Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary.

See Helicobacter pylori and Easter

Efflux pump

An efflux pump is an active transporter in cells that moves out unwanted material.

See Helicobacter pylori and Efflux pump

Endoscopy

An endoscopy is a procedure used in medicine to look inside the body.

See Helicobacter pylori and Endoscopy

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Helicobacter pylori and Enzyme

Epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is a transmembrane protein that is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF family) of extracellular protein ligands.

See Helicobacter pylori and Epidermal growth factor receptor

Epigenetics

In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.

See Helicobacter pylori and Epigenetics

Epithelial polarity

Epithelial polarity is one example of the cell polarity that is a fundamental feature of many types of cells.

See Helicobacter pylori and Epithelial polarity

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.

See Helicobacter pylori and Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

ERCC1

DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC1 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and ERCC1

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.

See Helicobacter pylori and Escherichia coli

Esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach.

See Helicobacter pylori and Esophageal cancer

Exotoxin

An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Exotoxin

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment.

See Helicobacter pylori and Extracellular polymeric substance

An extract (essence) is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using a solvent such as ethanol, oil or water.

See Helicobacter pylori and Extract

Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

See Helicobacter pylori and Fatty acid

Fecal–oral route

The fecal–oral route (also called the oral–fecal route or orofecal route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person.

See Helicobacter pylori and Fecal–oral route

Feces

Feces (or faeces;: faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.

See Helicobacter pylori and Feces

Five prime untranslated region

The 5′ untranslated region (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon.

See Helicobacter pylori and Five prime untranslated region

Flagellin

Flagellins are a family of proteins present in flagellated bacteria which arrange themselves in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum.

See Helicobacter pylori and Flagellin

Flagellum

A flagellum (flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.

See Helicobacter pylori and Flagellum

Fucose

Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5.

See Helicobacter pylori and Fucose

G cell

A G cell or gastrin cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin.

See Helicobacter pylori and G cell

Gastric glands

Gastric glands are glands in the lining of the stomach that play an essential role in the process of digestion.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastric glands

Gastric lavage

Gastric lavage, also commonly called stomach pumping or gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the stomach using a tube.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastric lavage

Gastric mucosa

The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which contains the gastric pits, to which the gastric glands empty.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastric mucosa

Gastric pits

Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to 3-5 tubular gastric glands.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastric pits

Gastrin

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastrin

Gastritis

Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori and Gastritis are conditions diagnosed by stool test.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastritis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or complications.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gatekeeper

A gatekeeper is a person who controls access to something, for example via a city gate or bouncer, or more abstractly, controls who is granted access to a category or status.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gatekeeper

GC-content

In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C).

See Helicobacter pylori and GC-content

Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gene expression

Genetic diversity

Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.

See Helicobacter pylori and Genetic diversity

Genetic transformation

In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).

See Helicobacter pylori and Genetic transformation

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.

See Helicobacter pylori and Genitive case

Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.

See Helicobacter pylori and Genome

Genus

Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.

See Helicobacter pylori and Genus

Giemsa stain

Giemsa stain, named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is a nucleic acid stain used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.

See Helicobacter pylori and Giemsa stain

Giulio Bizzozero

Giulio Bizzozero (20 March 1846 – 8 April 1901) was an Italian doctor and medical researcher.

See Helicobacter pylori and Giulio Bizzozero

Glycosylation

Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or 'glycan'), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) in order to form a glycoconjugate.

See Helicobacter pylori and Glycosylation

Gram stain

Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gram stain

Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that unlike gram-positive bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gram-negative bacteria

Gut microbiota

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals.

See Helicobacter pylori and Gut microbiota

H&E stain

Hematoxylin and eosin stain (or haematoxylin and eosin stain or hematoxylin-eosin stain; often abbreviated as H&E stain or HE stain) is one of the principal tissue stains used in histology.

See Helicobacter pylori and H&E stain

Helicobacter

Helicobacter is a genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter are conditions diagnosed by stool test.

See Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter

Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols

Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols is a standard name for all treatment protocols for peptic ulcers and gastritis in the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols are infectious causes of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols

Helix

A helix is a shape like a cylindrical coil spring or the thread of a machine screw.

See Helicobacter pylori and Helix

Hemostasis

In biology, hemostasis or haemostasis is a process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage).

See Helicobacter pylori and Hemostasis

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic and Latino Americans (Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of full or partial Spanish and/or Latin American background, culture, or family origin.

See Helicobacter pylori and Hispanic and Latino Americans

Histology

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.

See Helicobacter pylori and Histology

Holliday junction

A Holliday junction is a branched nucleic acid structure that contains four double-stranded arms joined.

See Helicobacter pylori and Holliday junction

Homologous recombination

Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in cellular organisms but may be also RNA in viruses).

See Helicobacter pylori and Homologous recombination

Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction).

See Helicobacter pylori and Horizontal gene transfer

Housekeeping gene

In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions.

See Helicobacter pylori and Housekeeping gene

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.

See Helicobacter pylori and Hydrogen

Hydrogenase

A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2), as shown below: Hydrogen uptake is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and fumarate.

See Helicobacter pylori and Hydrogenase

ICD-11

The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

See Helicobacter pylori and ICD-11

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is an autoimmune primary disorder of hemostasis characterized by a low platelet count in the absence of other causes.

See Helicobacter pylori and Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system.

See Helicobacter pylori and Immunotherapy

In vitro

In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

See Helicobacter pylori and In vitro

In vivo

Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.

See Helicobacter pylori and In vivo

Incidence (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.

See Helicobacter pylori and Incidence (epidemiology)

Indigestion

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia or upset stomach, is a condition of impaired digestion.

See Helicobacter pylori and Indigestion

Infectious causes of cancer

Estimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%.

See Helicobacter pylori and Infectious causes of cancer

Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.

See Helicobacter pylori and Inflammation

Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types.

See Helicobacter pylori and Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory cytokine

An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation.

See Helicobacter pylori and Inflammatory cytokine

Interactome

In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell.

See Helicobacter pylori and Interactome

Interferon gamma

Interferon gamma (IFNG or IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.

See Helicobacter pylori and Interferon gamma

Interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.

See Helicobacter pylori and Interleukin 6

Iron-deficiency anemia

Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron.

See Helicobacter pylori and Iron-deficiency anemia

Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland.

See Helicobacter pylori and Jagiellonian University

Kimchi

Kimchi (gimchi) is a traditional Korean side dish (banchan) consisting of salted and fermented vegetables, most often napa cabbage or Korean radish.

See Helicobacter pylori and Kimchi

Kraków

(), also spelled as Cracow or Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

See Helicobacter pylori and Kraków

Lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillales are an order of gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation, giving them the common name lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

See Helicobacter pylori and Lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Lactobacillus

Lewis antigen system

The Lewis antigen system is a human blood group system.

See Helicobacter pylori and Lewis antigen system

Lipid raft

The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol and protein receptors organised in glycolipoprotein lipid microdomains termed lipid rafts.

See Helicobacter pylori and Lipid raft

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as Endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella.

See Helicobacter pylori and Lipopolysaccharide

List of oncogenic bacteria

This is a list of bacteria that have been identified as promoting or causing. Helicobacter pylori and list of oncogenic bacteria are infectious causes of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and List of oncogenic bacteria

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

See Helicobacter pylori and Lymphoma

Macrophage

Macrophages (abbreviated Mφ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface.

See Helicobacter pylori and Macrophage

Malignancy

Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Malignancy

Malignant transformation

Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Malignant transformation

MALT lymphoma

MALT lymphoma (also called MALToma) is a form of lymphoma involving the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), frequently of the stomach, but virtually any mucosal site can be affected. Helicobacter pylori and MALT lymphoma are infectious causes of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and MALT lymphoma

Martin J. Blaser

Martin J. Blaser (born 1948) is an American physician who is the director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine at Rutgers (NJ) Biomedical and Health Sciences and the Henry Rutgers Chair of the Human Microbiome and Professor of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey.

See Helicobacter pylori and Martin J. Blaser

Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.

See Helicobacter pylori and Mass spectrometry

MCOLN1

Mucolipin-1 also known as TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCOLN1 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and MCOLN1

Membrane protein

Membrane proteins are common proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes.

See Helicobacter pylori and Membrane protein

Methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase

Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MGMT), also known as O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase AGT, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MGMT gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and Methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase

Metronidazole

Metronidazole, sold under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication.

See Helicobacter pylori and Metronidazole

Microaerophile

A microaerophile is a microorganism that requires environments containing lower levels of dioxygen than that are present in the atmosphere (i.e. 2; typically 2–10% O2) for optimal growth.

See Helicobacter pylori and Microaerophile

Microbiological culture

A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.

See Helicobacter pylori and Microbiological culture

Micrograph

A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object.

See Helicobacter pylori and Micrograph

MicroRNA

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.

See Helicobacter pylori and MicroRNA

Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2

Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 (postmeiotic segregation increased 2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PMS2 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2

MLH1

DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 or MutL protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLH1 gene located on chromosome 3.

See Helicobacter pylori and MLH1

MRE11A

Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MRE11 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and MRE11A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin.

See Helicobacter pylori and Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Mucous gland

Mucous glands, also known as muciparous glands, are found in several different parts of the body, and they typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation.

See Helicobacter pylori and Mucous gland

Mucous membrane

A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs.

See Helicobacter pylori and Mucous membrane

Murdoch Children's Research Institute

The Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI) is an Australian paediatric medical research institute located in Melbourne, Victoria, affiliated with the Royal Children's Hospital and the University of Melbourne.

See Helicobacter pylori and Murdoch Children's Research Institute

Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

See Helicobacter pylori and Mutation

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.

See Helicobacter pylori and National Institutes of Health

Nausea

Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit.

See Helicobacter pylori and Nausea

Negative stain

In microscopy, negative staining is an established method, often used in diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid.

See Helicobacter pylori and Negative stain

Neutrophil

Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes, heterophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are a type of white blood cell.

See Helicobacter pylori and Neutrophil

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.

See Helicobacter pylori and Nitrogen

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.

See Helicobacter pylori and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots.

See Helicobacter pylori and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Nucleolin

Nucleolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCL gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and Nucleolin

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.

See Helicobacter pylori and Obesity

Oncogene

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Oncogene

Open reading frame

In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons.

See Helicobacter pylori and Open reading frame

Operon

In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.

See Helicobacter pylori and Operon

Organoid

An organoid is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that mimics the key functional, structural, and biological complexity of that organ.

See Helicobacter pylori and Organoid

Ornithine

Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.

See Helicobacter pylori and Ornithine

Outer membrane vesicle

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are vesicles released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and Outer membrane vesicle

Oxidase

In biochemistry, an oxidase is an oxidoreductase (any enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction) that uses dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor.

See Helicobacter pylori and Oxidase

Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

See Helicobacter pylori and Oxidative stress

Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.

See Helicobacter pylori and Oxygen

Pan-genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a pan-genome (pangenome or supragenome) is the entire set of genes from all strains within a clade.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pan-genome

Parietal cell

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) are epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

See Helicobacter pylori and Parietal cell

Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pathogen

Pathogen transmission

In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pathogen transmission

Pathogenesis

In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pathogenesis

Pathogenicity island

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), as termed in 1990, are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pathogenicity island

Pattern recognition receptor

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pattern recognition receptor

PD-L1

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and PD-L1

Pepsin

Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pepsin

Peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcer disease is a break in the inner lining of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus.

See Helicobacter pylori and Peptic ulcer disease

Peptidase Do

Peptidase Do (DegP, DegP protease, HtrA, high temperature requirement protease A, HrtA heat shock protein, protease Do, Do protease) is an enzyme.

See Helicobacter pylori and Peptidase Do

Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

See Helicobacter pylori and Peptidoglycan

Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a type of intestinal motility, characterized by radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagate in a wave down a tube, in an anterograde direction.

See Helicobacter pylori and Peristalsis

Persister cells

Persister cells are subpopulations of cells that resist treatment, and become antimicrobial tolerant by changing to a state of dormancy or quiescence.

See Helicobacter pylori and Persister cells

Perth

Perth (Boorloo) is the capital city of Western Australia.

See Helicobacter pylori and Perth

Petri dish

A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured,R.

See Helicobacter pylori and Petri dish

PH

In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").

See Helicobacter pylori and PH

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.

See Helicobacter pylori and Phagocytosis

Phase-contrast microscopy

Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image.

See Helicobacter pylori and Phase-contrast microscopy

Phospholipid

Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).

See Helicobacter pylori and Phospholipid

Phosphorylation

In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.

See Helicobacter pylori and Phosphorylation

Polyp (medicine)

A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane.

See Helicobacter pylori and Polyp (medicine)

Polyunsaturated fat

In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.

See Helicobacter pylori and Polyunsaturated fat

Porin (protein)

Porins are beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore, through which molecules can diffuse.

See Helicobacter pylori and Porin (protein)

Probiotic

Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota.

See Helicobacter pylori and Probiotic

Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.

See Helicobacter pylori and Protease

Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

See Helicobacter pylori and Protein

Protein complex

A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains.

See Helicobacter pylori and Protein complex

Protein domain

In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest.

See Helicobacter pylori and Protein domain

Protein tyrosine phosphatase

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.48, systematic name protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase) are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins: Protein tyrosine (pTyr) phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that can create novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and cellular localization, affect protein stability, and regulate enzyme activity.

See Helicobacter pylori and Protein tyrosine phosphatase

Protein–protein interaction

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect.

See Helicobacter pylori and Protein–protein interaction

Proteome

The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.

See Helicobacter pylori and Proteome

Proton-gated urea channel

The proton-gated urea channel is an inner-membrane protein essential for the survival to Helicobacter pylori.

See Helicobacter pylori and Proton-gated urea channel

Proton-pump inhibitor

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production.

See Helicobacter pylori and Proton-pump inhibitor

PTPN11

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and PTPN11

Pylorus

The pylorus connects the stomach to the duodenum.

See Helicobacter pylori and Pylorus

Quorum sensing

In biology, quorum sensing or quorum signaling (QS) is the process of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation, typically as a means of acclimating to environmental disadvantages.

See Helicobacter pylori and Quorum sensing

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells.

See Helicobacter pylori and Radiation therapy

Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.

See Helicobacter pylori and Radical (chemistry)

Randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control.

See Helicobacter pylori and Randomized controlled trial

Rapid urease test

Rapid urease test, also known as the CLO test (Campylobacter-like organism test), is a rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori.

See Helicobacter pylori and Rapid urease test

Reactive nitrogen species

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.

See Helicobacter pylori and Reactive nitrogen species

Reactive oxygen species

In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.

See Helicobacter pylori and Reactive oxygen species

RecA

RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA in bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and RecA

Recent African origin of modern humans

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans or the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA) is the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens).

See Helicobacter pylori and Recent African origin of modern humans

Regulator gene

In genetics, a regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.

See Helicobacter pylori and Regulator gene

Restriction modification system

The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and archaea, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages.

See Helicobacter pylori and Restriction modification system

Ribosome

Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).

See Helicobacter pylori and Ribosome

Rituximab

Rituximab, sold under the brand name Rituxan among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Rituximab

Robin Warren

John Robin Warren (11 June 1937 – 23 July 2024) was an Australian pathologist, Nobel Laureate, and researcher who is credited with the 1979 re-discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall.

See Helicobacter pylori and Robin Warren

RuvABC

RuvABC is a complex of three proteins that mediate branch migration and resolve the Holliday junction created during homologous recombination in bacteria.

See Helicobacter pylori and RuvABC

Saliva

Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.

See Helicobacter pylori and Saliva

Scaling and root planing

Scaling and root planing, also known as conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy or deep cleaning, is a procedure involving removal of dental plaque and calculus (scaling or debridement) and then smoothing, or planing, of the (exposed) surfaces of the roots, removing cementum or dentine that is impregnated with calculus, toxins, or microorganisms, the agents that cause inflammation.

See Helicobacter pylori and Scaling and root planing

Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.

See Helicobacter pylori and Secretion

Sensitivity and specificity

In medicine and statistics, sensitivity and specificity mathematically describe the accuracy of a test that reports the presence or absence of a medical condition.

See Helicobacter pylori and Sensitivity and specificity

Sequencing

In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Sequencing

Serine protease

Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins.

See Helicobacter pylori and Serine protease

Serology

Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids.

See Helicobacter pylori and Serology

Shine–Dalgarno sequence

The Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.

See Helicobacter pylori and Shine–Dalgarno sequence

Sialyl-Lewis X

Sialyl LewisX (sLeX), also known as cluster of differentiation 15s (CD15s) or stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), is a tetrasaccharide carbohydrate which is usually attached to O-glycans on the surface of cells.

See Helicobacter pylori and Sialyl-Lewis X

Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.

See Helicobacter pylori and Signal transduction

Single-cell transcriptomics

Single-cell transcriptomics examines the gene expression level of individual cells in a given population by simultaneously measuring the RNA concentration (conventionally only messenger RNA (mRNA)) of hundreds to thousands of genes.

See Helicobacter pylori and Single-cell transcriptomics

Spice

In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food.

See Helicobacter pylori and Spice

Standard of living

Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society.

See Helicobacter pylori and Standard of living

Stomach

The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.

See Helicobacter pylori and Stomach

Stomach cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori and stomach cancer are infectious causes of cancer.

See Helicobacter pylori and Stomach cancer

Stomach disease

Stomach diseases include gastritis, gastroparesis, Crohn's disease and various cancers.

See Helicobacter pylori and Stomach disease

A stool test is a medical diagnostic technique that involves the collection and analysis of fecal matter.

See Helicobacter pylori and Stool test

Stress (biology)

Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.

See Helicobacter pylori and Stress (biology)

Terpene

Terpenes are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2.

See Helicobacter pylori and Terpene

Tetracycline

Tetracycline, sold under various brand names, is an oral antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of medications, used to treat a number of infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria, and syphilis.

See Helicobacter pylori and Tetracycline

Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

See Helicobacter pylori and Transcription (biology)

Transcriptome

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells.

See Helicobacter pylori and Transcriptome

Tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin; formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα or TNF-α) is a cytokine and member of the TNF superfamily, which consists of various transmembrane proteins with a homologous TNF domain.

See Helicobacter pylori and Tumor necrosis factor

Tumor suppressor gene

A tumor suppressor gene (TSG), or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication.

See Helicobacter pylori and Tumor suppressor gene

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.

See Helicobacter pylori and Type 2 diabetes

Type IV secretion system

The bacterial type IV secretion system, also known as the type IV secretion system or the T4SS, is a secretion protein complex found in gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, and archaea.

See Helicobacter pylori and Type IV secretion system

Tyrosine kinase

A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of specific proteins inside a cell.

See Helicobacter pylori and Tyrosine kinase

Ulcer

An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane that impedes normal function of the affected organ.

See Helicobacter pylori and Ulcer

United European Gastroenterology

The United European Gastroenterology (UEG) is a non-profit organisation combining European societies concerned with digestive health.

See Helicobacter pylori and United European Gastroenterology

Urea

Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.

See Helicobacter pylori and Urea

Urea breath test

The urea breath test is a rapid diagnostic procedure used to identify infections by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral bacterium implicated in gastritis, gastric ulcer, and peptic ulcer disease.

See Helicobacter pylori and Urea breath test

Urea cycle

The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3).

See Helicobacter pylori and Urea cycle

Urease

Ureases, functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases.

See Helicobacter pylori and Urease

Viable but nonculturable

Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria refers as to bacteria that are in a state of very low metabolic activity and do not divide, but are alive and have the ability to become culturable once resuscitated.

See Helicobacter pylori and Viable but nonculturable

Vimentin

Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene.

See Helicobacter pylori and Vimentin

Virulence factor

Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following.

See Helicobacter pylori and Virulence factor

Vomiting

Vomiting (also known as emesis and throwing up) is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

See Helicobacter pylori and Vomiting

Vonoprazan

Vonoprazan, sold under the brand name Voquezna among others, is a first-in-class potassium-competitive acid blocker medication.

See Helicobacter pylori and Vonoprazan

Walery Jaworski

Walery Jaworski (March 20, 1849, in Florynka – July 17, 1924, in Kraków) was a Polish physician and gastroenterologist.

See Helicobacter pylori and Walery Jaworski

Warthin–Starry stain

The Warthin–Starry stain (WS) is a silver nitrate-based staining method (a silver stain) used in histology.

See Helicobacter pylori and Warthin–Starry stain

Watchful waiting

Watchful waiting (also watch and wait or WAW) is an approach to a medical problem in which time is allowed to pass before medical intervention or therapy is used.

See Helicobacter pylori and Watchful waiting

World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

See Helicobacter pylori and World Health Organization

16S ribosomal RNA

16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA).

See Helicobacter pylori and 16S ribosomal RNA

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori

Also known as CagA, Campylobacter pylori, Campylobacter pyloridis, Discovery of Helicobacter pylori, H pilori, H pylori, H. Pylori, H. pilori, H. pylori infection, H.Pylori, H.pilori, Helicobacter infections, Helicobacter pylori infection, Heliobacter, Heliobacter Pylori, Heliocobactor pylori, Pylori, VacA.

, Chlorambucil, Cholesterol, CHOP (chemotherapy), Cistron, Clarithromycin, Colonisation (biology), Colorectal cancer, Colorectal polyp, Combination therapy, Coumarin, Crohn's disease, Cyclooxygenase-2, Cyclophosphamide, Cysteine-rich protein, Cytokine, Cytoskeleton, Dental plaque, Developed country, Developing country, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors, DNA adduct, DNA oxidation, DNA repair, DNA sequencing, Drug discovery, Duodenum, East Africa, Easter, Efflux pump, Endoscopy, Enzyme, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Epigenetics, Epithelial polarity, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, ERCC1, Escherichia coli, Esophageal cancer, Exotoxin, Extracellular polymeric substance, Extract, Fatty acid, Fecal–oral route, Feces, Five prime untranslated region, Flagellin, Flagellum, Fucose, G cell, Gastric glands, Gastric lavage, Gastric mucosa, Gastric pits, Gastrin, Gastritis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gatekeeper, GC-content, Gene expression, Genetic diversity, Genetic transformation, Genitive case, Genome, Genus, Giemsa stain, Giulio Bizzozero, Glycosylation, Gram stain, Gram-negative bacteria, Gut microbiota, H&E stain, Helicobacter, Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols, Helix, Hemostasis, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Histology, Holliday junction, Homologous recombination, Horizontal gene transfer, Housekeeping gene, Hydrogen, Hydrogenase, ICD-11, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Immunotherapy, In vitro, In vivo, Incidence (epidemiology), Indigestion, Infectious causes of cancer, Inflammation, Inflammatory bowel disease, Inflammatory cytokine, Interactome, Interferon gamma, Interleukin 6, Iron-deficiency anemia, Jagiellonian University, Kimchi, Kraków, Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus, Lewis antigen system, Lipid raft, Lipopolysaccharide, List of oncogenic bacteria, Lymphoma, Macrophage, Malignancy, Malignant transformation, MALT lymphoma, Martin J. Blaser, Mass spectrometry, MCOLN1, Membrane protein, Methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase, Metronidazole, Microaerophile, Microbiological culture, Micrograph, MicroRNA, Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2, MLH1, MRE11A, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, Mucous gland, Mucous membrane, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Mutation, National Institutes of Health, Nausea, Negative stain, Neutrophil, Nitrogen, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Nucleolin, Obesity, Oncogene, Open reading frame, Operon, Organoid, Ornithine, Outer membrane vesicle, Oxidase, Oxidative stress, Oxygen, Pan-genome, Parietal cell, Pathogen, Pathogen transmission, Pathogenesis, Pathogenicity island, Pattern recognition receptor, PD-L1, Pepsin, Peptic ulcer disease, Peptidase Do, Peptidoglycan, Peristalsis, Persister cells, Perth, Petri dish, PH, Phagocytosis, Phase-contrast microscopy, Phospholipid, Phosphorylation, Polyp (medicine), Polyunsaturated fat, Porin (protein), Probiotic, Protease, Protein, Protein complex, Protein domain, Protein tyrosine phosphatase, Protein–protein interaction, Proteome, Proton-gated urea channel, Proton-pump inhibitor, PTPN11, Pylorus, Quorum sensing, Radiation therapy, Radical (chemistry), Randomized controlled trial, Rapid urease test, Reactive nitrogen species, Reactive oxygen species, RecA, Recent African origin of modern humans, Regulator gene, Restriction modification system, Ribosome, Rituximab, Robin Warren, RuvABC, Saliva, Scaling and root planing, Secretion, Sensitivity and specificity, Sequencing, Serine protease, Serology, Shine–Dalgarno sequence, Sialyl-Lewis X, Signal transduction, Single-cell transcriptomics, Spice, Standard of living, Stomach, Stomach cancer, Stomach disease, Stool test, Stress (biology), Terpene, Tetracycline, Transcription (biology), Transcriptome, Tumor necrosis factor, Tumor suppressor gene, Type 2 diabetes, Type IV secretion system, Tyrosine kinase, Ulcer, United European Gastroenterology, Urea, Urea breath test, Urea cycle, Urease, Viable but nonculturable, Vimentin, Virulence factor, Vomiting, Vonoprazan, Walery Jaworski, Warthin–Starry stain, Watchful waiting, World Health Organization, 16S ribosomal RNA.

Helicobacter pylori, the Glossary

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