en.unionpedia.org

Herbivore adaptations to plant defense, the Glossary

Herbivores are dependent on plants for food, and have coevolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses against herbivory.^[1]

108 relations: African elephant, Aldehyde, Alkali, Allomone, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Aphid, Aposematism, Asclepias, Asian elephant, Bacteria, Bark beetle, Bird, Cardiac glycoside, Caterpillar, Cellulose, Ceratocystis, Coevolution, Ctenuchina, Cytochrome P450, Daniel H. Janzen, Detoxification, Elephant, Enzyme, Epidermis (botany), Esterase, Evolution, Folivore, Forb, Frugivore, Fungus, Gall, Gall wasp, Generalist and specialist species, Geophagia, Glucose oxidase, Grasshopper, Grazing, Habitat, Helicoverpa zea, Hemiptera, Herb, Herbivore, Hypericin, Hypericum perforatum, Incisor, Insect, Interspecific competition, Large milkweed bug, Lasioderma serricorne, Latex, ... Expand index (58 more) »
Antipredator adaptations
Herbivory

African elephant

African elephants are members of the genus Loxodonta comprising two living elephant species, the African bush elephant (L. africana) and the smaller African forest elephant (L. cyclotis).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and African elephant

Aldehyde

In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Aldehyde

Alkali

In chemistry, an alkali (from lit) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Alkali

An allomone (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος allos "other" and pheromone) is a type of semiochemical produced and released by an individual of one species that affects the behaviour of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Allomone

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is an annual scientific journal published by Annual Reviews.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

Aphid

Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Aphid

Aposematism

Aposematism is the advertising by an animal, whether terrestrial or marine, to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Aposematism are Antipredator adaptations.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Aposematism

Asclepias

Asclepias is a genus of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants known as milkweeds, named for their latex, a milky substance containing cardiac glycosides termed cardenolides, exuded where cells are damaged.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Asclepias

Asian elephant

The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is a species of elephant distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west to Borneo in the east, and Nepal in the north to Sumatra in the south.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Asian elephant

Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Bacteria

Bark beetle

A bark beetle is the common name for the subfamily of beetles Scolytinae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Bark beetle

Bird

Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Bird

Cardiac glycoside

Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Cardiac glycoside

Caterpillar

Caterpillars are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Caterpillar

Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Cellulose

Ceratocystis

Ceratocystis is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratocystidaceae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Ceratocystis

Coevolution

In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Coevolution

Ctenuchina

The Ctenuchina are a subtribe of moths in the family Erebidae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Ctenuchina

Cytochrome P450

Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Cytochrome P450

Daniel H. Janzen

Daniel Hunt Janzen (born January 18, 1939, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American evolutionary ecologist and conservationist.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Daniel H. Janzen

Detoxification

Detoxification or detoxication (detox for short) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Detoxification

Elephant

Elephants are the largest living land animals.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Elephant

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Enzyme

Epidermis (botany)

The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Epidermis (botany)

Esterase

In biochemistry, an esterase is a class of enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Esterase

Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Evolution

Folivore

In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and folivore are herbivory.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Folivore

Forb

A forb or phorb is an herbaceous flowering plant that is not a graminoid (grass, sedge, or rush).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Forb

Frugivore

A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and frugivore are herbivory.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Frugivore

Fungus

A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Fungus

Gall

Galls (from the Latin galla, 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Gall

Gall wasp

Gall wasps, also traditionally called gallflies, are hymenopterans of the family Cynipidae in the wasp superfamily Cynipoidea.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Gall wasp

Generalist and specialist species

A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Generalist and specialist species

Geophagia

Geophagia, also known as geophagy, is the intentional practice of eating earth or soil-like substances such as clay, chalk, or termite mounds.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Geophagia

Glucose oxidase

The glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx or GOD) also known as notatin (EC number 1.1.3.4) is an oxidoreductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono-δ-lactone.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Glucose oxidase

Grasshopper

Grasshoppers are a group of insects belonging to the suborder Caelifera.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Grasshopper

Grazing

In agriculture, grazing is a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock are allowed outdoors to free range (roam around) and consume wild vegetations in order to convert the otherwise indigestible (by human gut) cellulose within grass and other forages into meat, milk, wool and other animal products, often on land that is unsuitable for arable farming.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Grazing

Habitat

In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Habitat

Helicoverpa zea

Helicoverpa zea, commonly known as the corn earworm, is a species (formerly in the genus Heliothis) in the family Noctuidae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Helicoverpa zea

Hemiptera

Hemiptera is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Hemiptera

Herb

In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal purposes, or for fragrances.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Herb

Herbivore

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and herbivore are herbivory.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Herbivore

Hypericin

Hypericin is a naphthodianthrone, an anthraquinone derivative which, together with hyperforin, is one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum (Saint John's wort).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Hypericin

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St John's wort (sometimes perforate St John's wort or common St John's wort), is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Hypericum perforatum

Incisor

Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Incisor

Insect

Insects (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Insect

Interspecific competition

Interspecific competition, in ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Interspecific competition

Large milkweed bug

Oncopeltus fasciatus, known as the large milkweed bug, is a medium-sized hemipteran (true bug) of the family Lygaeidae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Large milkweed bug

Lasioderma serricorne

Lasioderma serricorne, more commonly referred to as the cigarette beetle, cigar beetle, or tobacco beetle, is a small beetle that shares a remarkable resemblance with the drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum) and the common furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Lasioderma serricorne

Latex

Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Latex

Leaf

A leaf (leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Leaf

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera or lepidopterans is an order of winged insects that includes butterflies and moths.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Lepidoptera

Lignin

Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Lignin

List of feeding behaviours

Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and List of feeding behaviours

Lolium

Lolium is a genus of tufted grasses in the bluegrass subfamily (Pooideae).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Lolium

Lygaeus kalmii

Lygaeus kalmii, known as the small milkweed bug or common milkweed bug, is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Lygaeus kalmii

Mandible (insect mouthpart)

Insect mandibles are a pair of appendages near the insect's mouth, and the most anterior of the three pairs of oral appendages (the labrum is more anterior, but is a single fused structure).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Mandible (insect mouthpart)

Manduca sexta

Manduca sexta is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the Americas.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Manduca sexta

Maple

Acer is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Maple

Mastodon

A mastodon ('breast' + 'tooth') is a member of the genus Mammut (German for "mammoth"), which, strictly defined, was endemic to North America and lived from the late Miocene to the early Holocene.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Mastodon

May Berenbaum

May Roberta Berenbaum (born July 22, 1953) is an American entomologist whose research focuses on the chemical interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants, and the implications of these interactions on the organization of natural communities and the evolution of species.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and May Berenbaum

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Metabolism

Monarch butterfly

The monarch butterfly or simply monarch (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Monarch butterfly

Morphology (biology)

Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Morphology (biology)

Mutualism (biology)

Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Mutualism (biology)

Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Natural selection

Neotropical realm

The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Neotropical realm

Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Nicotine

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Nitrogen

Oak

An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Oak

Oecologia

Oecologia is an international peer-reviewed English-language journal published by Springer since 1968 (some articles were published in German or French until 1976).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Oecologia

Ophiostoma

Ophiostoma is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiostomataceae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Ophiostoma

Ovipositor

The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Ovipositor

Oxidase

In biochemistry, an oxidase is an oxidoreductase (any enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction) that uses dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Oxidase

Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis (from the Greek παρθένος|translit.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Parthenogenesis

Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Pathogen

PH

In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and PH

Phototoxin

Phototoxins are toxins that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous photosensitivity in a much broader range of subjects.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Phototoxin

Pigment

A pigment is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Pigment

Plant

Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Plant

Plant defense against herbivory

Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) is a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and plant defense against herbivory are Antipredator adaptations and herbivory.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Plant defense against herbivory

Populus angustifolia

Populus angustifolia, commonly known as the narrowleaf cottonwood, is a species of tree in the willow family (Salicaceae).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Populus angustifolia

Predation

Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Predation

Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Protease

Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are medications that act by interfering with enzymes that cleave proteins.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)

Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Protein

Protozoa

Protozoa (protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Protozoa

Pyralidae

The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Pyralidae

Quercus robur

Quercus robur, the pedunculate oak or English oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Quercus robur

Red Queen hypothesis

The Red Queen's hypothesis is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposed in 1973, that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing species.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Red Queen hypothesis

Redox

Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Redox

Resin

In polymer chemistry and materials science, a resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Resin

Salivary gland

The salivary glands in many vertebrates including mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Salivary gland

Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Secondary metabolite

Seed

In botany, a seed is a plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering called a seed coat (testa).

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Seed

Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Silicon dioxide

Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Speciation

Sphingidae

The Sphingidae are a family of moths commonly called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as "hornworms"; it includes about 1,450 species.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Sphingidae

Stylet (anatomy)

A stylet is a hard, sharp, anatomical structure found in some invertebrates.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Stylet (anatomy)

Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek,, "living with, companionship, camaraderie", from,, "together", and, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species, termed symbionts, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

See Herbivore adaptations to plant defense and Symbiosis

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense

, Leaf, Lepidoptera, Lignin, List of feeding behaviours, Lolium, Lygaeus kalmii, Mandible (insect mouthpart), Manduca sexta, Maple, Mastodon, May Berenbaum, Metabolism, Monarch butterfly, Morphology (biology), Mutualism (biology), Natural selection, Neotropical realm, Nicotine, Nitrogen, Oak, Oecologia, Ophiostoma, Ovipositor, Oxidase, Parthenogenesis, Pathogen, PH, Phototoxin, Pigment, Plant, Plant defense against herbivory, Populus angustifolia, Predation, Protease, Protease inhibitor (pharmacology), Protein, Protozoa, Pyralidae, Quercus robur, Red Queen hypothesis, Redox, Resin, Salivary gland, Secondary metabolite, Seed, Silicon dioxide, Speciation, Sphingidae, Stylet (anatomy), Symbiosis, Tannin, Terpenoid, The Trials of Life, Tobacco, Tooth, Tree, Trifolium pratense, Winter moth.

Herbivore adaptations to plant defense, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Antipredator adaptations

Herbivory

References