Heterosis, the Glossary
Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.[1]
Table of Contents
83 relations: Aberdeen Angus, Agricultural experiment station, Allele, Animal husbandry, Antigen presentation, Antigenic drift, Beefalo, Black Baldy, Broccoli, Broiler, Cannabis, Cannabis (drug), Charles Darwin, Charles Davenport, Connecticut, Crimson rosella, Crossbreed, Cytoplasmic male sterility, Deakin University, Detasseling, Developed country, Dominance (genetics), Donald F. Jones, Drosophila, Edward Murray East, Egg, Epigenetics, Epistasis, Eugene Davenport, Evolution of sexual reproduction, F1 hybrid, Fertilizer, Field experiment, Fitness (biology), Flynn effect, Gene expression, Genetic admixture, Genetic drift, Genetic variation, Genetics, Genome Biology, George Harrison Shull, Gregor Mendel, Hampshire pig, Helianthus, Hereford cattle, Heterotic string theory, Heterozygote advantage, Histone H3, Hybrid (biology), ... Expand index (33 more) »
- Breeding
Aberdeen Angus
The Aberdeen Angus, sometimes simply Angus, is a Scottish breed of small beef cattle.
See Heterosis and Aberdeen Angus
Agricultural experiment station
An agricultural experiment station (AES) or agricultural research station (ARS) is a scientific research center that investigates difficulties and potential improvements to food production and agribusiness.
See Heterosis and Agricultural experiment station
Allele
An allele, or allelomorph, is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule. Heterosis and allele are Classical genetics.
Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products.
See Heterosis and Animal husbandry
Antigen presentation
Antigen presentation is a vital immune process that is essential for T cell immune response triggering.
See Heterosis and Antigen presentation
Antigenic drift
Antigenic drift is a kind of genetic variation in viruses, arising from the accumulation of mutations in the virus genes that code for virus-surface proteins that host antibodies recognize.
See Heterosis and Antigenic drift
Beefalo
Beefalo constitute a hybrid offspring of domestic cattle (Bos taurus), usually a male in managed breeding programs, and the American bison (Bison bison), usually a female in managed breeding programs.
Black Baldy
The Black Baldy is a type of cross-bred beef cattle.
Broccoli
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is an edible green plant in the cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica) whose large flowering head, stalk and small associated leaves are eaten as a vegetable.
Broiler
Breed broiler is any chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that is bred and raised specifically for meat production.
Cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae.
Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.
See Heterosis and Cannabis (drug)
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
See Heterosis and Charles Darwin
Charles Davenport
Charles Benedict Davenport (June 1, 1866 – February 18, 1944) was a biologist and eugenicist influential in the American eugenics movement.
See Heterosis and Charles Davenport
Connecticut
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.
Crimson rosella
The crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) is a parrot native to eastern and south eastern Australia which has been introduced to New Zealand and Norfolk Island.
See Heterosis and Crimson rosella
Crossbreed
A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. Heterosis and crossbreed are breeding.
Cytoplasmic male sterility
Cytoplasmic male sterility is total or partial male sterility in hermaphrodite organisms, as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions.
See Heterosis and Cytoplasmic male sterility
Deakin University
Deakin University is a public university in Victoria, Australia.
See Heterosis and Deakin University
Detasseling
Detasseling corn is removing the pollen-producing flowers, the tassel, from the tops of corn (maize) plants and placing them on the ground.
Developed country
A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
See Heterosis and Developed country
Dominance (genetics)
In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. Heterosis and dominance (genetics) are Classical genetics.
See Heterosis and Dominance (genetics)
Donald F. Jones
Donald Forsha Jones (April 16, 1890 – June 19, 1963) was a United States maize geneticist and practical corn breeder at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven.
See Heterosis and Donald F. Jones
Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
Edward Murray East
Edward Murray East (October 4, 1879 – November 9, 1938) was an American plant geneticist, botanist, agronomist and eugenicist.
See Heterosis and Edward Murray East
Egg
An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches.
Epigenetics
In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.
Epistasis
Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed modifier genes. Heterosis and Epistasis are Classical genetics.
Eugene Davenport
Eugene Davenport (June 20, 1856 – March 31, 1941) was an American academic and agriculturist from Michigan.
See Heterosis and Eugene Davenport
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals, plants, fungi and protists could have evolved from a common ancestor that was a single-celled eukaryotic species.
See Heterosis and Evolution of sexual reproduction
F1 hybrid
F1 hybrid (also known as filial 1 hybrid) is the first filial generation of offspring of distinctly different parental types. Heterosis and f1 hybrid are breeding and Classical genetics.
Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.
Field experiment
Field experiments are experiments carried out outside of laboratory settings.
See Heterosis and Field experiment
Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.
See Heterosis and Fitness (biology)
Flynn effect
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher James Flynn (1934–2020).
See Heterosis and Flynn effect
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Heterosis and Gene expression
Genetic admixture
Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources.
See Heterosis and Genetic admixture
Genetic drift
Genetic drift, also known as random genetic drift, allelic drift or the Wright effect, refers to random fluctuations in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population.
See Heterosis and Genetic drift
Genetic variation
Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species.
See Heterosis and Genetic variation
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
Genome Biology
Genome Biology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research in genomics.
See Heterosis and Genome Biology
George Harrison Shull
George Harrison Shull (April 15, 1874 – September 28, 1954) was an American plant geneticist and the younger brother of botanical illustrator and plant breeder J. Marion Shull.
See Heterosis and George Harrison Shull
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel OSA (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian-Czech biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno (Brünn), Margraviate of Moravia.
See Heterosis and Gregor Mendel
Hampshire pig
The Hampshire pig is a domestic swine breed characterized by erect ears, a black body, and a white band around the middle, covering the front legs.
See Heterosis and Hampshire pig
Helianthus
Helianthus is a genus comprising about 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers.
Hereford cattle
The Hereford is a British breed of beef cattle originally from Herefordshire in the West Midlands of England.
See Heterosis and Hereford cattle
Heterotic string theory
In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string.
See Heterosis and Heterotic string theory
Heterozygote advantage
A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype.
See Heterosis and Heterozygote advantage
Histone H3
Histone H3 is one of the five main histones involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.
Hybrid (biology)
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Heterosis and hybrid (biology) are breeding.
See Heterosis and Hybrid (biology)
Inbreeding depression
Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness that has the potential to result from inbreeding (the breeding of related individuals). Heterosis and inbreeding depression are breeding.
See Heterosis and Inbreeding depression
James F. Crow
James Franklin Crow (January 18, 1916 – January 4, 2012) was Professor Emeritus of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a prominent population geneticist whose career spanned from the modern synthesis to the genomic era.
See Heterosis and James F. Crow
John L. Fuller
John Langworthy Fuller (July 22, 1910 – June 8, 1992) was an American biologist and early pioneer of behavior genetics.
See Heterosis and John L. Fuller
List of domesticated animals
This page gives a list of domesticated animals, also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation.
See Heterosis and List of domesticated animals
Livestock
Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting in order to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.
Maize
Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large locus on vertebrate DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system.
See Heterosis and Major histocompatibility complex
Mendelian inheritance
Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and later popularized by William Bateson. Heterosis and Mendelian inheritance are Classical genetics.
See Heterosis and Mendelian inheritance
MHC class I
MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates.
MHC class II
MHC Class II molecules are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules normally found only on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells.
See Heterosis and MHC class II
Michigan State University
Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan.
See Heterosis and Michigan State University
MicroRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.
Mule
The mule is a domestic equine hybrid between a donkey and a horse.
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
See Heterosis and Natural selection
New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States.
See Heterosis and New Haven, Connecticut
Non-Mendelian inheritance
Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws. Heterosis and non-Mendelian inheritance are Classical genetics.
See Heterosis and Non-Mendelian inheritance
Onion
An onion (Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa meaning "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.
Outbreeding depression
In biology, outbreeding depression happens when crosses between two genetically distant groups or populations result in a reduction of fitness. Heterosis and outbreeding depression are breeding.
See Heterosis and Outbreeding depression
Outcrossing
Out-crossing or out-breeding is the technique of crossing between different breeds. Heterosis and Outcrossing are breeding.
Perry Greeley Holden
Perry Greeley Holden (October 13, 1865 – October 8, 1959) was the first professor of agronomy in the United States.
See Heterosis and Perry Greeley Holden
Phenotypic trait
A phenotypic trait, simply trait, or character state is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two. Heterosis and phenotypic trait are Classical genetics.
See Heterosis and Phenotypic trait
Pig
The pig (Sus domesticus), also called swine (swine) or hog, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal.
Poultry
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of harvesting animal products such as meat, eggs or feathers.
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa.
Scientific controversy
Sustained scientific debate, sometimes scientific controversy or persistent disagreement, is any a substantial disagreement among scientists.
See Heterosis and Scientific controversy
Sex linkage
Sex linked describes the sex-specific reading patterns of inheritance and presentation when a gene mutation (allele) is present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (autosome).
Sickle cell trait
Sickle cell trait describes a condition in which a person has one abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (is heterozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle cell disease that occur in a person who has two copies of that allele (is homozygous).
See Heterosis and Sickle cell trait
Sorghum
Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum and also known as great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra, imphee, jowar, or milo, is a species in the grass genus Sorghum cultivated for its grain.
Spinach
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and Western Asia.
Sugar beet
A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production.
T cell
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response.
William James Beal
William James Beal (March 11, 1833 – May 12, 1924) was an American botanist.
See Heterosis and William James Beal
Zygosity
Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek "yoked," from "yoke") is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence. Heterosis and Zygosity are Classical genetics.
See also
Breeding
- Animal breeding
- Backcrossing
- Breed
- Breeder
- Breeding back
- Breeding program
- Breeds
- Coefficient of inbreeding
- Coefficient of relationship
- Crossbreed
- De novo domestication
- Diallel cross
- Double-pair mating
- F1 hybrid
- Genetic erosion
- Genetic pollution
- Genetic purging
- Genomic selection
- Heterosis
- Hybrid (biology)
- Hybrid incompatibility
- Hybrid seed
- Hybridisation (biology)
- Inbred strain
- Inbreeding
- Inbreeding depression
- Index selection
- Klepton
- Molecular breeding
- Mutation breeding
- Nettie Metcalf
- Outbreeding depression
- Outcrossing
- Plant breeding
- Postnaturalism
- Preservation breeding
- Prince Chaldean
- Reproductive interference
- Selective breeding
- Terminal crossbreeding
- Transboundary breed
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis
Also known as Dominance versus overdominance, Heterosity, Heterotic, Heterotic group, Heterozygosis, Hibrid vigor, Hybrid Vigor, Hybrid corn, Hybrid vigour, Outbreeding Enhancement, Outbreeding Enhancement (Heterosis), Outbreeding Enhancement(Heterosis), Overdominance hypothesis.
, Inbreeding depression, James F. Crow, John L. Fuller, List of domesticated animals, Livestock, Maize, Major histocompatibility complex, Mendelian inheritance, MHC class I, MHC class II, Michigan State University, MicroRNA, Mule, Natural selection, New Haven, Connecticut, Non-Mendelian inheritance, Onion, Outbreeding depression, Outcrossing, Perry Greeley Holden, Phenotypic trait, Pig, Poultry, Rice, Scientific controversy, Sex linkage, Sickle cell trait, Sorghum, Spinach, Sugar beet, T cell, William James Beal, Zygosity.