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Higgs mechanism, the Glossary

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons.^[1]

98 relations: Abdus Salam, Alexander Arkadyevich Migdal, Alexander Markovich Polyakov, BCS theory, Benjamin W. Lee, Bose–Einstein condensate, Boson, C. R. Hagen, CERN, Chirality (physics), Cooper pair, Doublet state, Electromagnetic mass, Electronvolt, Electroweak interaction, Elitzur's theorem, Elsevier, Ernst Stueckelberg, Expected value, Fermion, Fiber bundle, François Englert, Gamma matrices, Gauge boson, Gauge fixing, Gauge group (mathematics), Gauge theory, Gerald Guralnik, Gerard 't Hooft, Ginzburg–Landau theory, Goldstone boson, Group representation, Higgs boson, Higgs bundle, Jürg Fröhlich, John Bardeen, John Robert Schrieffer, Joseph H. Eberly, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Julian Schwinger, Large Hadron Collider, Leon Cooper, Lepton, London penetration depth, Magnetic monopole, Martinus J. G. Veltman, Mass, Mass generation, Massless particle, Maxwell's equations, ... Expand index (48 more) »
Electroweak theory
Standard Model

Abdus Salam

Mohammad Abdus Salam Salam adopted the forename "Mohammad" in 1974 in response to the anti-Ahmadiyya decrees in Pakistan, similarly he grew his beard.

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Alexander Arkadyevich Migdal (Александр Арка́дьевич Мигдал; born 22 July 1945) is a Russian-American physicist and entrepreneur, formerly at Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Space Research Institute, Princeton University, ViewPoint Corp, Magic Works LLC, and now at Migdal Research LLC.

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Alexander Markovich Polyakov

Alexander Markovich Polyakov (Алекса́ндр Ма́ркович Поляко́в; born 27 September 1945) is a Russian theoretical physicist, formerly at the Landau Institute in Moscow and, since 1989, at Princeton University, where he is the Joseph Henry Professor of Physics Emeritus.

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BCS theory

In physics, the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory (named after John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer) is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery.

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Benjamin W. Lee

Benjamin Whisoh Lee (January 1, 1935 – June 16, 1977), or Ben Lee, was a Korean-American theoretical physicist.

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Bose–Einstein condensate

In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F or 0 K).

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Boson

In particle physics, a boson is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2,...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin (...). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Higgs mechanism and boson are quantum field theory.

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C. R. Hagen

Carl Richard Hagen (born 2 February 1937) is a professor of particle physics at the University of Rochester.

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CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (Conseil européen pour la Recherche nucléaire), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.

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Chirality (physics)

A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality). Higgs mechanism and chirality (physics) are quantum field theory and symmetry.

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Cooper pair

In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper.

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Doublet state

In quantum mechanics, a doublet is a composite quantum state of a system with an effective spin of 1/2, such that there are two allowed values of the spin component, −1/2 and +1/2.

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Electromagnetic mass

Electromagnetic mass was initially a concept of classical mechanics, denoting as to how much the electromagnetic field, or the self-energy, is contributing to the mass of charged particles.

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Electronvolt

In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written electron-volt and electron volt, is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum.

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Electroweak interaction

In particle physics, the electroweak interaction or electroweak force is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism (electromagnetic interaction) and the weak interaction. Higgs mechanism and electroweak interaction are electroweak theory.

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Elitzur's theorem

In quantum field theory and statistical field theory, Elitzur's theorem states that in gauge theories, the only operators that can have non-vanishing expectation values are ones that are invariant under local gauge transformations. Higgs mechanism and Elitzur's theorem are symmetry.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.

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Ernst Stueckelberg

Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg (baptised as Johann Melchior Ernst Karl Gerlach Stückelberg, full name after 1911: Baron Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg von Breidenbach zu Breidenstein und Melsbach; 1 February 1905 – 4 September 1984) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist, regarded as one of the most eminent physicists of the 20th century.

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Expected value

In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

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Fermion

In particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Higgs mechanism and fermion are quantum field theory.

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Fiber bundle

In mathematics, and particularly topology, a fiber bundle (''Commonwealth English'': fibre bundle) is a space that is a product space, but may have a different topological structure.

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François Englert

François, Baron Englert (born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate.

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Gamma matrices

In mathematical physics, the gamma matrices, \ \left\\, also called the Dirac matrices, are a set of conventional matrices with specific anticommutation relations that ensure they generate a matrix representation of the Clifford algebra \ \mathrm_(\mathbb) ~. It is also possible to define higher-dimensional gamma matrices.

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Gauge boson

In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions.

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Gauge fixing

In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. Higgs mechanism and gauge fixing are quantum field theory.

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Gauge group (mathematics)

A gauge group is a group of gauge symmetries of the Yang–Mills gauge theory of principal connections on a principal bundle.

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Gauge theory

In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, do not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups).

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Gerald Guralnik

Gerald Stanford "Gerry" Guralnik (September 17, 1936 – April 26, 2014) was the Chancellor’s Professor of Physics at Brown University.

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Gerard 't Hooft

Gerardus (Gerard) 't Hooft (born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.

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Ginzburg–Landau theory

In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity. Higgs mechanism and Ginzburg–Landau theory are quantum field theory.

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Goldstone boson

In particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries. Higgs mechanism and Goldstone boson are quantum field theory.

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Group representation

In the mathematical field of representation theory, group representations describe abstract groups in terms of bijective linear transformations of a vector space to itself (i.e. vector space automorphisms); in particular, they can be used to represent group elements as invertible matrices so that the group operation can be represented by matrix multiplication.

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Higgs boson

The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson are electroweak theory, phase transitions, quantum field theory and Standard Model.

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Higgs bundle

In mathematics, a Higgs bundle is a pair (E,\varphi) consisting of a holomorphic vector bundle E and a Higgs field \varphi, a holomorphic 1-form taking values in the bundle of endomorphisms of E such that \varphi \wedge \varphi.

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Jürg Fröhlich

Jürg Martin Fröhlich (born 4 July 1946 in Schaffhausen) is a Swiss mathematician and theoretical physicist.

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John Bardeen

John Bardeen; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N. Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.

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John Robert Schrieffer

John Robert Schrieffer (May 31, 1931 – July 27, 2019) was an American physicist who, with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper, was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the BCS theory, the first successful quantum theory of superconductivity.

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Joseph H. Eberly

Joseph Henry Eberly is an American physicist who holds the positions of Andrew Carnegie Professor of Physics and Astronomy and Professor of Optics at the University of Rochester.

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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

The Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETP) [italic (ЖЭТФ), or Zhurnal Éksperimental'noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki (ZhÉTF) is a peer-reviewed Russian bilingual scientific journal covering all areas of experimental and theoretical physics.

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Julian Schwinger

Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning American theoretical physicist.

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Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider.

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Leon Cooper

Leon N. Cooper (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate who, with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity.

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Lepton

In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin) that does not undergo strong interactions.

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London penetration depth

In superconductors, the London penetration depth (usually denoted as \lambda or \lambda_L) characterizes the distance to which a magnetic field penetrates into a superconductor and becomes equal to e^ times that of the magnetic field at the surface of the superconductor.

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Magnetic monopole

In particle physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or vice versa).

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Martinus J. G. Veltman

Martinus Justinus Godefriedus "Tini" Veltman (27 June 1931 – 4 January 2021) was a Dutch theoretical physicist.

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Mass

Mass is an intrinsic property of a body.

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Mass generation

In theoretical physics, a mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics. Higgs mechanism and mass generation are Standard Model.

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Massless particle

In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero.

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Maxwell's equations

Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.

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Meissner effect

The Meissner effect (or Meißner–Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the critical temperature.

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Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics.

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Nuclear Physics (journal)

Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier.

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Particle physics

Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. Higgs mechanism and particle physics are quantum field theory.

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Pauli matrices

In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three complex matrices that are traceless, Hermitian, involutory and unitary.

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Peter Higgs

Peter Ware Higgs (29 May 1929 – 8 April 2024) was an English theoretical physicist, professor at the University of Edinburgh,Griggs, Jessica (Summer 2008) Edit the University of Edinburgh Alumni Magazine, p. 17 and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the mass of subatomic particles.

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Phase (waves)

In physics and mathematics, the phase (symbol φ or ϕ) of a wave or other periodic function F of some real variable t (such as time) is an angle-like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to t. It is expressed in such a scale that it varies by one full turn as the variable t goes through each period (and F(t) goes through each complete cycle).

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Philip W. Anderson

Philip Warren Anderson (December 13, 1923 – March 29, 2020) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate.

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Photon

A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.

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Physical Review Letters

Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society.

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Physics Letters

Physics Letters was a scientific journal published from 1962 to 1966, when it split in two series now published by Elsevier.

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Picosecond

A picosecond (abbreviated as ps) is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 10−12 or (one trillionth) of a second.

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Pion

In particle physics, a pion or pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi, is any of three subatomic particles:,, and.

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Planck constant

The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.

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Principal bundle

In mathematics, a principal bundle is a mathematical object that formalizes some of the essential features of the Cartesian product X \times G of a space X with a group G. In the same way as with the Cartesian product, a principal bundle P is equipped with.

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Proca action

In physics, specifically field theory and particle physics, the Proca action describes a massive spin-1 field of mass m in Minkowski spacetime.

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Quantum field theory

In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics.

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Quantum triviality

In a quantum field theory, charge screening can restrict the value of the observable "renormalized" charge of a classical theory.

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Quark

A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.

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Renormalization

Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, statistical field theory, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, that are used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities by altering values of these quantities to compensate for effects of their self-interactions. Higgs mechanism and Renormalization are quantum field theory.

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Robert Brout

Robert Brout (June 14, 1928 – May 3, 2011) was a Belgian-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions in elementary particle physics.

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Sakurai Prize

The J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics, is presented by the American Physical Society at its annual April Meeting, and honors outstanding achievement in particle physics theory.

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Scalar field theory

In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. Higgs mechanism and scalar field theory are quantum field theory.

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Scholarpedia

Scholarpedia is an English-language wiki-based online encyclopedia with features commonly associated with open-access online academic journals, which aims to have quality content in science and medicine.

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Schrödinger field

In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, a Schrödinger field, named after Erwin Schrödinger, is a quantum field which obeys the Schrödinger equation. Higgs mechanism and Schrödinger field are quantum field theory.

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Sombrero

In English, a paren) is a type of wide-brimmed Mexican men's hat used to shield the face and eyes from the sun. It usually has a high, pointed crown; an extra-wide brim (broad enough to cast a shadow over the head, neck, and shoulders of the wearer) that is slightly upturned at the edge; and a chin strap to hold it in place.

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Spacetime

In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.

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Special unitary group

In mathematics, the special unitary group of degree, denoted, is the Lie group of unitary matrices with determinant 1.

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Spin (physics)

Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, and thus by composite particles such as hadrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms. Higgs mechanism and Spin (physics) are quantum field theory.

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Spinor

In geometry and physics, spinors are elements of a complex number-based vector space that can be associated with Euclidean space. Higgs mechanism and spinor are quantum field theory.

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Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a spontaneous process of symmetry breaking, by which a physical system in a symmetric state spontaneously ends up in an asymmetric state. Higgs mechanism and spontaneous symmetry breaking are quantum field theory, Standard Model and symmetry.

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Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.

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Steven Weinberg

Steven Weinberg (May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.

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Stueckelberg action

In field theory, the Stueckelberg action (named after Ernst Stueckelberg) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R (the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U(1)) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field \phi. Higgs mechanism and Stueckelberg action are symmetry.

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Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Higgs mechanism and Superconductivity are phase transitions.

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Tachyon condensation

Tachyon condensation is a process in particle physics in which a system can lower its potential energy by spontaneously producing particles.

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Tom Kibble

Sir Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble (23 December 1932 – 2 June 2016) was a British theoretical physicist, senior research investigator at the Blackett Laboratory and Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London.

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Vacuum expectation value

In quantum field theory the vacuum expectation value (also called condensate or simply VEV) of an operator is its average or expectation value in the vacuum. Higgs mechanism and vacuum expectation value are quantum field theory and Standard Model.

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W and Z bosons

In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. Higgs mechanism and w and Z bosons are electroweak theory and Standard Model.

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Weak hypercharge

In the Standard Model of electroweak interactions of particle physics, the weak hypercharge is a quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin. Higgs mechanism and weak hypercharge are electroweak theory and Standard Model.

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Weak interaction

In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, also called the weak force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation. Higgs mechanism and weak interaction are electroweak theory.

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Weak isospin

In particle physics, weak isospin is a quantum number relating to the electrically charged part of the weak interaction: Particles with half-integer weak isospin can interact with the bosons; particles with zero weak isospin do not. Higgs mechanism and weak isospin are electroweak theory and Standard Model.

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Weinberg angle

The weak mixing angle or Weinberg angle is a parameter in the Weinberg–Salam theory of the electroweak interaction, part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and is usually denoted as. Higgs mechanism and Weinberg angle are electroweak theory.

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Yang–Mills theory

Yang–Mills theory is a quantum field theory for nuclear binding devised by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in 1953, as well as a generic term for the class of similar theories. Higgs mechanism and Yang–Mills theory are symmetry.

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Yang–Mills–Higgs equations

In mathematics, the Yang–Mills–Higgs equations are a set of non-linear partial differential equations for a Yang–Mills field, given by a connection, and a Higgs field, given by a section of a vector bundle (specifically, the adjoint bundle).

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Yoichiro Nambu

was a Japanese-American physicist and professor at the University of Chicago.

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Yukawa interaction

In particle physics, Yukawa's interaction or Yukawa coupling, named after Hideki Yukawa, is an interaction between particles according to the Yukawa potential. Higgs mechanism and Yukawa interaction are electroweak theory, quantum field theory and Standard Model.

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1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers

The 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers were written by three teams who proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories. Higgs mechanism and 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers are Standard Model.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanism

Also known as ABEGHHK'tH mechanism, Abelian Higgs Model, Anderson-Higgs mechanism, Anderson-Higgs-Kibble mechanism, Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism, Electroweak symmetry breaking, Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble mechanism, Higg mechanism, Higgs boson field, Higgs condensate, Higgs ocean, Higgs potential, Higgs-Kibble mechanism, Higgs-mechanism.

, Meissner effect, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nuclear Physics (journal), Particle physics, Pauli matrices, Peter Higgs, Phase (waves), Philip W. Anderson, Photon, Physical Review Letters, Physics Letters, Picosecond, Pion, Planck constant, Principal bundle, Proca action, Quantum field theory, Quantum triviality, Quark, Renormalization, Robert Brout, Sakurai Prize, Scalar field theory, Scholarpedia, Schrödinger field, Sombrero, Spacetime, Special unitary group, Spin (physics), Spinor, Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Standard Model, Steven Weinberg, Stueckelberg action, Superconductivity, Tachyon condensation, Tom Kibble, Vacuum expectation value, W and Z bosons, Weak hypercharge, Weak interaction, Weak isospin, Weinberg angle, Yang–Mills theory, Yang–Mills–Higgs equations, Yoichiro Nambu, Yukawa interaction, 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers.

Higgs mechanism, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Electroweak theory

Standard Model

References