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History of Alexandria, the Glossary

The history of Alexandria dates back to the city's founding, by Alexander the Great, in 331 BC.^[1]

165 relations: Abu Qir Bay, Adel Labib, Ahmad Kamil, Alexander Romance, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Alexandria riot (66), Alexandrian riots (38 CE), Amr ibn al-As, Anglo-Egyptian War, Apollodorus of Athens, Arab conquest of Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Arabs, Arianism, Arrian, Athanasius of Alexandria, Athens, Attica, Augustus, Ayyubid dynasty, Battle of Actium, Battle of Alexandria (1801), Bitumen, Bombardment of Alexandria, British Army, Cairo fire, Canopus, Egypt, Capitulation of Alexandria (1801), Caracalla, Carthage, Cassius Dio, Christianity, Cleomenes of Naucratis, Cleopatra, Constans II, Constantine P. Cavafy, Constantinople, Coptic calendar, Decriannus, Dinocrates, Diocletian, Diodorus Siculus, E. M. Forster, Edmund Keeley, Egypt, Egypt–United Kingdom relations, Egyptians, Era of the Martyrs, Eratosthenes, ... Expand index (115 more) »

Abu Qir Bay

The Abū Qīr Bay (sometimes transliterated Abukir Bay or Aboukir Bay) (transliterated: Khalīj Abū Qīr) is a spacious bay on the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria in Egypt, lying between the Rosetta mouth of the Nile and the town of Abu Qir.

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Adel Labib

Adel Labib (عادل لبيب) is the former governor of Alexandria, and Beheira Governorate, and the current governor of Qena Governorate since 4 August 2011.

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Ahmad Kamil

Ahmad Kamil is an Indonesian justice who is the second Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia for non-judicial affairs.

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Alexander Romance

The Alexander Romance, once described as "antiquity's most successful novel", is an account of the life and exploits of Alexander the Great.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alexandria riot (66)

Extensive riots erupted in Alexandria, Roman Egypt, in 66 CE, in parallel with the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War in neighbouring Roman Judea.

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Alexandrian riots (38 CE)

The Alexandrian pogrom, or Alexandrian riots were attacks directed against Jews in 38 CE in Roman Alexandria, Egypt.

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Amr ibn al-As

Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (translit; 664) was an Arab commander and companion of Muhammad who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Anglo-Egyptian War

The British conquest of Egypt, also known as the Anglo-Egyptian War, occurred in 1882 between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom.

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Apollodorus of Athens

Apollodorus of Athens (Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, Apollodoros ho Athenaios; c. 180 BC – after 120 BC), son of Asclepiades, was a Greek scholar, historian, and grammarian.

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Arab conquest of Egypt

The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of 'Amr ibn al-'As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Arianism

Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.

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Arrian

Arrian of Nicomedia (Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Lucius Flavius Arrianus) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.

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Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius I of Alexandria (– 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor, or, among Coptic Christians, Athanasius the Apostolic, was a Christian theologian and the 20th patriarch of Alexandria (as Athanasius I).

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Attica

Attica (Αττική, Ancient Greek Attikḗ or, or), or the Attic Peninsula, is a historical region that encompasses the entire Athens metropolitan area, which consists of the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and the core city of the metropolitan area, as well as its surrounding suburban cities and towns.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

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Battle of Actium

The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

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Battle of Alexandria (1801)

The Battle of Alexandria, or Battle of Canope, was fought on 21 March 1801 between the army of Napoleon's French First Republic under General Jacques-François Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby.

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Bitumen

Bitumen is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum.

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Bombardment of Alexandria

The Bombardment of Alexandria in Egypt by the British Mediterranean Fleet took place on 11–13 July 1882.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Naval Service and the Royal Air Force.

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Cairo fire

The Cairo fire, also known as Black Saturday,King 1989, p. 207Goldschmidt & Johnston 2004, p. 83 was a series of riots that took place on 26 January 1952, marked by the burning and looting of some 750 buildings—retail shops, cafes, cinemas, hotels, restaurants, theatres, nightclubs, and the city's Casino Opera —in downtown Cairo.

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Canopus, Egypt

Canopus (Κάνωπος), also known as Canobus (Κάνωβος), was an ancient Egyptian coastal town, located in the Nile Delta.

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Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)

The Capitulation of Alexandria in August 1801 brought to an end the French expedition to Egypt.

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Caracalla

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD.

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Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.

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Cassius Dio

Lucius Cassius Dio, also known as Dio Cassius (Δίων Κάσσιος), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cleomenes of Naucratis

Cleomenes (Greek: Kλεoμένης Kleoménes; died 322 BC), a Greek of Naucratis in Ancient Egypt, was appointed by Alexander III of Macedon as nomarch of the Arabian Nome (νoμoς) of Egypt and receiver of the tributes from all the nomes (districts) of ancient Egypt and the neighbouring part of Africa (331 BC).

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Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Θεά ΦιλοπάτωρThe name Cleopatra is pronounced, or sometimes in British English, see, the same as in American English.. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology);Also "Thea Neotera", lit.

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Constans II

Constans II (Kōnstas; 7 November 630 – 15 July 668), also called "the Bearded" (Pogonatus; ho Pōgōnãtos), was the Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668.

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Constantine P. Cavafy

Konstantinos Petrou Kavafis (Κωνσταντίνος ΠέτρουΚαβάφης; 29 April (17 April, OS), 1863 – 29 April 1933), known, especially in English, as Constantine P. Cavafy and often published as C.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Coptic calendar

The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt.

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Decriannus

Decriannus was the official architect of the Roman emperor Hadrian, who repaired the Egyptian city of Alexandria.

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Dinocrates

Dinocrates of Rhodes (also Deinocrates, Dimocrates, Cheirocrates and Stasicrates; Δεινοκράτης ὁ Ῥόδιος, fl. last quarter of the 4th century BC) was a Greek architect and technical adviser for Alexander the Great.

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Diocletian

Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, Diokletianós; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305.

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Diodorus Siculus

Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Diódōros; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian.

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E. M. Forster

Edward Morgan Forster (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970) was an English author.

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Edmund Keeley

Edmund Leroy "Mike" Keeley (February 5, 1928 – February 23, 2022) was an American novelist, translator, and essayist, a poet, and Charles Barnwell Straut Professor of English at Princeton University.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egypt–United Kingdom relations

Egypt–United Kingdom relations are the diplomatic, economic, and cultural relationships between Egypt and the United Kingdom.

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Egyptians

Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.

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Era of the Martyrs

The Era of the Martyrs (anno martyrum), also known as the Diocletian era (anno Diocletiani), is a method of numbering years based on the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian who instigated the last major persecution against Christians in the Empire.

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Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ἐρατοσθένης; –) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.

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Euclid

Euclid (Εὐκλείδης; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Farouk of Egypt

Farouk I (فاروق الأول Fārūq al-Awwal; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936 and reigning until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952.

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French invasion of Egypt and Syria

The French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was an invasion and occupation of the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, by forces of the French First Republic led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Fustat

Fustat (translit), also Fostat, was the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule, and the historical centre of modern Cairo.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.

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Geographica

The Geographica (Γεωγραφικά, Geōgraphiká; Geographica or Strabonis Rerum Geographicarum Libri XVII, "Strabo's 17 Books on Geographical Topics") or Geography, is an encyclopedia of geographical knowledge, consisting of 17 'books', written in Greek in the late 1st century BC, or early 1st century AD, and attributed to Strabo, an educated citizen of the Roman Empire of Greek descent.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..

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Hadrian

Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.

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Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Heptastadion

The Heptastadion (Greek: Ὲπταστάδιον) was a giant causeway, often referred to as a mole or a dyke built by the people of Alexandria, Egypt in the 3rd century BC during the Ptolemaic period.

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Heracleion

Heracleion (Ancient Greek: Ἡράκλειον), also known as Thonis (Ancient Greek: Θῶνις; from the Ancient Egyptian: Tȝ-ḥn.t; Ⲧϩⲱⲛⲓ) and sometimes called Thonis-Heracleion, was an ancient Egyptian port city located near the Canopic Mouth of the Nile, about northeast of Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea.

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Heraclius

Heraclius (Hērákleios; – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641.

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Hipparchus

Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.

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Hypatia

Hypatia (born 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Ismail El-Gawsaqi

Ismail El-Gawsaqi was Alexandria's governor from July 1986 until July 1997.

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Jean-Yves Empereur

Jean-Yves Empereur (born 1952) is a French archeologist.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Judith McKenzie (archaeologist)

Judith Sheila McKenzie (28 November 1957 – 27 May 2019) was an Australian archaeologist whose work primarily focused on the architecture of the ancient Middle East.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Khedive

Khedive (hıdiv; khudaywī) was an honorific title of Classical Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.

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Khosrow II

Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.

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Kitos War

The Kitos War (115–117; mered ha-galuyot, or מרד התפוצות mered ha-tfutzot; "rebellion of the diaspora" Tumultus Iudaicus) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars (66–136).

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Kom El Deka

Kom El Deka (كومالدكة), also known as Kom el-Dikka, is a neighborhood and archaeological site in Alexandria, Egypt.

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Lake Mariout

Lake Mariout (بحيرة مريوط,, also spelled Maryut or Mariut), is a brackish lake in northern Egypt near the city of Alexandria.

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Lavon Affair

The Lavon affair was a failed Israeli covert operation, codenamed Operation Susannah, conducted in Egypt in the summer of 1954.

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Law

Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.

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Lawrence Durrell

Lawrence George Durrell (27 February 1912 – 7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer.

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Library of Alexandria

The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world.

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Libyan Desert

The Libyan Desert (not to be confused with the Libyan Sahara) is a geographical region filling the northeastern Sahara Desert, from eastern Libya to the Western Desert of Egypt and far northwestern Sudan.

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Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (ho Pháros tês Alexandreías, contemporary Koine; فنار الإسكندرية), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (280–247 BC).

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List of Byzantine emperors

The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.

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List of historical capitals of Egypt

The current capital of Egypt is Cairo.

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List of largest cities throughout history

This article lists the largest human settlements in the world (by population) over time, as estimated by historians, from 7000 BC when the largest human settlement was a proto-city in the Ancient Near East with a population of about 1,000–2,000 people, to the year 2000 when the largest human settlement was Tokyo with 26 million.

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Mamdouh Salem

Mamdouh Mohamed Salem (ممدوح سالم,; May 7, 1918 – February 24, 1988) was the 39th Prime Minister of Egypt from April 16, 1975 to October 2, 1978.

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Mamluk

Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.

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Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire.

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Mark the Evangelist

Mark the Evangelist (Koinē Greek: Μᾶρκος, romanized: Mârkos), also known as John Mark (Koinē Greek: Ἰωάννης Μάρκος, romanized: Iōannēs Mârkos; Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ, romanized: Yōḥannān) or Saint Mark, is the person who is traditionally ascribed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark.

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Menouthis

Menouthis was a sacred city in ancient Egypt, devoted to the Egyptian goddess Isis and god Serapis.

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Mohamed Abdul Salam Mahgoub

Colonel Mohamed Abdul Salam Mahgoub (محمد عبد السلامالمحجوب, Muḥammad `Abdul-Salām al-Maḥgūb) (1935 – 31 January 2022) was an Egyptian politician.

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Montaza Palace

Montaza Palace (قصر المنتزه) (Asr el Montaza) is a palace, museum and extensive gardens in the Montaza district of Alexandria, Egypt.

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Mostafa Waziri

Mostafa Waziri (مصطفى وزيري, occasionally cited as Mostafa Waziry) was the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt.

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Mouseion

The Mouseion of Alexandria (Μουσεῖον τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας), which arguably included the Library of Alexandria, was an institution said to have been founded by Ptolemy I Soter and his son Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

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Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Ottoman Albanian governor and military commander who was the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, considered the founder of modern Egypt.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Naucratis

Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek: Ναύκρατις, "Naval Command"; Egyptian:,,, Coptic: Ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲣⲱ) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city of Alexandria.

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Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is a version of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion.

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Nile

The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

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Nile Delta

The Nile Delta (دلتا النيل, or simply الدلتا) is the delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

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Paper

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying.

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Patriarch of Alexandria

The Patriarch of Alexandria is the archbishop of Alexandria, Egypt.

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Peter II of Cyprus

Peter II (1354 or 1357 – 13 October 1382), called the Fat (Pierre le Gros), was the eleventh King of Cyprus of the House of Lusignan from 17 January 1369 until his death.

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Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.

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Plastic

Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient.

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Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty (Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), also known as the Lagid dynasty (Λαγίδαι, Lagidai; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

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Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

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Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr "Ptolemy the Savior"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered on Egypt and led by his progeny from 305 BC – 30 BC.

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Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Ptolemaîos Philádelphos, "Ptolemy, sibling-lover"; 309 – 28 January 246 BC) was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC.

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Ptolemy III Euergetes

Ptolemy III Euergetes (Ptolemaîos Euergétēs, "Ptolemy the Benefactor"; c. 280 – November/December 222 BC) was the third pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from 246 to 222 BC.

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Ptolemy IV Philopator

Ptolemy IV Philopator (Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr; "Ptolemy, lover of his Father"; May/June 244 – July/August 204 BC) was the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 221 to 204 BC.

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Ptolemy VIII Physcon

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs Tryphōn, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon (Φύσκων, Physkōn, "Fatty"), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.

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Ptolemy X Alexander I

Ptolemy X Alexander I (Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was the Ptolemaic king of Cyprus from 114 BC until 107 BC and of Egypt from 107 BC until his death in 88 BC.

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Public bathing

Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities.

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Rhacotis

Rhacotis (Egyptian: r-ꜥ-qd(y)t, Greek Ῥακῶτις; also romanized as Rhakotis) was the name for a city on the northern coast of Egypt at the site of Alexandria.

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Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

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Roman emperor

The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman province

The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.

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Roman temple

Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture, and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.

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Saladin

Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

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Satire

Satire is a genre of the visual, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposing or shaming the perceived flaws of individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.

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Senate

A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature.

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Septimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211.

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Septuagint

The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.

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Serapeum

A serapeum is a temple or other religious institution dedicated to the syncretic Greco-Egyptian deity Serapis, who combined aspects of Osiris and Apis in a humanized form that was accepted by the Ptolemaic Greeks of Alexandria.

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Serapeum of Alexandria

The Serapeum of Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom was an ancient Greek temple built by Ptolemy III Euergetes (reigned 246–222 BC) and dedicated to Serapis, who was made the protector of Alexandria, Egypt.

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Siege of Alexandria (1801)

The siege of Alexandria (17 August – 2 September 1801) was fought during the French Revolutionary Wars between French and British forces.

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Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)

The siege of Alexandria was a series of skirmishes and battles occurring between the forces of Julius Caesar, Cleopatra VII, Arsinoe IV, and Ptolemy XIII, between 48 and 47 BC.

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Siege of Alexandria (641)

Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate seized the major Mediterranean port of Alexandria away from the Eastern Roman Empire in the middle of the 7th century AD.

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Sieve of Eratosthenes

In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Sphere of influence

In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity.

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St Mark's Basilica

The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco), commonly known as St Mark's Basilica (Basilica di San Marco; Baxéłega de San Marco), is the cathedral church of the Patriarchate of Venice; it became the episcopal seat of the Patriarch of Venice in 1807, replacing the earlier cathedral of San Pietro di Castello.

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Strabo

StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.

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Styrofoam

Styrofoam is a trademarked brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), manufactured to provide continuous building insulation board used in walls, roofs, and foundations as thermal insulation and as a water barrier.

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Synagogue

A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.

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Tarsus, Mersin

Tarsus (Hittite: 𒋫𒅈𒊭 Tārša; Greek Tarsós; Armenian Tarson; طَرسُوس Ṭarsūs) is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.

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The Alexandria Quartet

The Alexandria Quartet is a tetralogy of novels by British writer Lawrence Durrell, published between 1957 and 1960.

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Theodosius I

Theodosius I (Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395.

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Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

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Theophilus I of Alexandria

Theophilus (Greek: Θεόφιλος) was the 23rd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the Seat of Saint Mark.

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Third Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.

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Timeline of Alexandria

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Alexandria, Egypt.

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Tomb of Alexander the Great

The tomb of Alexander the Great is attested in several historical accounts, but its current exact location remains an enduring mystery.

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Turan-Shah

Shams ad-Din Turanshah ibn Ayyub al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Shams ad-Dawla Fakhr ad-Din known simply as Turanshah (توران شاه بن أيوب) (died 27 June 1180) was the Ayyubid emir (prince) of Yemen (1174–1176), Damascus (1176–1179), Baalbek (1178–1179) and finally Alexandria where he died in 1180.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alexandria

Also known as Alexandria in the middle ages, Ancient alexandria, Classical alexandria, Emirate of Alexandria, Medieval alexandria, Roman-era Alexandria.

, Euclid, Europe, Farouk of Egypt, French invasion of Egypt and Syria, Fustat, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Geographica, Greece, Greek language, Greeks, Hadrian, Hebrew Bible, Hellenistic period, Heptastadion, Heracleion, Heraclius, Hipparchus, Hypatia, India, International Committee of the Red Cross, Iran, Ismail El-Gawsaqi, Jean-Yves Empereur, Jews, Judith McKenzie (archaeologist), Julius Caesar, Khedive, Khosrow II, Kitos War, Kom El Deka, Lake Mariout, Lavon Affair, Law, Lawrence Durrell, Library of Alexandria, Libyan Desert, Lighthouse of Alexandria, List of Byzantine emperors, List of historical capitals of Egypt, List of largest cities throughout history, Mamdouh Salem, Mamluk, Mark Antony, Mark the Evangelist, Menouthis, Mohamed Abdul Salam Mahgoub, Montaza Palace, Mostafa Waziri, Mouseion, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Napoleon, Naucratis, Neoplatonism, Nile, Nile Delta, Ottoman Empire, Paganism, Paper, Patriarch of Alexandria, Peter II of Cyprus, Petroleum, Plastic, Ptolemaic dynasty, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Ptolemy III Euergetes, Ptolemy IV Philopator, Ptolemy VIII Physcon, Ptolemy X Alexander I, Public bathing, Rhacotis, Roman Egypt, Roman emperor, Roman Empire, Roman province, Roman temple, Rome, Royal Navy, Saladin, Sarcophagus, Satire, Senate, Septimius Severus, Septuagint, Serapeum, Serapeum of Alexandria, Siege of Alexandria (1801), Siege of Alexandria (47 BC), Siege of Alexandria (641), Sieve of Eratosthenes, Slavery, Spain, Sphere of influence, St Mark's Basilica, Strabo, Styrofoam, Synagogue, Tarsus, Mersin, The Alexandria Quartet, Theodosius I, Theology, Theophilus I of Alexandria, Third Crusade, Timeline of Alexandria, Tomb of Alexander the Great, Turan-Shah, Tyre, Lebanon, Urban renewal, William V. Harris, World History Encyclopedia, World War I, World War II, 1952 Egyptian revolution, 365 Crete earthquake.

History of Alexandria, the Glossary

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