History of Algeria, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 529 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abd al-Haqq II, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd al-Mu'min, Abd al-Wahid I, Abdallah al-Adil, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, Abdelkader Bensalah, Abdelkader Hachani, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Abdelmalek Guenaizia, Abraham Duquesne, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II, Abu Hammu I, Abu Hammu II, Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari, Abu Inan Faris, Abu Said Uthman III, Abu Tashufin I, Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr, Abu Yazid, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi, Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali, Achir, Adherbal (king of Numidia), Africa (Roman province), Aghmat, Agriculture, Ahmed Ben Bella, Ahmed Benbitour, Ahmed Gaid Salah, Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi, Ajdabiya, Al-Andalus, Al-Ghazali, Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin, Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, Alcázar of Seville, Alejandro O'Reilly, Alfonso VIII of Castile, Alfonso X of Castile, Algeria, Algerian Civil War, Algerian National Movement, Algerian National Navy, Algerian People's Party, Algerian War, ... Expand index (479 more) »

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See History of Algeria and Abbasid Caliphate

Abd al-Haqq II

Abd al-Haqq II (Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman Abu Muhammad; 1419 – 14 August 1465) was Marinid Sultan of Morocco from 1420 to 1465.

See History of Algeria and Abd al-Haqq II

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (translit; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705.

See History of Algeria and Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Abd al-Mu'min

Abd al Mu'min (c. 1094–1163) (عبد المؤمن بن علي or عبد المومن الــكـومي; full name: ʿAbd al-Muʾmin ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAlwī ibn Yaʿlā al-Kūmī Abū Muḥammad) was a prominent member of the Almohad movement.

See History of Algeria and Abd al-Mu'min

Abd al-Wahid I

Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid 'al-Makhlu' (also known as Abd al-Wahid I, أبو محمد عبد الواحد بن يوسف Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Yūsuf) was the Almohad Caliph for less than a year in 1224.

See History of Algeria and Abd al-Wahid I

Abdallah al-Adil

Abu Muhammad ʿAbdallah 'al-ʿAdil' (عبد الله ʿAbd Allāh; d. October 4, 1227) was an Almohad Caliph, a former governor in al-Andalus who challenged and secured the murder of his predecessor, Abd al-Wahid I. His 1224 coup ushered in a period of instability that lasted well beyond his own death in 1227.

See History of Algeria and Abdallah al-Adil

Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika (ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Būtaflīqa; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as the seventh president of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019.

See History of Algeria and Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelkader Bensalah

Abdelkader Bensalah (ʿAbd āl-Qādar bin Ṣāliḥ, 24 November 1941 – 22 September 2021) was an Algerian politician.

See History of Algeria and Abdelkader Bensalah

Abdelkader Hachani

Abdelkader Hachani (عبد القادر حشاني; 26 December 1956 – 22 November 1999) was a leading figure and founding member of the Islamic Salvation Front (or FIS), an Algerian Islamic party.

See History of Algeria and Abdelkader Hachani

Abdelmadjid Tebboune

Abdelmadjid Tebboune (ʿAbd al-Majīd Tabbūn; born 17 November 1945) is an Algerian politician currently serving as the President of Algeria since December 2019 and as Minister of Defence.

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Abdelmalek Guenaizia

Abdelmalek Guenaïzia was a major general and Algerian politician who served as Chief of Staff of the People's National Army from 1990 to 1993 and Delegate Minister to the Minister of Defense from 2005 to 2013.

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Abraham Duquesne

Abraham Duquesne, marquis du Bouchet (2 February 1688) was a French naval officer, who also saw service as an admiral in the Swedish navy.

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Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman

Abu Al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Othman (– 24 May 1351), was a sultan of the Marinid dynasty who reigned in Morocco between 1331 and 1348.

See History of Algeria and Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman

Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II

Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II (reigned 1394–1434) was a Hafsid Caliph of Ifriqiya.

See History of Algeria and Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II

Abu Hammu I

Musa ibn Abī Saʿīd ʿUt̲h̲mān ibn Yag̲h̲murāsan (died 1318), known as Abu Hammu I, was the fourth Zayyanid Sultan of the Kingdom of Tlemcen.

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Abu Hammu II

Abu Hammu II (died 1389) was a Zayyanid sultan of the Kingdom of Tlemcen in Algeria in the 14th century.

See History of Algeria and Abu Hammu II

Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari

Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (translit; 874–936 CE) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist of the Shafi'i school, exegete, reformer, and scholastic theologian known for being the eponymous founder of the Ash'ari school of Islamic theology.

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Abu Inan Faris

Abu Inan Faris (1329 – 10 January 1358) (أبو عنان فارس بن علي) was a Marinid ruler of Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Abu Inan Faris

Abu Said Uthman III

Abu Said Uthman III (Abu Said Uthman ibn Abi l-Abbas ibn Abi Salim), (1383 – 21 October 1420) was Marinid ruler of Morocco from 19 March 1398 to 1420, the last effective ruler of that dynasty.

See History of Algeria and Abu Said Uthman III

Abu Tashufin I

Abu Tashufin I (Arabic: أبو تاشفين ابن أبو حمو موسى الأول; Abu Tashufin Abd al Rahman Ibn Abu Musa Al-awal), was the 5th Sultan of the Zayyanid dynasty ruling the Kingdom of Tlemcen, in medieval Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Abu Tashufin I

Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II

Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II (أبو يحيى أبو بكر المتوكل) (died 19 October 1346) was the Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya from 1318 to 1346.

See History of Algeria and Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II

Abu Yaqub Yusuf

Abu Ya`qub Yusuf or Yusuf I (Abū Ya‘qūb Yūsuf; 1135 – 14 October 1184) was the second Almohad Amir or caliph.

See History of Algeria and Abu Yaqub Yusuf

Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr

Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr (died 13 May 1307) was a Marinid ruler of Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr

Abu Yazid

Abū Yazīd Makhlad ibn Kaydād (– 19 August 947), also known as the Man on the Donkey, was an Ibadi Berber of the Banu Ifran tribe who led a rebellion against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria) starting in 944.

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Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Ziyan al-Wattasi (died 1448) (abū zakarīyā' yaḥyā ben ziyān al-waṭṭāsī أبو زكرياء يحيى بن زيان الوطاس. was a vizier of the Marinid sultan of Fez, regent and effective strongman ruler of Morocco from 1420 until 1448. He is the founder of the Wattasid dynasty of viziers and later sultans, and as such often designated as Yahya I in Wattasid lists.

See History of Algeria and Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali

Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1109–1167) was the last ruler of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (1121–1148).

See History of Algeria and Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali

Achir

Achir or Ashir (آشير) is a medieval city in Algeria, first capital of the Muslim dynasty of the Zirids, which ruled under Fatimid suzerainty in the 10th–11th centuries.

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Adherbal (king of Numidia)

Adherbal (𐤀𐤃𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋), son of Micipsa and grandson of Masinissa, was a king of Numidia between 118 and 112 BC.

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Africa (Roman province)

Africa was a Roman province on the northern coast of the continent of Africa.

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Aghmat

Aghmat (Tashelhit: Aɣmat, Āghmāt; pronounced locally Ughmat, Uɣmat) was an important commercial medieval Berber town in Morocco.

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Agriculture

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.

See History of Algeria and Agriculture

Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Ben Bella (أحمد بن بلّة; 25 December 1916 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 and then the first president of Algeria from 15 September 1963 to 19 June 1965.

See History of Algeria and Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Benbitour

Ahmed Benbitour (أحمد بن بيتور; born 20 June 1946) is an Algerian politician who was Head of Government of Algeria from 1999 to 2000.

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Ahmed Gaid Salah

Ahmed Gaid Salah (أحمد قايد صالح; 13 January 1940 – 23 December 2019) was a senior leader in the Algerian People's National Army.

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Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi

Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi (أحمد طالب الإبراهيمي; born 5 January 1932) is an Algerian politician and intellectual.

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Ajdabiya

Ajdabiya (Aǧdābiyā) is a town in and capital of the Al Wahat District in northeastern Libya.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Al-Ghazali

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.

See History of Algeria and Al-Ghazali

Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin

al-Mansûr ibn Buluggin (died 995) was the second ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (r. 984–995).

See History of Algeria and Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin

Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis

Al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs (1008–1062) was the fourth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya, reigning from 1016 to 1062.

See History of Algeria and Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis

Alcázar of Seville

The Alcázar of Seville, officially called Royal Alcázar of Seville (Real Alcázar de Sevilla or Reales Alcázares de Sevilla), is a historic royal palace in Seville, Spain.

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Alejandro O'Reilly

Alejandro O'Reilly, 1st Count of O'Reilly, KOA (October 24, 1723 in Baltrasna, County Meath, Ireland – March 23, 1794 in Bonete, Spain), English: Alexander, Count of O'Reilly, Irish: Alastar Ó Raghallaigh, was an Irish-born military reformer and Inspector-General of Infantry for the Spanish Empire in the second half of the 18th century.

See History of Algeria and Alejandro O'Reilly

Alfonso VIII of Castile

Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo.

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Alfonso X of Castile

Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284.

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Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.

See History of Algeria and Algeria

Algerian Civil War

The Algerian Civil War (الحرب الأهلية الجزائرية), known in Algeria as the Black Decade (العشرية السوداء, La décennie noire), was a civil war fought between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups from 11 January 1992 (following a coup negating an Islamist electoral victory) to 8 February 2002.

See History of Algeria and Algerian Civil War

Algerian National Movement

The Algerian National Movement (MNA; الحركة الوطنية الجزائرية) was a political party and movement founded by Messali Hadj in November 1, 1954 to counteract the efforts of the National Liberation Front (FLN) during the Algerian War.

See History of Algeria and Algerian National Movement

Algerian National Navy

The Algerian Naval Force (ANF; القوات البحرية الجزائرية, Forces Navales Algériennes) is the naval branch of the Algerian military.

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Algerian People's Party

The Algerian People's Party, was a successor organization of the North African Star, led by veteran Algerian nationalist Messali Hadj.

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Algerian War

The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence)الثورة الجزائرية al-Thawra al-Jaza'iriyah; Guerre d'Algérie (and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November) was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.

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Algiers

Algiers (al-Jazāʾir) is the capital and largest city of Algeria, located in the north-central part of the country.

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Algiers expedition (1516)

The Algiers expedition of 1516 was an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire and the Sheikh of Ténès to overthrow the newly formed Sultanate of Algiers.

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Algiers expedition (1519)

In 1519, a joint Spanish-Italian attack on Algiers was ordered by Charles V and commanded by Hugo of Moncada.

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Algiers expedition (1541)

The 1541 Algiers expedition occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain attempted to lead an amphibious attack against the Regency of Algiers.

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Ali Haroun

Mohamed Ali Haroun (علي هارون; born 8 February 1927) is an Algerian politician.

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Ali ibn Yusuf

Ali ibn Yusuf (also known as "Ali Ben Youssef") (c. 1084 – 28 January 1143) was the 5th Almoravid emir.

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Ali Kafi

Ali Kafi (علي كافي; ALA-LC: ʿAlī Kāfī; 7 October 1928 – 16 April 2013) was an Algerian politician who was Chairman of the High Council of State and acting President from 1992 to 1994.

See History of Algeria and Ali Kafi

Almanzor

Abu ʿĀmir Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn Abi ʿĀmir al-Maʿafiri (أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر المعافري), nicknamed al-Manṣūr (المنصور, "the Victorious"), which is often Latinized as Almanzor in Spanish, Almansor in Catalan and Almançor in Portuguese (c.

See History of Algeria and Almanzor

Almohad Caliphate

The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.

See History of Algeria and Almohad Caliphate

Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)

The Almohad Caliphate launched a major offensive against the Kingdom of Portugal in the spring of 1190 that lasted into the summer of 1191.

See History of Algeria and Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)

Almohad doctrine

Almohad doctrine or Almohadism was the ideology underpinning the Almohad movement, founded by Ibn Tumart, which created the Almohad Empire during the 12th to 13th centuries.

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Almoravid dynasty

The Almoravid dynasty (lit) was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Almoravid dynasty

Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.

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Anglo-Turkish piracy

Anglo-Turkish piracy or the Anglo-Barbary piracy was the collaboration between Barbary pirates and English pirates against Catholic shipping during the 17th century.

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Anthropomorphism

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

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Apostasy

Apostasy (defection, revolt) is the formal disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person.

See History of Algeria and Apostasy

Appian

Appian of Alexandria (Appianòs Alexandreús; Appianus Alexandrinus) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.

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Arab Spring

The Arab Spring (ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the Second Arab Spring) was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s.

See History of Algeria and Arab Spring

Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Arabs

Aragon

Aragon (Spanish and Aragón; Aragó) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.

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Aruj Barbarossa

Aruj Barbarossa (1474 – 1518), known as Oruç Reis (عروج بربروس) to the Turks, was an Ottoman corsair who became Sultan of Algiers.

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Ashgate Publishing

Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).

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Assassination

Assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important.

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Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.

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Atlas Mountains

The Atlas Mountains are a mountain range in the Maghreb in North Africa.

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Averroes

Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد; full name in; 14 April 112611 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.

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Évian Accords

The Évian Accords were a set of peace treaties signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN (Front de Libération Nationale), which sought Algeria's independence from France.

See History of Algeria and Évian Accords

Évian-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains, or simply Évian (Èvian, Évyan, or L'Èvian), is a commune in Eastern France, by the border with Switzerland.

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Baba Ali Chaouch

Baba Ali Chaouch, also known as Ali Soukali, or simply Ali I, was a ruler of the Deylik of Algiers from 1710 to 1718.

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Baba Hassan

Baba Hassan was the 2nd ruler and Dey of Algiers.

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Baba Mohammed ben-Osman

Baba Mohammed ben-Osman or Muhammad V ben Osman was Dey of the Deylik of Algiers from 1766 to 1791 and the adoptive father of Baba Hassan Pacha and the grandfather of Mustapha Pacha.

See History of Algeria and Baba Mohammed ben-Osman

Badis ibn al-Mansur

Bādīs ibn al-Manṣūr (died 1016), known fully as ʾAbū Manād Bādīs Nāṣir al-Dawla (أبو مناد باديس ناصر الدولة), was the third ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya from 996 to 1016.

See History of Algeria and Badis ibn al-Mansur

Baeza, Spain

Baeza is a city and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Jaén, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Banu Hilal

The Banu Hilal (translit) was a confederation of Arab tribes from the Najd region of the central Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to the Maghreb region of North Africa in the 11th century.

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Banu Ifran

The Banu Ifran (بنو يفرن, Banu Yafran) or Ifranids, were a Zenata Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa.

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Banu Khazrun

The Banu Khazrun were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled Tripoli from 1001 to 1146.

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Banu Sulaym

The Banu Sulaym (بنو سليم) is an Arab tribe that dominated part of the Hejaz in the pre-Islamic era.

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Barbary Coast

The Barbary Coast (also Barbary, Berbery, or Berber Coast) was the name given to the coastal regions of central and western North Africa or more specifically the Maghreb and the Ottoman borderlands consisting of the regencies in Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, as well as the Sultanate of Morocco from the 16th to 19th centuries.

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Barbary pirates

The Barbary pirates, Barbary corsairs, Ottoman corsairs, or naval mujahideen (in Muslim sources) were mainly Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states.

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Barbary slave trade

The Barbary slave trade involved the capture and selling of European slaves at African slave markets in the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states.

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Barghawata

The Barghawatas (also Barghwata or Berghouata) were a Berber tribal confederation on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belonging to the Masmuda confederacy.

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Barzakh Editions

Barzakh Editions (Éditions Barzakh; دار البرزخ للنشر) is an independent publishing house in Algeria.

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Battle of al-Buhayra

The Battle of al-Buhayra was a battle between the Almoravid and the Almohad armies in May 1130 CE just outside Marrakesh, Morocco.

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Battle of Alarcos

Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195), was fought between the Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur and King Alfonso VIII of Castile.

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Battle of Chelif

The Battle of Chelif or Battle of Djidouia took place on 28 April 1701 on the banks of the Chelif River.

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Battle of Haydaran

The Battle of Haydaran or the Battle of Jabal Haydaran was an armed conflict which took place on 14 April 1052 between the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal and the Zirid dynasty in modern-day South-East Tunisia, it was part of the Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya.

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Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and the medieval history of Spain.

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Battle of Moulouya

The Battle of Moulouya took place in May 1692 at a ford on the Moulouya river in Morocco.

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Battle of Oujda

The Battle of Oujda occurred when the Almohad Caliph, supported by the Marinids, directed an offensive against the Zayyanids.

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Béjaïa

Béjaïa (بجاية, Bijāya,, Bgayet) formerly Bougie and Bugia, is a Mediterranean port city and commune on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province, Kabylia.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

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Berber languages

The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

See History of Algeria and Berber languages

Berber Revolt

The Berber Revolt or the Kharijite Revolt of 740–743 AD (122–125 AH in the Islamic calendar) took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).

See History of Algeria and Berber Revolt

Berbers

Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.

See History of Algeria and Berbers

Beylerbey

Beylerbey (lit, meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords') was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Ilkhanids to Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Algeria and Beylerbey

Biskra

Biskra (بسكرة) is the capital city of Biskra Province, Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Biskra

Bithynia

Bithynia (Bithynía) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea.

See History of Algeria and Bithynia

Bocchus I

Bocchus, often referred to as Bocchus I for clarity, was king of Mauretania from – 80 BCE.

See History of Algeria and Bocchus I

Bombardment of Algiers (1682)

The bombardment of Algiers in 1682 was a naval operation by France against the Regency of Algiers during the French-Algerian War 1681–1688.

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Bombardment of Algiers (1683)

The bombardment of Algiers in 1683 was a French naval operation against the Regency of Algiers during the French-Algerian War 1681–88.

See History of Algeria and Bombardment of Algiers (1683)

Bombardment of Algiers (1688)

The bombardment of Algiers in 1688 was a military expedition ordered by Louis XIV against the Regency of Algiers in order to enforce the peace treaty of 1683 which had been violated by Algerian pirates.

See History of Algeria and Bombardment of Algiers (1688)

Bombardment of Algiers (1784)

The 2nd Bombardment of Algiers took place between 12 and 21 July 1784.

See History of Algeria and Bombardment of Algiers (1784)

Bombardment of Algiers (1816)

The Bombardment of Algiers was an attempt on 27 August 1816 by Britain and the Netherlands to end the slavery practices of Omar Agha, the Dey of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Bombardment of Algiers (1816)

Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Buluggin ibn Ziri

Buluggin ibn Ziri, often transliterated Bologhine, in full ʾAbū al Futūḥ Sayf ad Dawlah Bulukīn ibn Zīrī ibn Manād aṣ Ṣanhājī (أبو الفتوح سيف الدولة بلكين بن زيري بن مناد الصنهاجي; died 984) was the first leader of the Sanhaja Berber dynasty of Zirids to serve as viceroy of Ifriqiya under the Fatimid Caliphs, founding a dynasty that continued to rule the region after him.

See History of Algeria and Buluggin ibn Ziri

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See History of Algeria and Byzantine Empire

Cabinet of Algeria

The Council of Ministers is an Algerian government body established by the Algerian Constitution to discuss and adopt some of the main acts of executive power, such as the tabling of government bills or the appointment of senior officials.

See History of Algeria and Cabinet of Algeria

Calabria

Calabria is a region in southern Italy.

See History of Algeria and Calabria

Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

See History of Algeria and Caliphate

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See History of Algeria and Cambridge University Press

Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)

The Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) was a military operation led by the Regency of Algiers under Hasan Pasha and his ally Abdelaziz, following the capture of Tlemcen by the Saadi Sultanate in June 1550.

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Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)

The Campaign of Tlemcen or Tlemcen campaign was a military operation led by the Saadians of Mohammed ash-Sheikh against Tlemcen in 1557, then under the domination of the Regency of Algiers, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.

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Capture of Fez (1554)

The Conquest of Fez or Capture of Fez took place in 1554 between the Algerian forces of Salah Rais and the ruler of the Saadi Sultanate, Mohammed ash-Sheikh.

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Capture of Fez (1576)

The Capture of Fez occurred in 1576 at the Moroccan city of Fez, when an Ottoman force from Algiers supported the prince Abd al-Malik in gaining the throne of the Saadi Sultanate against his nephew and rival claimant Mulay Muhammed al-Mutawakkil in exchange for making the Sultanate an Ottoman vassal.

See History of Algeria and Capture of Fez (1576)

Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.

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Casus belli

A casus belli is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war.

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Cave painting

In archaeology, cave paintings are a type of parietal art (which category also includes petroglyphs, or engravings), found on the wall or ceilings of caves.

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Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

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Chadli Bendjedid

Chadli Bendjedid (الشاذلي بن جديد; ALA-LC: ash-Shādhilī bin Jadīd; 14 April 1929 – 6 October 2012) was an Algerian nationalist politician who served as the third President of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Chadli Bendjedid

Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788.

See History of Algeria and Charles III of Spain

Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego de Borbón y Sajonia; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain and ruler of the Spanish Empire from 1788 to 1808.

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Chelif River

Chelif River (وادي الشلف) (also spelled Chéliff, or Sheliff) is a river in Algeria, the longest in the country.

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Cherchell

Cherchell (Arabic: شرشال) is a town on Algeria's Mediterranean coast, west of Algiers.

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Chlef

Chlef (الشلف.) is the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Chlef

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See History of Algeria and Christianity

Clan

A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.

See History of Algeria and Clan

Client state

In the field of international relations, a client state, is a state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state.

See History of Algeria and Client state

Coastal plain

A coastal plain (also coastal plains, coastal lowland, coastal lowlands) is flat, low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast.

See History of Algeria and Coastal plain

Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

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Colonization

independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism.

See History of Algeria and Colonization

Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states or communities united for purposes of common action.

See History of Algeria and Confederation

Constantine, Algeria

Constantine (Qusanṭīnah), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Constantine, Algeria

Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Constitution of Algeria

An Algerian Constitution was first adopted by a referendum in 1963, following the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62); originally, it was to be drafted by a constitutional assembly led by Ferhat Abbas, but this body was sidelined by Algeria's first President, Ahmed Ben Bella.

See History of Algeria and Constitution of Algeria

Constitutional law

Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments.

See History of Algeria and Constitutional law

Council of the Nation

The Council of the Nation (Majlis al-Ummah) is the upper house of the Algerian Parliament.

See History of Algeria and Council of the Nation

Coup d'état

A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.

See History of Algeria and Coup d'état

COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.

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COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria

The COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

See History of Algeria and COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria

Crémieux Decree

The Crémieux Decree was a law that granted French citizenship to the majority of the Jewish population in French Algeria (around 35,000), signed by the Government of National Defense on 24 October 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum.

See History of Algeria and Crown of Aragon

Culture of Algeria

The culture of Algeria encompasses literature, music, religion, cuisine, and other facets of life in Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Culture of Algeria

Cyrenaica

Cyrenaica or Kyrenaika (Barqah, Kurēnaïkḗ, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya.

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Dahra Range

The Dahra Range is a mountain range located in northern Algeria.

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De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

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Death flights

Death flights (vuelos de la muerte) are a form of extrajudicial killing in which the victims are dropped to their death from airplanes or helicopters into oceans, large rivers or even mountains.

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Decolonization

independence. Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.

See History of Algeria and Decolonization

Dellys

Dellys (دلّس, Berber: Delles) is a small Mediterranean town in northern Algeria's coastal Boumerdès Province, almost due north of Tizi-Ouzou and just east of the Sebaou River.

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Delos

Delos (Δήλος; Δῆλος, Δᾶλος), is a small Greek island near Mykonos, close to the centre of the Cyclades archipelago.

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Democratic National Rally

The Democratic National Rally (translit;, RND) is a political party in Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Democratic National Rally

Denmark–Norway

Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge) is a term for the 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real unionFeldbæk 1998:11 consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.

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Dey

Dey (داي), from the Turkish honorific title dayı, literally meaning uncle, was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria), Tripoli,Bertarelli (1929), p. 203.

See History of Algeria and Dey

Disembowelment

Disembowelment, disemboweling, evisceration, eviscerating or gutting is the removal of organs from the gastrointestinal tract (bowels or viscera), usually through an incision made across the abdominal area.

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Djerba

Djerba (Jirba,; Meninge, Girba), also transliterated as Jerba or Jarbah, is a Tunisian island and the largest island of North Africa at, in the Gulf of Gabès, off the coast of Tunisia.

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Domestication

Domestication is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship in which an animal species, such as humans or leafcutter ants, takes over control and care of another species, such as sheep or fungi, to obtain from them a steady supply of resources, such as meat, milk, or labor.

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Draa River

The Draa (Asif en Dra, ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴻⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ, wad dərʿa; also spelled Dra or Drâa, in older sources mostly Darha or Dara, Darat) is Morocco's longest river, at.

See History of Algeria and Draa River

Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

See History of Algeria and Dutch people

Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Ebro

The Ebro (Spanish and Basque; Ebre) is a river of the north and northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain.

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Economic system

An economic system, or economic order, is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society.

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Economy of Algeria

The economy of Algeria deals with Algeria's current and structural economic situation.

See History of Algeria and Economy of Algeria

Edwin Mellen Press

The Edwin Mellen Press, sometimes stylised as Mellen Press, is an academic publisher.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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El Kala

El Kala (القالة, Latin Thinisa in Numidia) is a seaport of Algeria, in El Tarf Province, 56 miles (90 km) by rail east of Annaba and 10 miles (16 km) west of the Tunisian frontier.

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El Watan

(Arabic:الوطن, meaning the Homeland) is an independent French-language newspaper in Algeria.

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Elections in Algeria

Algeria elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature.

See History of Algeria and Elections in Algeria

Emir

Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

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Emir Abdelkader

Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhyi al-Din (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; عبد القادر ابن محي الدين), known as the Emir Abdelkader or Abd al-Qadir al-Hassani al-Jaza'iri, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion of Algiers in the early 19th century.

See History of Algeria and Emir Abdelkader

Emirate

An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world.

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Emirate of Granada

The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty.

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Encyclopaedia of Islam

The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.

See History of Algeria and Encyclopaedia of Islam

Enforced disappearance

An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person with the support or acquiescence of a state followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate or whereabouts with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European enclaves in North Africa before 1830

The European enclaves in North Africa (technically 'semi-enclaves') were towns, fortifications and trading posts on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of western North Africa (sometimes called also "Maghreb"), obtained by various European powers in the period before they had the military capacity to occupy the interior (i.e.

See History of Algeria and European enclaves in North Africa before 1830

Exarchate of Africa

The Exarchate of Africa was a division of the Byzantine Empire around Carthage that encompassed its possessions on the Western Mediterranean.

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Explosion

An explosion is a rapid expansion in volume of a given amount of matter associated with an extreme outward release of energy, usually with the generation of high temperatures and release of high-pressure gases.

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Facebook

Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by American technology conglomerate Meta.

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Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.

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Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

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Fatimid dynasty

The Fatimid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that ruled the Fatimid Caliphate, between 909 and 1171 CE.

See History of Algeria and Fatimid dynasty

Ferdinand III of Castile

Ferdinand III (Fernando; 1199/120130 May 1252), called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231.

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Ferhat Abbas

Ferhat Abbas (فرحات عباس; ALA-LC:; 24 August 1899 – 24 December 1985) was an Algerian politician who acted in a provisional capacity as the then yet-to-become independent country's Prime Minister from 1958 to 1961, as well as the first President of the National Assembly and the first acting Chief of State after independence.

See History of Algeria and Ferhat Abbas

Fez, Morocco

Fez or Fes (fās) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fès-Meknès administrative region.

See History of Algeria and Fez, Morocco

Fezzan

Fezzan (Fezzan; فَزَّان|Fazzān; Phazania) is the southwestern region of modern Libya.

See History of Algeria and Fezzan

First Barbary War

The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the Barbary Wars, in which the United States and Sweden fought against Tripolitania.

See History of Algeria and First Barbary War

First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1553)

The Battle of the Kalâa of the Beni Abbes took place during the winter of 1553 between the regency of Algiers and the Kingdom of Beni Abbas.

See History of Algeria and First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1553)

First French Empire

The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, OFM (1436 – 8 November 1517) was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman.

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Franco-Algerian war (1681–1688)

The French-Algerian War of 1681–1688 was part of a wider campaign by France against the Barbary Pirates in the 1680s.

See History of Algeria and Franco-Algerian war (1681–1688)

French Algeria

French Algeria (Alger until 1839, then Algérie afterwards; unofficially Algérie française, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France.

See History of Algeria and French Algeria

French Army

The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (Armée de terre), is the principal land warfare force of France, and the largest component of the French Armed Forces; it is responsible to the Government of France, alongside the French Navy, French Air and Space Force, and the National Gendarmerie.

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French conquest of Algeria

The French conquest of Algeria took place between 1830 and 1903.

See History of Algeria and French conquest of Algeria

French invasion of Egypt and Syria

The French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was an invasion and occupation of the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, by forces of the French First Republic led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

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French Liberation Army

The French Liberation Army (Armée française de la Libération or AFL) was the reunified French Army that arose from the merging of the Armée d'Afrique with the prior Free French Forces (label or FFL) during World War II.

See History of Algeria and French Liberation Army

French Second Republic

The French Second Republic, officially the French Republic, was the second republican government of France.

See History of Algeria and French Second Republic

Frigate

A frigate is a type of warship.

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Gabès

Gabès (Gābis), also spelled Cabès, Cabes, Kabes, Gabbs and Gaps, is the capital city of the Gabès Governorate in Tunisia.

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Gabriel Camps

Gabriel Camps (May 20, 1927 – September 6, 2002) was a French archaeologist and social anthropologist, the founder of the Encyclopédie berbère and is considered a prestigious scholar on the history of the Berber people.

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Gaetuli

Gaetuli was the Romanised name of an ancient Berber tribe inhabiting Getulia.

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Gaia (king)

Gaia (Numidian) (died 207 BCE) was a Berber king of the Massylii,Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 24.48 an eastern Numidian tribe in North Africa.

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Gaius Marius

Gaius Marius (– 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Gaius Memmius (governor of Macedonia)

Gaius Memmius (c. 140s BC – December 100 BC) was a Roman politician.

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Gendarmerie Nationale (Algeria)

The Gendarmerie Nationale (الدرك الوطني), is the national gendarmerie force of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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George Maniakes

George Maniakes (transliterated as Georgios Maniaces, Maniakis, or Maniaches;; died 1043) was a prominent general of the Byzantine Empire during the 11th century.

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George of Antioch

George of Antioch (Greek: Γεώργιος ό Άντιοχεύς; died 1151 or 1152Al-Maqrizi, Kitab al-Tarikh al-Muqaffa li-Misr, in Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Dīwān, ed. and trans. Jeremy Johns, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 80-82.) was a court official and military officer in the Norman Kingdom of SicilyDawn Marie Hayes, “The Devotion of Roger II,” in Roger II of Sicily: Family, Faith, and Empire in the Medieval Mediterranean World (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2020), 116.

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Giralda

The Giralda (La Giralda) is the bell tower of Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain.

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Granada

Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.

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Hafsid dynasty

The Hafsids (الحفصيون al-Ḥafṣiyūn) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa, (University Press of America, 1999), 84. who ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia, western Libya, and eastern Algeria) from 1229 to 1574.

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Hafsids of Béjaïa

The Hafsids of Béjaïa were a dynasty of independent or autonomous emirs.

See History of Algeria and Hafsids of Béjaïa

Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)

Haji Ali ben Khalil was Dey of the Deylik of Algiers from 1809 - 1815.

See History of Algeria and Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)

Hammad ibn Buluggin

Hammad ibn Buluggin (died 1028) was the first ruler of the Hammadid dynasty in what is now Algeria (1014–1028).

See History of Algeria and Hammad ibn Buluggin

Hammadid dynasty

The Hammadid dynasty (Hammad), also known as the Hammadid Emirate or the Kingdom of Bejaia, was a medieval Islamic kingdom located in the central Maghreb, encompassing present-day Algeria.

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Harki

Harki (adjective from the Algerian Arabic "ḥarka", standard Arabic "ḥaraka", "war party" or "movement", i.e., a group of volunteers, especially soldiers) is the generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the French Army during the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962.

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Hasan Agha

Hasan Agha or Hadım Hassan Ağa, also Hassan the eunuch, was a Sardinian renegade and effective ruler of the Regency of Algiers from 1533 to 1545.

See History of Algeria and Hasan Agha

Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)

Hasan Pasha (c. 1517 – 4 July 1572) was the son of Hayreddin Barbarossa and three-times Beylerbey of the Regency of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)

Hawwara

The Hawwara is an Arab-Berber tribal confederation in the Maghreb, primarily in Tripolitania, with descendants in Upper Egypt and Sudan.

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Hayreddin Barbarossa

Hayreddin Barbarossa (Khayr al-Din Barbarus, original name: Khiḍr; Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa), also known as Hayreddin Pasha, Hızır Hayrettin Pasha, and simply Hızır Reis (c. 1466/1483 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman corsair and later admiral of the Ottoman Navy.

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Hélie de Saint Marc

Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc or Hélie de Saint Marc, (11 February 1922 – 26 August 2013) was a senior member of the French Resistance and a senior active officer of the French Army, having served in the French Foreign Legion, in particular at the heart and corps of the Foreign Airborne Battalions and Regiments, the heirs of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2ème REP, a part constituent of the 11th Parachute Brigade.

See History of Algeria and Hélie de Saint Marc

Head of government

In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.

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Head of state

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.

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Hiempsal I

Hiempsal I (died c. 117 BC), son of Micipsa and grandson of Masinissa, was a king of Numidia in the late 2nd century BC.

See History of Algeria and Hiempsal I

High Atlas

The High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas, is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa, the highest part of the Atlas Mountains.

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High Council of State (Algeria)

The High Council of State in Algeria was a collective presidency set up by the Algerian High Council of Security on 14 January 1992 following the annulled elections in December 1991.

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Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya

The Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya refers to the migration of Arab tribes of Banu Hilal to Ifriqiya.

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Himyarite Kingdom

The Himyarite Kingdom was a polity in the southern highlands of Yemen, as well as the name of the region which it claimed.

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Hintata

The Hintata or Hin Tata were a Berber tribal confederation belonging to the tribal group Masmuda of the High Atlas, Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Hintata

Hirak (Algeria)

The 2019–2021 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles or Hirak (translit), began on 16 February 2019, six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement.

See History of Algeria and Hirak (Algeria)

Hisham II

Hisham II or Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah (ابو الولید ھشامالمؤيد بالله, Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Córdoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976 to 1009, and from 1010 to 1013.

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History of Africa

Archaic humans emerged out of Africa between 0.5 and 1.8 million years ago.

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History of North Africa

The history of North Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its classical period, the arrival and spread of Islam, the colonial period, and finally the post-independence era, in which the current nations were formed.

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Hocine Aït Ahmed

Hocine Aït Ahmed (حسين آيت أحمد‎; 20 August 1926 – 23 December 2015) was an Algerian politician.

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Homo erectus

Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.

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Houari Boumédiène

Houari Boumédiène (translit; born Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba; 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an Algerian military officer and politician who served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second president of Algeria until his death in 1978.

See History of Algeria and Houari Boumédiène

House arrest

In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence.

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Human Rights League (France)

The Human Rights League (Ligue des droits de l’homme or LDH) of France is a Human Rights NGO association to observe, defend and promulgate human rights within the French Republic in all spheres of public life.

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Hussein Dey

Hussein Dey (real name Hüseyin bin Hüseyin; 1765 – 1838; حسين داي) was the last Dey of the Deylik of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Hussein Dey

Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Ibn Khaldun

Ibn Khaldun (أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي.,, Arabic:; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by many to be the father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.

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Ibn Tumart

Abu Abd Allah Amghar Ibn Tumart (Berber: Amghar ibn Tumert, أبو عبد الله امغار ابن تومرت, ca. 1080–1130 or 1128) was a Muslim Berber religious scholar, teacher and political leader, from the Sous in southern present-day Morocco.

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Idris al-Wathiq

Abu Idris al-Wathiq (أبو العلا أبو الدبوس الواثق بالله إدريس بن محمد بن أبي عبد الله محمد بن أبي حفص بن عبد المؤمن.; died 1269), known as Abu Dabbus, was the last Almohad caliph who reigned in Marrakesh from 1266 until his death.

See History of Algeria and Idris al-Wathiq

Idrisid dynasty

The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids (الأدارسة) were an Arab Muslim dynasty from 788 to 974, ruling most of present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria.

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Ifriqiya

Ifriqiya, also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna (المغرب الأدنى), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia and eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya).

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Ijma

Ijma (lit) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law.

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In Salah Province

The wilaya of Ain Salah (ولاية عين صالح) is an Algerian wilaya created in 2019, previously, a delegated wilaya created in 2015.

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Independence Day (Algeria)

Independence Day (Jour de l'Indépendance), observed annually on 5 July, is a National Holiday in Algeria commemorating colonial Algerian independence from France on 5 July 1962.

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Indiana University Press

Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.

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Institut national de l'audiovisuel

The italic (abbrev. INA), is a repository of all French radio and television audiovisual archives.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islamic Salvation Front

The Islamic Salvation Front (al-Jabhah al-Islāmiyah lil-Inqādh; Front islamique du salut, FIS) was an Islamist political party in Algeria.

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Isma'ilism

Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.

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Jaén, Spain

Jaén is a municipality of Spain and the capital of the province of Jaén, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Jacques Duquesne (journalist)

Jacques Duquesne, (born on March 18, 1930 in Dunkirk and died July 5, 2023 in Paris) was a French journalist and writer.

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Jacques Soustelle

Jacques Soustelle (3 February 1912 – 6 August 1990) was an important and early figure of the Free French Forces, a politician who served in the French National Assembly and at one time served as Governor General of Algeria, an anthropologist specializing in Pre-Columbian civilizations, and vice-director of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris in 1939.

See History of Algeria and Jacques Soustelle

Jawhar (general)

Al-Qaid Jawhar ibn Abdallah (Jawhar ibn ʿAbd Allāh, better known as Jawhar al Siqilli, al-Qaid al-Siqilli, "The Sicilian General", or al-Saqlabi, "The Slav"; born in the Byzantine empire and died 28 April 992) was a Shia Muslim Fatimid general who led the conquest of Maghreb, and subsequently the conquest of Egypt, for the 4th Fatimid Imam-Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah.

See History of Algeria and Jawhar (general)

Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Jihad

Jihad (jihād) is an Arabic word which literally means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.

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José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar

José Carrillo de Albornoz y Montiel, 1st Duke of Montemar (8 October 1671 – 26 June 1747) was a Spanish nobleman and military leader, who conquered the Two Sicilies, Oran and Mazalquivir, and was Viceroy of Sicily from 1734 to 1737.

See History of Algeria and José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar

Jugurtha

Jugurtha or Jugurthen (Libyco-Berber Yugurten or Yugarten, c. 160 – 104 BC) was a king of Numidia.

See History of Algeria and Jugurtha

Kabyle people

The Kabyle people (Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen,, al-qabā'il) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Kabyle people

Kabylia

Kabylia or Kabylie (Kabyle: Tamurt n Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen, meaning "Land of Kabyles",, meaning "Land of the Tribes") is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people.

See History of Algeria and Kabylia

Kairouan

Kairouan, also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan (al-Qayrawān, Qeirwān), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Kalbids

The Kalbids were a Muslim Arab dynasty which ruled the Emirate of Sicily from 948 to 1053.

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Khaled Nezzar

Major-General Khaled Nezzar (خالد نزّار; 25 December 1937 – 29 December 2023) was an Algerian general and a member of the High Council of State of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Khaled Nezzar

Kharijites

The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

See History of Algeria and Kharijites

Kingdom of Aragon

The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón; Regne d'Aragó; Regnum Aragoniae; Reino de Aragón) or Imperial Aragon (Aragón Imperial) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.

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Kingdom of Beni Abbas

The Kingdom of the Ait Abbas or Sultanate of the Beni Abbas (ⵜⴰⴳⴻⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵄⴻⴱⴱⴰⵙ; سلطنة بني عباس salṭanat Beni Ɛabbas) was a Kabyle, Berber state of North Africa, then a fief and a principality, controlling Lesser Kabylie and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century.

See History of Algeria and Kingdom of Beni Abbas

Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.

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Kingdom of Kuku

The Kingdom of Kuku (Kingdom of Koukou) was a Kabyle Berber kingdom.

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic.

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Kingdom of Tlemcen

The Kingdom of Tlemcen or Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (الزيانيون) was a kingdom ruled by the Berber Zayyanid dynasty in what is now the northwest of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Kingdom of Tlemcen

Kutama

The Kutama (Berber: Ikutamen; كتامة) were a Berber tribe in northern Algeria classified among the Berber confederation of the Bavares.

See History of Algeria and Kutama

L'Humanité

() is a French daily newspaper.

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Larbi Belkheir

Maj.-Gen.

See History of Algeria and Larbi Belkheir

Latinisation of names

Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation, is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a modern Latin style.

See History of Algeria and Latinisation of names

Le Monde

Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper.

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Lewiston, New York

Lewiston is a town in Niagara County, New York, United States.

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Liamine Zéroual

Liamine Zéroual (اليمين زروال ALA-LC: al-Yamīn Zarwāl; Berber: Lyamin Ẓerwal; born 3 July 1941) is an Algerian politician who was the sixth President of Algeria from 30 January 1994 to 27 April 1999.

See History of Algeria and Liamine Zéroual

Libya

Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Libya

List of deposed politicians

Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch.

See History of Algeria and List of deposed politicians

List of French governors of Algeria

In 1830, in the days before the outbreak of the July Revolution against the Bourbon Restoration in France, the conquest of Algeria was initiated by Charles X as an attempt to increase his popularity amongst the French people.

See History of Algeria and List of French governors of Algeria

List of heads of government of Algeria

This is a list of heads of government of Algeria since the formation of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) in exile in Cairo, Egypt in 1958 during the Algerian War, through independence in 1962, to the present day.

See History of Algeria and List of heads of government of Algeria

List of heads of state of Algeria

This is a list of heads of state of Algeria since the formation of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) in exile in Cairo, Egypt in 1958 during the Algerian War, through independence in 1962, to the present day.

See History of Algeria and List of heads of state of Algeria

List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)

The President of the Council of the Nation of Algeria is the presiding officer of that body.

See History of Algeria and List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)

List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

See History of Algeria and List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

M'zab

The M'zab or Mzab (Mozabite: Aghlan, Mzāb) is a natural region of the northern Sahara Desert in Ghardaïa Province, Algeria.

See History of Algeria and M'zab

Maghrawa

The Maghrawa or Meghrawa (المغراويون) were a large Zenata Berber tribal confederation whose cradle and seat of power was the territory located on the Chlef in the north-western part of today's Algeria, bounded by the Ouarsenis to the south, the Mediterranean Sea to the north and Tlemcen to the west.

See History of Algeria and Maghrawa

Maghreb

The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.

See History of Algeria and Maghreb

Maghrebis

Maghrebis or Maghrebians (translit) are the inhabitants of the Maghreb region of North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Maghrebis

Mahdi

The Mahdi (lit) is a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice.

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Mahdia

Mahdia (المهدية) is a Tunisian coastal city with 62,189 inhabitants, south of Monastir and southeast of Sousse.

See History of Algeria and Mahdia

Mali

Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa.

See History of Algeria and Mali

Maliki school

The Maliki school or Malikism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Mamertine Prison

The Mamertine Prison (Carcere Mamertino), in antiquity the Tullianum, was a prison (carcer) with a dungeon (oubliette) located in the Comitium in ancient Rome.

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Marie-Monique Robin

Marie-Monique Robin (born 15 June 1960, Poitou-Charentes) is a French TV journalist and documentary filmmaker.

See History of Algeria and Marie-Monique Robin

Marinid Sultanate

The Marinid Sultanate was a Berber Muslim empire from the mid-13th to the 15th century which controlled present-day Morocco and, intermittently, other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Spain) around Gibraltar.

See History of Algeria and Marinid Sultanate

Marrakesh

Marrakesh or Marrakech (or; murrākuš) is the fourth-largest city in Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Marrakesh

Masaesyli

The Masaesyli were a Berber tribe of western Numidia (central and western Algeria) and the main antagonists of the Massylii in eastern Numidia.

See History of Algeria and Masaesyli

Masinissa

Masinissa (x12px, Masnsen; c. 238 BC – 148 BC), also spelled Massinissa, Massena and Massan, was an ancient Numidian king best known for leading a federation of Massylii Berber tribes during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), ultimately uniting them into a kingdom that became a major regional power in North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Masinissa

Masmuda

The Masmuda (المصمودة, Berber: ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⴷⵏ) is a Berber tribal confederation of Morocco and one of the largest in the Maghreb, along with the Zenata and the Sanhaja.

See History of Algeria and Masmuda

Algeria has more than 45 independent Arabic language and French language publications as well as 4 government-owned newspapers (two published in French and two in Arabic), but the government controls most printing presses and advertising.

See History of Algeria and Mass media in Algeria

Massylii

The Massylii or Maesulians (Neo-Punic: 𐤌𐤔𐤋𐤉𐤉𐤌) were a Berber federation in eastern Numidia (central and eastern Algeria), which was formed by an amalgamation of smaller tribes during the 4th century BC.

See History of Algeria and Massylii

Mauretania

Mauretania is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb.

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Mazara del Vallo

Mazara del Vallo (matˈtsaːɾa) is a city and comune in the province of Trapani, southwestern Sicily, Italy.

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Médéa

Médéa (translit) is the capital city of Médéa Province, Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Médéa

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

See History of Algeria and Mediterranean Sea

Meknes

Meknes (maknās) is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco, located in northern central Morocco and the sixth largest city by population in the kingdom.

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Melilla

Melilla (script) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.

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Mers El Kébir

Mers El Kébir (lit) is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria.

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Messali Hadj

Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj (May 16, 1898 – June 3, 1974; commonly known as Messali Hadj, مصالي الحاج) was an Algerian nationalist politician dedicated to the independence of his homeland from French colonial rule.

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Mezzomorto

Hussein Mezzomorto (d. 1701) or Hajji Husain Mezzomorto was an Algerian cosair, dey of Algiers, and finally Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) of the Ottoman Navy.

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Micipsa

Micipsa (Numidian: Mikiwsan;,; died BC) was the eldest legitimate son of Masinissa, the King of Numidia, a Berber kingdom in North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Micipsa

Midrarid dynasty

The Midrarid dynasty was a Berber dynasty that ruled the Sijilmasa region in Morocco from their capital of Sijilmasa, starting in the late 8th or early 9th century to 976/7.

See History of Algeria and Midrarid dynasty

Miknasa

The Miknasa (Berber: Imeknasen) was a Zenata Berber tribe of the Maghreb.

See History of Algeria and Miknasa

Military

A military, also known collectively as an armed forces, are a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare.

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Mohamed Boudiaf

Mohamed Boudiaf (23 June 1919 – 29 June 1992, محمد بوضياف; ALA-LC: Muḥammad Bū-Ḍiyāf), also called Si Tayeb el Watani, was an Algerian political leader and one of the founders of the revolutionary National Liberation Front (FLN) that led the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962).

See History of Algeria and Mohamed Boudiaf

Mohammed Trik

Mohammed Trik was the 7th ruler and Dey of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Mohammed Trik

Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Morocco

Morocco–Turkey relations

Turkey–Morocco relations are the foreign relations between Morocco and Turkey, and spanned a period of several centuries, from the early 16th century when the Ottoman Empire neighbored Morocco to until modern times.

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Moulouya River

The Moulouya River (Berber: iɣẓer en Melwect) is a river in Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Moulouya River

Muezzin

The muezzin (مُؤَذِّن) is the person who proclaims the call to the daily prayer (ṣalāt) five times a day (Fajr prayer, Zuhr prayer, Asr prayer, Maghrib prayer and Isha prayer) at a mosque from the minaret.

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Muhammad al-Nasir

Muhammad al-Nasir (al-Nāṣir li-dīn Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Manṣūr, – 1213) was the fourth Almohad Caliph from 1199 until his death.

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Murcia

Murcia is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country.

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Musa ibn Nusayr

Musa ibn Nusayr (موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).

See History of Algeria and Musa ibn Nusayr

Muslim conquest of the Maghreb

The Muslim conquest of the Maghreb or Arab conquest of North Africa by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates commenced in 647 and concluded in 709, when the Byzantine Empire lost its last remaining strongholds to Caliph Al-Walid I. The North African campaigns were part of the century of rapid early Muslim conquests.

See History of Algeria and Muslim conquest of the Maghreb

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See History of Algeria and Muslims

Napoleon III

Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

See History of Algeria and Napoleonic Wars

Nasir ibn Alnas

An-Nasir ibn Alnas, (Arabic: الناصر بن الناس) (Alnnasir bin Alnaas) (died 1088) was the fifth ruler of the Hammadids in Algeria, from 1062 until his death.

See History of Algeria and Nasir ibn Alnas

National Assembly (France)

The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).

See History of Algeria and National Assembly (France)

National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees

The National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees or CNLD (Comité national pour la libération des détenus) is an Algerian citizens' group created on 26 August 2019 during the "Hirak" 2019 Algerian protests, with the aim of supporting and obtaining the release of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience.

See History of Algeria and National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees

National Liberation Army (Algeria)

The National Liberation Army or ALN (translit; Armée de libération nationale) was the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front of Algeria during the Algerian War.

See History of Algeria and National Liberation Army (Algeria)

National Liberation Front (Algeria)

The National Liberation Front (translit; Front de libération nationale) commonly known by its French acronym FLN, is a nationalist political party in Algeria.

See History of Algeria and National Liberation Front (Algeria)

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

See History of Algeria and Nazi Germany

Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Nicotera

Nicotera (Calabrian: Nicòtra; translit) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Vibo Valentia, Calabria, southern Italy.

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Norman conquest of southern Italy

The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors.

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Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia.

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North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

See History of Algeria and North Africa

Nova Science Publishers

Nova Science Publishers is an academic publisher of books, encyclopedias, handbooks, e-books and journals, based in Hauppauge, New York.

See History of Algeria and Nova Science Publishers

Numidia

Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya.

See History of Algeria and Numidia

Numidians

The Numidians were the Berber population of Numidia (present-day Algeria).

See History of Algeria and Numidians

Occultation (Islam)

Occultation (غَيْبَة) in Shia Islam refers to the eschatological belief that the Mahdi, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already been born and he was subsequently concealed, but he will reemerge and he will establish justice and peace on earth at the end of time.

See History of Algeria and Occultation (Islam)

Odjak of Algiers

The "Odjak of Algiers" (also spelled Ujaq) was a unit of the Algerian army.

See History of Algeria and Odjak of Algiers

Oldowan

The Oldowan (or Mode I) was a widespread stone tool archaeological industry (style) in prehistory.

See History of Algeria and Oldowan

Oleg Grabar

Oleg Grabar (November 3, 1929 – January 8, 2011) was a French-born art historian and archeologist, who spent most of his career in the United States, as a leading figure in the field of Islamic art and architecture in the Western academe.

See History of Algeria and Oleg Grabar

Operation Torch

Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942) was an Allied invasion of French North Africa during the Second World War.

See History of Algeria and Operation Torch

Oran

Oran (Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Oran

Oran Province

Oran Province (ولاية وهران) is a province (wilayah) in Algeria whose seat is the city of the same name.

See History of Algeria and Oran Province

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See History of Algeria and Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Tunisia

Ottoman Tunisia, also known as the Regency of Tunis, refers to the Ottoman presence in Ifriqiya from the 16th to 19th centuries, when Tunis was officially integrated into the Ottoman Empire as the Eyalet of Tunis.

See History of Algeria and Ottoman Tunisia

Ouarsenis

The Ouarsenis or Ouanchariss (Berber language: ⵡⴰⵔⵙⵏⵉⵙ, Warsnis (meaning "nothing higher") Adrar en Warsnis, الونشريس) is a mountain range and inhabited region in northwestern Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Ouarsenis

Oujda

Oujda (وجدة) is a major Moroccan city in its northeast near the border with Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Oujda

Oujda Group

The Oujda group, also known as the Oujda clan, was a group of military officers and politicians in Algeria that operated during the Algerian War (1954–62).

See History of Algeria and Oujda Group

Pacification of Algeria

The pacification of Algeria is the name given by the French to a series of military operations after the French conquest of the Regency of Algiers that aimed to put an end to various tribal rebellions and the resistance of the native Algerians to the French invasion.

See History of Algeria and Pacification of Algeria

Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

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Pantelleria

Pantelleria (Sicilian: Pantiḍḍirìa), known in ancient times as Cossyra or Cossura, is an Italian island and comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Sicily and east of the Tunisian coast.

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Parliament of Algeria

The Parliament of Algeria consists of two chambers.

See History of Algeria and Parliament of Algeria

Pasha

Pasha (پاشا; paşa; translit) was a high rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others.

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Paul Teitgen

Paul Teitgen (6 February 1919 – 13 October 1991) was a résistant and political prisoner during the Second World War.

See History of Algeria and Paul Teitgen

People's Municipal Assembly

The People's Municipal Assembly (PMA), is the political body governing the municipalities of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and People's Municipal Assembly

People's National Assembly

The People's National Assembly (al-Majlis al-Sha'abi al-Watani; abbreviated APN) is the lower house of the Algerian Parliament.

See History of Algeria and People's National Assembly

People's Provincial Assembly

The People's Provincial Assembly (also known by its French acronym APW, short for) is the political body governing the provinces of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and People's Provincial Assembly

Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.

See History of Algeria and Philip II of Spain

Phoenicia

Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.

See History of Algeria and Phoenicia

Pieds-noirs

The pieds-noirs (pied-noir) are an ethno-cultural group of people of French and other European descent who were born in Algeria during the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962.

See History of Algeria and Pieds-noirs

Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods.

See History of Algeria and Piracy

Pisa

Pisa is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea.

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Pisa Griffin

The Pisa Griffin is a large bronze sculpture of a griffin, a mythical beast, that has remained in Pisa, Italy since the Middle Ages despite its Islamic origin, specifically late 11th or early twelfth century Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).

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Police state

A police state describes a state whose government institutions exercise an extreme level of control over civil society and liberties.

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Political commissar

In the military, a political commissar or political officer (or politruk, a portmanteau word from politicheskiy rukovoditel; or political instructor) is a supervisory officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization of the unit to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.

See History of Algeria and Political commissar

Political corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain.

See History of Algeria and Political corruption

Political demonstration

A political demonstration is an action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause or people partaking in a protest against a cause of concern; it often consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, in order to hear speakers.

See History of Algeria and Political demonstration

Politics of Algeria

Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a constitutional semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Algeria is head of state while the Prime Minister of Algeria is the head of government.

See History of Algeria and Politics of Algeria

Polybius

Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Praetorian prefecture of Africa

The Praetorian Prefecture of Africa (praefectura praetorio Africae) was an administrative division of the Byzantine Empire in the Maghreb.

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Premature burial

Premature burial, also known as live burial, burial alive, or vivisepulture, means to be buried while still alive.

See History of Algeria and Premature burial

President of Algeria

The president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (translit) is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian People's National Armed Forces.

See History of Algeria and President of Algeria

Presidio

A presidio (jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries in areas under their control or influence.

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Prime Minister of Algeria

The prime minister of Algeria is the head of government of Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Prime Minister of Algeria

Privateer

A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war.

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Progenitor

In genealogy, the progenitor (rarer: primogenitor; Stammvater or Ahnherr) is the – sometimes legendary – founder of a family, line of descent, clan or tribe, noble house, or ethnic group.

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Punic people

The Punic people, usually known as the Carthaginians (and sometimes as Western Phoenicians), were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to the Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age.

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Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage.

See History of Algeria and Punic Wars

Qal'at Bani Hammad

Qal'at Bani Hammad (قلعة بني حماد), also known as Qal'a Bani Hammad or Qal'at of the Beni Hammad (among other variants), is a fortified palatine city in Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Qal'at Bani Hammad

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus was an ancient Roman statesman and general, he was a leader of the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Rabeh Kebir

Rabah Kebir (رابح كبير) was an Algerian islamic leader, and a former leader of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), an islamic Algerian party which won the elections in the nineties.

See History of Algeria and Rabeh Kebir

Ramadan

Ramadan (Ramaḍān; also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.

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Raphaëlle Branche

Raphaëlle Branche (born July 14, 1972) is a French historian, professor of modern history at Paris Nanterre University.

See History of Algeria and Raphaëlle Branche

Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.

See History of Algeria and Reconquista

Referendum

A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.

See History of Algeria and Referendum

Regency of Algiers

The Regency of Algiers (lit, Eyalet-i Cezâyir-i Garp) was a largely independent early modern Ottoman tributary state on the Barbary Coast of North Africa between 1516 and 1830 established by the corsair brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, also known as Oruç and Khayr ad-Din.

See History of Algeria and Regency of Algiers

Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

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Rennes

Rennes (Roazhon; Gallo: Resnn) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the rivers Ille and Vilaine.

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Rhodes

Rhodes (translit) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Ribat

A ribāṭ (رِبَـاط; hospice, hostel, base or retreat) is an Arabic term, initially designating a small fortification built along a frontier during the first years of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb to house military volunteers, called murabitun, and shortly after they also appeared along the Byzantine frontier, where they attracted converts from Greater Khorasan, an area that would become known as al-ʻAwāṣim in the ninth century CE.

See History of Algeria and Ribat

Richard Ettinghausen

Richard Ettinghausen (February 5, 1906 – April 2, 1979) was a German-American historian of Islamic art and chief curator of the Freer Gallery.

See History of Algeria and Richard Ettinghausen

Roman people

The Roman people was the body of Roman citizens (Rōmānī; Ῥωμαῖοι) during the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.

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Roman province

The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).

See History of Algeria and Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

Rustamid dynasty

The Rustamid dynasty (or Rustumids, Rostemids) was an Ibadi Persian dynasty centered in present-day Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Rustamid dynasty

Sahara

The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.

See History of Algeria and Sahara

Salah Rais

Salah Rais (صالح ريس) (c. 1488 – 1568) was the 7th King of Algiers, an Ottoman privateer and admiral.

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Salé

Salé (salā) is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town.

See History of Algeria and Salé

Sanhaja

The Sanhaja (صنهاجة, Ṣanhaja or زناگة Znaga; Aẓnag, pl. Iẓnagen, and also Aẓnaj, pl. Iẓnajen) were once one of the largest Berber tribal confederations, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations.

See History of Algeria and Sanhaja

Sardinia

Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.

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Sétif and Guelma massacre

The Sétif and Guelma massacre (also called the Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata massacres or the massacres of 8 May 1945) was a series of attacks by French colonial authorities and pied-noir European settler militias on Algerian civilians in 1945 around the market town of Sétif, west of Constantine, in French Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Sétif and Guelma massacre

Second Barbary War

The Second Barbary War, also known as the U.S.–Algerian War and the Algerine War, was a brief military conflict between the United States and the North African state of Algiers in 1815.

See History of Algeria and Second Barbary War

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC.

See History of Algeria and Second Punic War

Sedentary lifestyle

Sedentary lifestyle is a lifestyle type, in which one is physically inactive and does little or no physical movement and/or exercise.

See History of Algeria and Sedentary lifestyle

Separation of powers

The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.

See History of Algeria and Separation of powers

Settler

A settler is a person who has immigrated to an area and established a permanent residence there.

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.

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Sfax

Sfax (Ṣafāqis) is a city in Tunisia, located southeast of Tunis.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Sheikh

Sheikh (shaykh,, شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder".

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Ship of the line

A ship of the line was a type of naval warship constructed during the Age of Sail from the 17th century to the mid-19th century.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

See History of Algeria and Sicily

Sid Ahmed Ghozali

Sid Ahmed Ghozali (سيد أحمد غزالي) (born 31 March 1937 in Maghnia, Algeria) is an Algerian politician who was the Prime Minister of Algeria from 1991 to 1992.

See History of Algeria and Sid Ahmed Ghozali

Siege of Alcácer do Sal

The siege of Alcácer do Sal lasted from 30 July to 18 October 1217.

See History of Algeria and Siege of Alcácer do Sal

Siege of Oran (1707–1708)

The siege of Oran was a battle between the Spanish Empire and the Regency of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Siege of Oran (1707–1708)

Sierra Morena

The Sierra Morena is one of the main systems of mountain ranges in Spain.

See History of Algeria and Sierra Morena

Sijilmasa

Sijilmasa (سجلماسة; also transliterated Sijilmassa, Sidjilmasa, Sidjilmassa and Sigilmassa) was a medieval Moroccan city and trade entrepôt at the northern edge of the Sahara in Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Sijilmasa

Sirte

Sirte (سِرْت), also spelled Sirt, Surt, Sert or Syrte, is a city in Libya.

See History of Algeria and Sirte

The Socialist Forces Front; is a social democratic and secularist political party, mainly supported by Berbers in Algeria.

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Soummam River

The Soummam River (pronounced) is a river in northern Algeria, born from the confluence of the Sahel River and the Bou Sellam River near Akbou and flowing into the Mediterranean Sea at Béjaïa.

See History of Algeria and Soummam River

Sous

The Sous region (also spelt Sus, Suss, Souss or Sousse) (sūs, sus) is a historical, cultural and geographical region of Morocco, which constitutes part of the region administration of Souss-Massa and Guelmim-Oued Noun.

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Sousse

Sousse or Soussa (سوسة) is a city in Tunisia, capital of the Sousse Governorate.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)

The conquest of Oran by the Spanish Empire took place on May 1509, when an army led by Pedro Navarro on behalf of the Cardinal Cisneros seized the North African city, which was controlled by the Kingdom of Tlemcen.

See History of Algeria and Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)

Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)

The Spanish conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir took place from 15 June to 2 July 1732, between the Kingdom of Spain and the Deylik of Algiers.

See History of Algeria and Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)

Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)

The Spanish Expedition to Tlemcen was an unsuccessful campaign led by the Spanish Empire in an attempt to install a client Zayyanid prince on the throne in Tlemcen.

See History of Algeria and Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)

Starvation

Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life.

See History of Algeria and Starvation

Sublime Porte

The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from gate and عالي), was a synecdoche or metaphor used to refer collectively to the central government of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul.

See History of Algeria and Sublime Porte

Subsistence agriculture

Subsistence agriculture occurs when farmers grow crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families on smallholdings.

See History of Algeria and Subsistence agriculture

Sudan (region)

Sudan is the geographical region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from Western Africa to Central and Eastern Africa.

See History of Algeria and Sudan (region)

Sufri

The Sufris (الصفرية aṣ-Ṣufriyya) were Khariji Muslims in the seventh and eighth centuries.

See History of Algeria and Sufri

Sulla

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.

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Sultanate of Morocco

Sultanate of Morocco may refer to.

See History of Algeria and Sultanate of Morocco

Sunnah

In Islam,, also spelled (سنة), is the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow.

See History of Algeria and Sunnah

Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Suzerainty

Suzerainty includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other polity which controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state but allows the tributary state internal autonomy.

See History of Algeria and Suzerainty

Syphax

Syphax (Sýphax) was a king of the Masaesyli tribe of western Numidia (present-day Algeria) during the last quarter of the 3rd century BC.

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Tafna Beni Saf

Tafna Beni Saf is a volcanic field in Algeria.

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Taifa of Granada

The Taifa of Granada (rtl, Ta'ifat Gharnata) or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following the deposition of Caliph Hisham II in 1009.

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Tamasna

Tamasna (Berber: Tamesna, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰ, Arabic: تامسنا) is a historical region between Bou Regreg and Tensift in Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Tamasna

Tamentit

Tamentit (Tamanṭīṭ is a town and commune of Fenoughil District in Adrar Province in southcentral Algeria. According to the 2008 census, it has a population of 9481, up from 7912 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 1.9%. Until the late twentieth century, the people of Tamentit spoke Gurara, a variety of the Berber language called Zenati, which is spoken by the Sanhaja.

See History of Algeria and Tamentit

Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz

Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz (died 1108) was the fifth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (1062–1108).

See History of Algeria and Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz

Tangier

Tangier (Ṭanjah) or Tangiers is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

See History of Algeria and Tangier

Tasghîmût

Tasghîmût (also Tashgimut, Tashgimout) is a medieval fortress near Marrakesh, Morocco, built on a rocky plateau (an "erosion cirque") and fortified by the Almoravids under Ali ibn Yusuf in the 12th century to protect the nearby capital of Aghmat when the Almohads were making inroads in the western Maghreb.

See History of Algeria and Tasghîmût

Tassili n'Ajjer

Tassili n'Ajjer (Berber: Tassili n Ajjer, ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") is a national park in the Sahara desert, located on a vast plateau in southeastern Algeria.

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Tawhid

Tawhid (تَوْحِيد|translit.

See History of Algeria and Tawhid

Tell Atlas

The Tell Atlas (الاطلس التلي, al-ʾaṭlas al-tlī) is a mountain chain over in length, belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching mainly across northern Algeria, ending in north-eastern Morocco and north-western Tunisia.

See History of Algeria and Tell Atlas

Tenes

In Greek mythology, Tenes or Tennes (Ancient Greek: Τέννης) was the eponymous hero of the island of Tenedos.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

See History of Algeria and The Washington Post

Tiaret

Tiaret (تيارت) or Tahert is a major city in northwestern Algeria that gives its name to the wider farming region of Tiaret Province.

See History of Algeria and Tiaret

Timeline of Algiers

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Algiers, Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Timeline of Algiers

Timeline of Oran

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Oran, Algeria.

See History of Algeria and Timeline of Oran

Tinmel

Tinmel (Berber: Tin Mel or Tin Mal, تينمل) is a small mountain village in the High Atlas 100 km from Marrakesh, Morocco.

See History of Algeria and Tinmel

Tlemcen

Tlemcen (translit) is the second-largest city in northwestern Algeria after Oran and is the capital of Tlemcen Province.

See History of Algeria and Tlemcen

Torture during the Algerian War

Elements from the French Armed Forces used deliberate torture during the Algerian War (1954–1962), creating an ongoing public controversy.

See History of Algeria and Torture during the Algerian War

Trans-Saharan trade

Trans-Saharan trade is trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa that requires travel across the Sahara.

See History of Algeria and Trans-Saharan trade

Tripoli, Libya

Tripoli (translation) is the capital and largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.183 million people in 2023.

See History of Algeria and Tripoli, Libya

Tripolitania

Tripolitania (طرابلس), historically known as the Tripoli region, is a historic region and former province of Libya.

See History of Algeria and Tripolitania

Tuat

Tuat, or Touat, is a natural region of desert in central Algeria that contains a string of small oases.

See History of Algeria and Tuat

Tuggurt Expedition (1552)

The Tuggurt expedition in 1552 aimed to obtain the submission of the Saharan cities of Tuggurt and Ouargla, seats of independent sultanates.

See History of Algeria and Tuggurt Expedition (1552)

Tunis

Tunis (تونس) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia.

See History of Algeria and Tunis

Tunisia

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.

See History of Algeria and Tunisia

Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

See History of Algeria and Umayyad Caliphate

Umayyad dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.

See History of Algeria and Umayyad dynasty

Umayyad state of Córdoba

The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

See History of Algeria and Umayyad state of Córdoba

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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Uqba ibn Nafi

ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī al-Qurashī (ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī), also simply known as Uqba ibn Nafi, was an Arab general serving the Rashidun Caliphate since the reign of Umar and later the Umayyad Caliphate during the reigns of Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, leading the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, including present-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and a failed attempt in Nubia.

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Vandal Kingdom

The Vandal Kingdom (Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, which is one of the barbarian kingdoms established under Gaiseric, a Vandal warrior.

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Vandals

The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.

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Verso Books

Verso Books (formerly New Left Books) is a left-wing publishing house based in London and New York City, founded in 1970 by the staff of New Left Review (NLR) and includes Tariq Ali and Perry Anderson on its board of directors.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Victory in Europe Day

Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces on Tuesday, 8 May 1945; it marked the official end of World War II in Europe in the Eastern Front, with the last known shots fired on 11 May.

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Viscount Exmouth

Viscount Exmouth, of Canonteign in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

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Vizier

A vizier (wazīr; vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the Near East.

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Waterboarding

Waterboarding is a form of torture in which water is poured over a cloth covering the face and breathing passages of an immobilized captive, causing the person to experience the sensation of drowning.

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Wattasid dynasty

The Wattasid dynasty (الوطاسيون, al-waṭṭāsīyūn) was a ruling dynasty of Morocco.

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William McGuckin de Slane

William McGuckin (also Mac Guckin and MacGuckin), known as Baron de Slane (Belfast, Ireland, 12 August 1801 – Paris, France, 4 August 1878) was an Irish orientalist.

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World Digital Library

The World Digital Library (WDL) is an international digital library operated by UNESCO and the United States Library of Congress.

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World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan

Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan (1206 – February/March 1283, يغمراسن إبن زيان, long name: Yaghmurasan ben Ziyan ben Thabet ben Mohamed ben Zegraz ben Tiddugues ben Taaullah ben Ali ben Abd al-Qasem ben Abd al-Wad) was the founder of the Zayyanid dynasty.

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Yaqub al-Mansur

Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Abd al-Muʾmin al-Manṣūr (d. 23 January 1199), commonly known as Yaqub al-Mansur or Moulay Yacoub, was the third Almohad Caliph.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

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Yusuf II, Almohad caliph

Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Mustanṣir (also known as Yusuf II, – 1224) (يوسف بن الناصر Yūsuf bin an-Nāṣir) was Caliph of the Almohads from 1213 until his death.

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Zahiri school

The Ẓāhirī school (translit) or Zahirism is a Sunnī school of Islamic jurisprudence founded in the 9th century by Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī, a Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Zawi ibn Ziri

Zawi ibn Ziri as-Sanhaji or Al-Mansur Zawi ibn Ziri ibn Manad as-Sanhaji (المنصور زاوي بن زيري بن مناد الصنهاجي), was a chief in the Berber Sanhaja tribe.

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Zayyanid capture of Fez

The Zayyanid capture of Fez took place in 1423 and was led by Abu Malik Abdulwahid, the ruler of Tlemcen.

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Zayyanid dynasty

The Zayyanid dynasty (زيانيون, Ziyānyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (بنو عبد الواد, Bānu ʿabd āl-Wād) was a Berber Zenata dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen, mainly in modern Algeria centered on the town of Tlemcen in northwest Algeria.

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Zenata

The Zenata are a group of Berber tribes, historically one of the largest Berber confederations along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda.

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Zenati languages

The Zenati languages are a branch of the Northern Berber language family of North Africa.

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Ziri ibn Atiyya

Ziri ibn Atiyya (died 1001, Achir) was the tribal leader of the Berber Maghrawa tribal confederacy and kingdom in Fez.

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Ziri ibn Manad

Ziri ibn Manad or Ziri son of Mennad (died in 971) was the founder of the Zirid dynasty in the Maghreb.

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Zirid conquest of the western Maghreb

The Zirids conquered the western Maghreb in 979 when Buluggin Ibn Ziri led a campaign to expand his territory.

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Zirid dynasty

The Zirid dynasty (translit), Banu Ziri (translit), was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from what is now Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya (eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148.

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Zymen Danseker

Siemen Danziger (– c. 1615), better known by his anglicized names Zymen Danseker and Simon de Danser, was a 17th-century Dutch privateer and Barbary corsair based in Ottoman Algeria.

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1962 Algerian independence referendum

An independence referendum was held in French Algeria on 1 July 1962.

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1963 Algerian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Algeria on 8 September 1963.

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1965 Algerian coup d'état

The 1965 Algerian coup d'état brought Colonel Houari Boumédiène to power as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Algeria.

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1988 October Riots

The 1988 October Riots were a series of street-level disturbances and riotous demonstrations by Algerian youth, which started on 5 October 1988 and ended on the 11th.

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2010–2012 Algerian protests

The 2010–2012 Algerian protests were a series of protests taking place throughout Algeria, lasting from 28 December 2010 to 10 January 2012.

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2011 Egyptian revolution

The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution (translit), began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt.

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2019 Algerian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Algeria on 12 December 2019.

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2020 Algerian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Algeria on 1 November 2020.

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2021 Algerian protests

The 2021 Algerian protests were a series of mass protests, nationwide rallies and peaceful demonstrations in Algeria against the government of Abdelmadjid Tebboune and the military.

See History of Algeria and 2021 Algerian protests

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria

Also known as Algeria/Background, Algerian history, Ancient Algeria, Classical algeria, Prehistory of Algeria.

, Algiers, Algiers expedition (1516), Algiers expedition (1519), Algiers expedition (1541), Ali Haroun, Ali ibn Yusuf, Ali Kafi, Almanzor, Almohad Caliphate, Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191), Almohad doctrine, Almoravid dynasty, Amnesty International, Anglo-Turkish piracy, Anthropomorphism, Apostasy, Appian, Arab Spring, Arabic, Arabs, Aragon, Aruj Barbarossa, Ashgate Publishing, Assassination, Atlantic Ocean, Atlas Mountains, Averroes, Évian Accords, Évian-les-Bains, Baba Ali Chaouch, Baba Hassan, Baba Mohammed ben-Osman, Badis ibn al-Mansur, Baeza, Spain, Baghdad, Banu Hilal, Banu Ifran, Banu Khazrun, Banu Sulaym, Barbary Coast, Barbary pirates, Barbary slave trade, Barghawata, Barzakh Editions, Battle of al-Buhayra, Battle of Alarcos, Battle of Chelif, Battle of Haydaran, Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of Moulouya, Battle of Oujda, Béjaïa, Bedouin, Berber languages, Berber Revolt, Berbers, Beylerbey, Biskra, Bithynia, Bocchus I, Bombardment of Algiers (1682), Bombardment of Algiers (1683), Bombardment of Algiers (1688), Bombardment of Algiers (1784), Bombardment of Algiers (1816), Brill Publishers, Buluggin ibn Ziri, Byzantine Empire, Cabinet of Algeria, Calabria, Caliphate, Cambridge University Press, Campaign of Tlemcen (1551), Campaign of Tlemcen (1557), Capture of Fez (1554), Capture of Fez (1576), Carthage, Casus belli, Cave painting, Córdoba, Spain, Chadli Bendjedid, Charles III of Spain, Charles IV of Spain, Chelif River, Cherchell, Chlef, Christianity, Clan, Client state, Coastal plain, Colonialism, Colonization, Confederation, Constantine, Algeria, Constantinople, Constitution of Algeria, Constitutional law, Council of the Nation, Coup d'état, COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria, Crémieux Decree, Crown of Aragon, Culture of Algeria, Cyrenaica, Dahra Range, De facto, Death flights, Decolonization, Dellys, Delos, Democratic National Rally, Denmark–Norway, Dey, Disembowelment, Djerba, Domestication, Draa River, Dutch people, Dynasty, Ebro, Economic system, Economy of Algeria, Edwin Mellen Press, Egypt, El Kala, El Watan, Elections in Algeria, Emir, Emir Abdelkader, Emirate, Emirate of Granada, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Enforced disappearance, Europe, European enclaves in North Africa before 1830, Exarchate of Africa, Explosion, Facebook, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid dynasty, Ferdinand III of Castile, Ferhat Abbas, Fez, Morocco, Fezzan, First Barbary War, First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1553), First French Empire, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Franco-Algerian war (1681–1688), French Algeria, French Army, French conquest of Algeria, French invasion of Egypt and Syria, French Liberation Army, French Second Republic, Frigate, Gabès, Gabriel Camps, Gaetuli, Gaia (king), Gaius Marius, Gaius Memmius (governor of Macedonia), Gendarmerie Nationale (Algeria), Genoa, George Maniakes, George of Antioch, Giralda, Granada, Hafsid dynasty, Hafsids of Béjaïa, Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers), Hammad ibn Buluggin, Hammadid dynasty, Harki, Hasan Agha, Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa), Hawwara, Hayreddin Barbarossa, Hélie de Saint Marc, Head of government, Head of state, Hiempsal I, High Atlas, High Council of State (Algeria), Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya, Himyarite Kingdom, Hintata, Hirak (Algeria), Hisham II, History of Africa, History of North Africa, Hocine Aït Ahmed, Homo erectus, Houari Boumédiène, House arrest, Human Rights League (France), Hussein Dey, Iberian Peninsula, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Tumart, Idris al-Wathiq, Idrisid dynasty, Ifriqiya, Ijma, In Salah Province, Independence Day (Algeria), Indiana University Press, Institut national de l'audiovisuel, Islam, Islamic Salvation Front, Isma'ilism, Jaén, Spain, Jacques Duquesne (journalist), Jacques Soustelle, Jawhar (general), Jews, Jihad, José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar, Jugurtha, Kabyle people, Kabylia, Kairouan, Kalbids, Khaled Nezzar, Kharijites, Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Kuku, Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of Tlemcen, Kutama, L'Humanité, Larbi Belkheir, Latinisation of names, Le Monde, Lewiston, New York, Liamine Zéroual, Libya, List of deposed politicians, List of French governors of Algeria, List of heads of government of Algeria, List of heads of state of Algeria, List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria), List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, M'zab, Maghrawa, Maghreb, Maghrebis, Mahdi, Mahdia, Mali, Maliki school, Mamertine Prison, Marie-Monique Robin, Marinid Sultanate, Marrakesh, Masaesyli, Masinissa, Masmuda, Mass media in Algeria, Massylii, Mauretania, Mazara del Vallo, Médéa, Mediterranean Sea, Meknes, Melilla, Mers El Kébir, Messali Hadj, Mezzomorto, Micipsa, Midrarid dynasty, Miknasa, Military, Mohamed Boudiaf, Mohammed Trik, Morocco, Morocco–Turkey relations, Moulouya River, Muezzin, Muhammad al-Nasir, Murcia, Musa ibn Nusayr, Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, Muslims, Napoleon III, Napoleonic Wars, Nasir ibn Alnas, National Assembly (France), National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees, National Liberation Army (Algeria), National Liberation Front (Algeria), Nazi Germany, Neolithic, Nicotera, Norman conquest of southern Italy, Normans, North Africa, Nova Science Publishers, Numidia, Numidians, Occultation (Islam), Odjak of Algiers, Oldowan, Oleg Grabar, Operation Torch, Oran, Oran Province, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Tunisia, Ouarsenis, Oujda, Oujda Group, Pacification of Algeria, Palermo, Pantelleria, Parliament of Algeria, Pasha, Paul Teitgen, People's Municipal Assembly, People's National Assembly, People's Provincial Assembly, Philip II of Spain, Phoenicia, Pieds-noirs, Piracy, Pisa, Pisa Griffin, Police state, Political commissar, Political corruption, Political demonstration, Politics of Algeria, Polybius, Pope, Praetorian prefecture of Africa, Premature burial, President of Algeria, Presidio, Prime Minister of Algeria, Privateer, Progenitor, Punic people, Punic Wars, Qal'at Bani Hammad, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Quran, Rabeh Kebir, Ramadan, Raphaëlle Branche, Reconquista, Referendum, Regency of Algiers, Regent, Rennes, Rhodes, Ribat, Richard Ettinghausen, Roman people, Roman province, Roman Republic, Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), Rustamid dynasty, Sahara, Salah Rais, Salé, Sanhaja, Sardinia, Sétif and Guelma massacre, Second Barbary War, Second Punic War, Sedentary lifestyle, Separation of powers, Settler, Seville, Sfax, Sharia, Sheikh, Shia Islam, Ship of the line, Sicily, Sid Ahmed Ghozali, Siege of Alcácer do Sal, Siege of Oran (1707–1708), Sierra Morena, Sijilmasa, Sirte, Socialist Forces Front, Soummam River, Sous, Sousse, Spain, Spanish conquest of Oran (1509), Spanish conquest of Oran (1732), Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535), Starvation, Sublime Porte, Subsistence agriculture, Sudan (region), Sufri, Sulla, Sultanate of Morocco, Sunnah, Sunni Islam, Suzerainty, Syphax, Tafna Beni Saf, Taifa of Granada, Tamasna, Tamentit, Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz, Tangier, Tasghîmût, Tassili n'Ajjer, Tawhid, Tell Atlas, Tenes, The Washington Post, Tiaret, Timeline of Algiers, Timeline of Oran, Tinmel, Tlemcen, Torture during the Algerian War, Trans-Saharan trade, Tripoli, Libya, Tripolitania, Tuat, Tuggurt Expedition (1552), Tunis, Tunisia, Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad dynasty, Umayyad state of Córdoba, United States, Uqba ibn Nafi, Vandal Kingdom, Vandals, Verso Books, Vichy France, Victory in Europe Day, Viscount Exmouth, Vizier, Waterboarding, Wattasid dynasty, William McGuckin de Slane, World Digital Library, World Heritage Site, World War I, World War II, Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan, Yaqub al-Mansur, YouTube, Yusuf II, Almohad caliph, Zahiri school, Zawi ibn Ziri, Zayyanid capture of Fez, Zayyanid dynasty, Zenata, Zenati languages, Ziri ibn Atiyya, Ziri ibn Manad, Zirid conquest of the western Maghreb, Zirid dynasty, Zymen Danseker, 1962 Algerian independence referendum, 1963 Algerian constitutional referendum, 1965 Algerian coup d'état, 1988 October Riots, 2010–2012 Algerian protests, 2011 Egyptian revolution, 2019 Algerian presidential election, 2020 Algerian constitutional referendum, 2021 Algerian protests.