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History of Carmona, Spain, the Glossary

The history of Carmona begins at one of the oldest urban sites in Europe, with nearly five thousand years of continuous occupation on a plateau rising above the vega (plain) of the River Corbones in Andalusia, Spain.^[1]

206 relations: Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, Abbadid dynasty, Abd al-Rahman I, Abd ar-Rahman II, Age of Enlightenment, Al-Andalus, Alcalá del Río, Alfonso X of Castile, Almohad Caliphate, Almoravid dynasty, Altarpiece, Amphitheatre, Amphora, Ancient Carthage, Ancient Greek cuisine, Ancient Roman bathing, Andalusia, Andalusian nationalism, Appian, Aragonese people, Arcos de la Frontera, Ashlar, Atlantic Bronze Age, Attic base, Augustus, Écija, Baal Hammon, Barbican, Baroque, Baroque architecture, Barrel vault, Bastetani, Bastion, Battle of Bailén, Battle of Ilipa, Bazaar, Bell Beaker culture, Blas Infante, Bossage, Bronze Age, Burial, Byzantine Empire, Cardo, Carmona, Spain, Carthage, Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Córdoba, Spain, Celtici, Ceramic art, Chalcolithic, ... Expand index (156 more) »
Archaeological sites in Spain
Histories of cities in Spain
Phoenician colonies in Spain
Province of Seville

Abbad II al-Mu'tadid

Abu ʿAmr ʿAbbad II al-Muʿtadid (died 28 February 1069), a member of the Abbadid dynasty, was the second independent emir of Seville (reigned 1042–1069) in Al-Andalus.

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Abbadid dynasty

The Abbadid dynasty or Abbadids (Banū ʿAbbād) was an Arab dynasty from the tribe of Banu Lakhm of al-Hirah, which ruled the Taifa of Seville in al-Andalus following the downfall of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031.

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Abd al-Rahman I

Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (7 March 731 – 30 September 788), commonly known as Abd al-Rahman I, was the founder and first emir of the Emirate of Córdoba, ruling from 756 to 788.

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Abd ar-Rahman II

Abd ar-Rahman II (792–852) was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in al-Andalus from 822 until his death.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Alcalá del Río

Alcalá del Río is a municipality in Seville, Spain.

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Alfonso X of Castile

Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284.

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Almohad Caliphate

The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.

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Almoravid dynasty

The Almoravid dynasty (lit) was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco.

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Altarpiece

An altarpiece is an work of art in painting, sculpture or relief representing a religious subject made for placing at the back of or behind the altar of a Christian church.

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Amphitheatre

An amphitheatre (British English) or amphitheater (American English; both) is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports.

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Amphora

An amphora (ἀμφορεύς|; English) is a type of container with a pointed bottom and characteristic shape and size which fit tightly (and therefore safely) against each other in storage rooms and packages, tied together with rope and delivered by land or sea.

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Ancient Carthage

Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa.

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Ancient Greek cuisine

Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its frugality for most, reflecting agricultural hardship, but a great diversity of ingredients was known, and wealthy Greeks were known to celebrate with elaborate meals and feasts.

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Ancient Roman bathing

Bathing played a major part in ancient Roman culture and society.

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Andalusia

Andalusia (Andalucía) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain.

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Andalusian nationalism

Andalusian nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Andalusians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Andalusians.

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Appian

Appian of Alexandria (Appianòs Alexandreús; Appianus Alexandrinus) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.

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Aragonese people

The Aragonese (Aragonese and aragoneses, aragonesos) are the Romance people self-identified with the historical region of Aragon, in inland northeastern Spain.

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Arcos de la Frontera

Arcos de la Frontera is a town and municipality in the Sierra de Cádiz comarca, province of Cádiz, in Andalusia, Spain.

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Ashlar

Ashlar is a cut and dressed stone, worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape.

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Atlantic Bronze Age

The Atlantic Bronze Age is a term that has never been formally defined.

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Attic base

Attic base is the term given in architecture to the base of Roman Ionic order columns, consisting of an upper and lower torus, separated by a scotia (hollow concave molding) and fillets.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Écija

Écija is a city and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Seville, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Baal Hammon

Baal Hammon, properly Baʿal Ḥamon (Phoenician and translit), meaning "Lord Hammon", was the chief god of Carthage.

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Barbican

A barbican (from barbacane) is a fortified outpost or fortified gateway, such as at an outer defense perimeter of a city or castle, or any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defensive purposes.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.

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Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe.

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Barrel vault

A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault, wagon vault or wagonhead vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance.

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Bastetani

The Bastetani or Bastuli were an ancient Iberian (pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania).

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Bastion

A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort.

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Battle of Bailén

The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 between the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by General Francisco Javier Castaños and the Imperial French Army's II corps d'observation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang.

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Battle of Ilipa

The Battle of Ilipa was an engagement considered by many as Scipio Africanus’s most brilliant victory in his military career during the Second Punic War in 206 BC.

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Bazaar

A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia.

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Bell Beaker culture

The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.

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Blas Infante

Blas Infante Pérez de Vargas (5 July 1885 – 11 August 1936) was an Andalusian socialist politician, Georgist, writer, historian and musicologist.

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Bossage

Bossage is uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building, to later be carved into decorative moldings, capitals, arms, etc.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

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Burial

Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Cardo

A cardo (cardines) was a north–south street in Ancient Roman cities and military camps as an integral component of city planning.

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Carmona, Spain

Carmona is a town of southwestern Spain, in the province of Seville; it lies 33 km north-east of Seville. History of Carmona, Spain and Carmona, Spain are archaeological sites in Spain and Phoenician colonies in Spain.

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Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.

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Catholic Monarchs of Spain

The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.

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Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. History of Carmona, Spain and Córdoba, Spain are archaeological sites in Spain.

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Celtici

The Celtici (in Portuguese, Spanish, and Galician languages, Célticos) were a Celtic tribe or group of tribes of the Iberian peninsula, inhabiting three definite areas: in what today are the regions of Alentejo and the Algarve in Portugal; in the Province of Badajoz and north of Province of Huelva in Spain, in the ancient Baeturia; and along the coastal areas of Galicia.

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Ceramic art

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay.

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Chalcolithic

The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.

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Ciborium (architecture)

In ecclesiastical architecture, a ciborium (Greek: κιβώριον) is a canopy or covering supported by columns, freestanding in the sanctuary, that stands over and covers the altar in a church.

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Columbarium

A columbarium (pl. columbaria), also called a cinerarium, is a structure for the reverential and usually public storage of funerary urns holding cremated remains of the dead.

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Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), or Bellum Civile, is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate.

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Confraternity

A confraternity (cofradía; confraria) is generally a Christian voluntary association of laypeople created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy.

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Convent

A convent is a community of monks, nuns, friars or religious sisters.

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Convento de Santa Clara (Carmona)

Convento de Santa Clara (Convent of Santa Clara) is located in Carmona, Spain.

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Corinthian order

The Corinthian order (Κορινθιακὸς ῥυθμός, Korinthiakós rythmós; Ordo Corinthius) is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture.

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Corregidor (position)

A corregidor was a local administrative and judicial official in Spanish Empire.

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Decumanus

In Roman urban planning, a decumanus was an east–west-oriented road in a Roman city or castrum (military camp).

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Dichotomy

A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).

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Discalced

A discalced religious order is one whose members go barefoot or wear sandals.

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Distemper (paint)

Distemper is a decorative paint and a historical medium for painting pictures, and contrasted with tempera.

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Dolmen

A dolmen or portal tomb is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more upright megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table".

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Dryland farming

Dryland farming and dry farming encompass specific agricultural techniques for the non-irrigated cultivation of crops.

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Ducat

The ducat coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century.

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Duke of Arcos

Duke of Arcos (Duque de Arcos) is an hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain, granted by Isabella I in 1493 to Rodrigo Ponce de León, then 4th Count of Arcos.

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Duke of Medina Sidonia

Duke of Medina Sidonia (Duque de Medina Sidonia) is a peerage grandee title of Spain in Medina-Sidonia, holding the oldest extant dukedom in the kingdom, first awarded by King John I of Castile in 1380.

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Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal

The ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal (desamortización eclesiástica de Mendizábal), more often referred to simply as la Desamortización in Spanish, were a set of decrees that resulted in the expropriation and privatisation of monastic properties in Spain from 1835 to 1837.

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El Viso del Alcor

El Viso del Alcor is a city located in the province of Seville, Spain.

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Emir

Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

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Emirate of Granada

The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty.

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Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.

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Ferdinand III of Castile

Ferdinand III (Fernando; 1199/120130 May 1252), called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231.

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Flavian dynasty

The Flavian dynasty, lasting from AD 69 to 96, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the Roman Empire following the Julio-Claudians, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian.

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A footman is a male domestic worker employed mainly to wait at table or attend a coach or carriage.

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Forum (Roman)

A forum (Latin: forum, "public place outdoors",: fora; English: either fora or forums) was a public square in a Roman municipium, or any civitas, reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls.

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Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain (España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo.

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Fresco

Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.

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Fuentes de Andalucía

Fuentes de Andalucía is a village located in the province of Seville, Spain.

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Fuero

Fuero, Fur, Foro or Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.

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Geographica

The Geographica (Γεωγραφικά, Geōgraphiká; Geographica or Strabonis Rerum Geographicarum Libri XVII, "Strabo's 17 Books on Geographical Topics") or Geography, is an encyclopedia of geographical knowledge, consisting of 17 'books', written in Greek in the late 1st century BC, or early 1st century AD, and attributed to Strabo, an educated citizen of the Roman Empire of Greek descent.

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George Edward Bonsor Saint Martin

George Edward Bonsor Saint Martin (March 30, 1855 – August 1930) was a French-born British historian, painter, and archaeologist who is known for the discovery and study of several sites in Spain–including the necropolis and amphitheater at Carmona–parts of the ancient Roman town of Baelo Claudia in Cádiz, and the in Lora del Río.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.

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Granada War

The Granada War (Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.

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Grande Armée

paren) was the main military component of the French Imperial Army commanded by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empire to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled, it suffered enormous losses during the disastrous Peninsular War followed by the invasion of Russia in 1812, after which it never recovered its strategic superiority and ended in total defeat for Napoleonic France by the Peace of Paris in 1815.

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Guadalquivir

The Guadalquivir (also) is the fifth-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula and the second-longest river with its entire length in Spain.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to Spain and the Hispanic Monarchy, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, in the period from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg.

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Hamilcar Barca

Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (𐤇𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤁𐤓𐤒, Ḥomilqart Baraq; –228BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago.

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Hasdrubal Gisco

Hasdrubal Gisco (died 202BC), a latinization of the name ʿAzrubaʿal son of Gersakkun (𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍 𐤂𐤓𐤎𐤊𐤍),.

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Henry II of Castile

Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (el Fratricida), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara.

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Henry IV of Castile

Henry IV of Castile (Castilian: Enrique IV; 5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), nicknamed the Impotent, was King of Castile and León and the last of the weak late-medieval kings of Castile and León.

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Hispania

Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.

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Hispania Baetica

Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces created in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) on 27 BC.

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Historical archaeology

Historical archaeology is a form of archaeology dealing with places, things, and issues from the past or present when written records and oral traditions can inform and contextualize cultural material.

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Hominidae

The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (''Homo sapiens'') remain.

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Horror vacui (art)

In visual art, paren), or fear of the empty, is a phenomenon in which the entire surface of a space or an artwork is filled with detail and content, leaving as little perceived emptiness as possible. It relates to the antiquated physical idea, horror vacui, proposed by Aristotle who held that "nature abhors an empty space".

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Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Ibero-American Exposition of 1929

The Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 (Exposición iberoamericana de 1929; Exposição Ibero-Americana de 1929) was a world's fair held in Seville, Spain, from 9 May 1929 until 21 June 1930.

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Ilipa

Ilipa (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιπα) or Ilipa Magna was an ancient Iberian city located on the right bank of the River Betis (now known as the Guadalquivir) within one of its meanders.

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Imbrex and tegula

The imbrex and tegula (imbrices and tegulae) were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof covering.

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Impluvium

The impluvium (impluvia) is a water-catchment pool system meant to capture rain-water flowing from the compluvium, or slanted roof.

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Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I (Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504.

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Jizya

Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

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Joanna of Castile

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555.

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John II of Castile

John II of Castile (Juan; 6 March 1405 – 20 July 1454) was King of Castile and León from 1406 to 1454.

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Julio Caro Baroja

Julio Caro Baroja (13 November 1914 – 18 August 1995) was a Spanish anthropologist, historian, linguist and essayist.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.

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Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar

Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi khabar al-aqṭār (The Book of the Fragrant Garden) is a fourteenth-century Arabic geography by al-Ḥimyarī that is a primary source for the history of Muslim Iberia in the Middle Ages, though it is based in part on the earlier account by Muhammad al-Idrisi.

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Kura (administrative division)

Kura or Koura (كورة) was a term used by Muslims to describe the political administrative units of Egypt, equivalent to the nomes of pre-Islamic times.

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La Campana

La Campana is a town located in the province of Seville, Spain.

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Latifundium

A latifundium (Latin: latus, "spacious", and fundus, "farm", "estate") was originally the term used by ancient Romans for great landed estates specialising in agriculture destined for sale: grain, olive oil, or wine.

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List of grand masters of the Order of Calatrava

The following is an incomplete list of former grand masters of the Order of Calatrava, the current grand master of the order is King Felipe VI of Spain.

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List of necropoleis

This is a list of necropoleis sorted by country.

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Livy

Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy, was a Roman historian.

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Lora del Río

Lora del Río is a city and municipality located in the province of Seville, Spain.

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Macellum

A macellum (macella;, makellon) is an ancient Roman indoor market building that sold mostly provisions (especially meat and fish).

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Mago Barca

Mago Barca (𐤌𐤂‬𐤍 𐤁𐤓𐤒‬,; died 202 BC) was a Carthaginian, member of the Barcid family, who played an important role in the Second Punic War, leading forces of Carthage against the Roman Republic in Iberia and northern and central Italy.

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Mairena del Alcor

Mairena del Alcor is a city located in the province of Seville, Spain.

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María Eugenia Aubet

María Eugenia Aubet Semmler (30 April 1943 – 18 February 2024) was a Spanish archaeologist and historian.

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Marchena, Spain

Marchena is a town in the Province of Seville in Andalusia, Spain.

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Marinid Sultanate

The Marinid Sultanate was a Berber Muslim empire from the mid-13th to the 15th century which controlled present-day Morocco and, intermittently, other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Spain) around Gibraltar.

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Masmuda

The Masmuda (المصمودة, Berber: ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⴷⵏ) is a Berber tribal confederation of Morocco and one of the largest in the Maghreb, along with the Zenata and the Sanhaja.

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Material culture

Material culture is the aspect of culture manifested by the physical objects and architecture of a society.

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Medusa

In Greek mythology, Medusa (guardian, protectress), also called Gorgo or the Gorgon, was one of the three Gorgons.

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Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS) was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.

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Monte Testaccio

Monte Testaccio or Monte Testaceo, also known as Monte dei Cocci, is an artificial mound in Rome composed almost entirely of testae (cocci), fragments of broken ancient Roman pottery, nearly all discarded amphorae dating from the time of the Roman Empire, some of which were labelled with tituli picti.

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Montiel

Montiel is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Ciudad Real, Castilla–La Mancha.

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Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba), officially known by its ecclesiastical name of Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), is the cathedral of the Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia.

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Mudéjar

Mudéjar were Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period following the Christian reconquest.

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Municipium

In ancient Rome, the Latin term municipium (municipia) referred to a town or city.

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Musa ibn Nusayr

Musa ibn Nusayr (موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).

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Nasrid dynasty

The Nasrid dynasty (بنو نصر banū Naṣr or بنو الأحمر banū al-Aḥmar; Nazarí) was an Arab dynasty that ruled the Emirate of Granada from 1232 to 1492.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Numidia

Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya.

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Ogive

An ogive is the roundly tapered end of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional object.

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Opus signinum

Opus signinum ('cocciopesto' in modern Italian) is a building material used in ancient Rome.

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Order of Calatrava

The Order of Calatrava (Orden de Calatrava, Ordem de Calatrava) was one of the four Spanish military orders and the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval.

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Order of Santiago

The Order of Santiago (Orden de Santiago) is a religious and military order founded in the 12th century.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

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Paradas, Spain

Paradas is a municipality in the province of Seville, Spain.

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Pax Romana

The (Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion.

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Pedestal

A pedestal or plinth is a support at the bottom of a statue, vase, column, or certain altars.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Peter of Castile

Peter (Pedro; 30 August 133423 March 1369), called Peter the Cruel (el Cruel) or the Just (el Justo), was King of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369.

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Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV (Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640.

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Phoenicia

Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.

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Pierre Dupont de l'Étang

Pierre-Antoine, comte Dupont de l'Étang (4 July 1765 – 9 March 1840) was a French general of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, as well as a political figure of the Bourbon Restoration.

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Plateresque

Plateresque, meaning "in the manner of a silversmith" (plata being silver in Spanish), was an artistic movement, especially architectural, developed in Spain and its territories, which appeared between the late Gothic and early Renaissance in the late 15th century, and spread over the next two centuries.

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Podium

A podium (podiums or podia) is a platform used to raise something to a short distance above its surroundings.

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Polybius

Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.

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Polychrome

Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery, or sculpture in multiple colors.

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Polyptych

A polyptych (Greek: poly- "many" and ptychē "fold") is a painting (usually panel painting) which is divided into sections, or panels.

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Pompeian Styles

The Pompeian Styles are four periods which are distinguished in ancient Roman mural painting.

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Portico

A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls.

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Province of Seville

Senado | dirigentes_nombres.

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Punic people

The Punic people, usually known as the Carthaginians (and sometimes as Western Phoenicians), were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to the Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age.

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Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage.

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Pyre

A pyre (πυρά||), also known as a funeral pyre, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite or execution.

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Rentier capitalism

Rentier capitalism is a concept in Marxist and heterodox economics to refer to rent-seeking and exploitation by companies in capitalist systems.

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Rock-cut architecture

Rock-cut architecture is the creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs.

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Rodrigo González Girón

Rodrigo González Girón (before 1194 – 1256), eldest son of Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón and his first wife, Sancha Rodríguez, was a nobleman from Palencia.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Sally port

A sallyport is a secure, controlled entry way to an enclosure, e.g., a fortification or prison.

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Sanhaja

The Sanhaja (صنهاجة, Ṣanhaja or زناگة Znaga; Aẓnag, pl. Iẓnagen, and also Aẓnaj, pl. Iẓnajen) were once one of the largest Berber tribal confederations, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations.

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Scipio Africanus

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236/235–) was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War.

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Second Punic War

The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC.

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Secondary sector of the economy

In macroeconomics, the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing.

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Sedentism

In cultural anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time.

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. History of Carmona, Spain and Seville are archaeological sites in Spain, Phoenician colonies in Spain and province of Seville.

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Silver-gilt

Silver-gilt or gilded/gilt silver, sometimes known in American English by the French term vermeil, is silver (either pure or sterling) which has been gilded with gold.

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Slag

Slag is a by-product of smelting (pyrometallurgical) ores and recycled metals.

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Slate

Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade, regional metamorphism.

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Smallholding

A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model.

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Socle (architecture)

In architecture, a socle is a short plinth used to support a pedestal, sculpture, or column.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spania

Spania (Provincia Spaniae) was a province of the Eastern Roman Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists.

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Spanish Navy

The Spanish Navy or officially, the Armada, is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world.

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Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia

The Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia is a law hierarchically located under the 1978 Constitution of Spain, and over any legislation passed by the Andalusian Autonomous Government.

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Stele

A stele,From Greek στήλη, stēlē, plural στήλαι stēlai; the plural in English is sometimes stelai based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles.) or occasionally stela (stelas or stelæ) when derived from Latin, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument.

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Strabo

StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.

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Suppression of the Society of Jesus

The suppression of the Society of Jesus was the removal of all members of the Jesuits from most of Western Europe and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the Holy See in 1773; the papacy acceded to said anti-Jesuit demands without much resistance.

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Taifa

The taifas (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if, meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031.

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Taifa of Carmona

The Taifa of Carmona was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom. History of Carmona, Spain and taifa of Carmona are province of Seville.

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Taifa of Seville

The Taifa of Seville (Ta'ifat-u Ishbiliyyah) was an Arab kingdom which was ruled by the Abbadid dynasty.

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Tariq ibn Ziyad

Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (طارق بن زياد), also known simply as Tarik in English, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest of Visigothic Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD.

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Tartessos

Tartessos (Tartesos) is, as defined by archaeological discoveries, a historical civilization settled in the southern Iberian Peninsula characterized by its mixture of local Paleohispanic and Phoenician traits.

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Tertiary sector of the economy

The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).

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Tiberius

Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37.

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Tomb of Servilia

The tomb of Servilia is an Ancient Roman tomb located in Carmona, Spain.

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Tribal assembly

The Tribal Assembly (Comitia (Populi) Tributa) was an assembly consisting of all Roman citizens convened by tribes (tribus).

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Triclinium

A triclinium (triclinia) is a formal dining room in a Roman building.

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Tumulus

A tumulus (tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.

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Turdetani

The Turdetani were an ancient pre-Roman people of the Iberian Peninsula, living in the valley of the Guadalquivir (the river that the Turdetani called by two names: Kertis and Rérkēs (Ῥέρκης) and which was later known to the Romans as Baetis), in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica (modern south of Spain).

See History of Carmona, Spain and Turdetani

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Carmona,_Spain

, Ciborium (architecture), Columbarium, Commentarii de Bello Civili, Confraternity, Convent, Convento de Santa Clara (Carmona), Corinthian order, Corregidor (position), Decumanus, Dichotomy, Discalced, Distemper (paint), Dolmen, Dryland farming, Ducat, Duke of Arcos, Duke of Medina Sidonia, Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal, El Viso del Alcor, Emir, Emirate of Granada, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand III of Castile, Flavian dynasty, Footman, Forum (Roman), Francoist Spain, Fresco, Fuentes de Andalucía, Fuero, Geographica, George Edward Bonsor Saint Martin, Gothic architecture, Granada War, Grande Armée, Guadalquivir, Habsburg Spain, Hamilcar Barca, Hasdrubal Gisco, Henry II of Castile, Henry IV of Castile, Hispania, Hispania Baetica, Historical archaeology, Hominidae, Horror vacui (art), Human, Iberian Peninsula, Ibero-American Exposition of 1929, Ilipa, Imbrex and tegula, Impluvium, Isabella I of Castile, Jizya, Joanna of Castile, John II of Castile, Julio Caro Baroja, Julius Caesar, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Navarre, Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar, Kura (administrative division), La Campana, Latifundium, List of grand masters of the Order of Calatrava, List of necropoleis, Livy, Lora del Río, Macellum, Mago Barca, Mairena del Alcor, María Eugenia Aubet, Marchena, Spain, Marinid Sultanate, Masmuda, Material culture, Medusa, Miguel de Cervantes, Monte Testaccio, Montiel, Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, Mudéjar, Municipium, Musa ibn Nusayr, Nasrid dynasty, Neolithic, Numidia, Ogive, Opus signinum, Order of Calatrava, Order of Santiago, Paleolithic, Paradas, Spain, Pax Romana, Pedestal, Peninsular War, Peter of Castile, Philip IV of Spain, Phoenicia, Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, Plateresque, Podium, Polybius, Polychrome, Polyptych, Pompeian Styles, Portico, Province of Seville, Punic people, Punic Wars, Pyre, Rentier capitalism, Rock-cut architecture, Rodrigo González Girón, Roman Republic, Sally port, Sanhaja, Scipio Africanus, Second Punic War, Secondary sector of the economy, Sedentism, Seville, Silver-gilt, Slag, Slate, Smallholding, Socle (architecture), Spain, Spania, Spanish Civil War, Spanish Navy, Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia, Stele, Strabo, Suppression of the Society of Jesus, Taifa, Taifa of Carmona, Taifa of Seville, Tariq ibn Ziyad, Tartessos, Tertiary sector of the economy, Tiberius, Tomb of Servilia, Tribal assembly, Triclinium, Tumulus, Turdetani, Tyre, Lebanon, Umar ibn Hafsun, Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad state of Córdoba, Urn, Via Augusta, Visigothic Kingdom, Watchtower, 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

History of Carmona, Spain, the Glossary

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