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History of Karelia, the Glossary

The Karelian people's presence can be dated back to the 7th millennium BC–6th millennium BC.^[1]

97 relations: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Allies of World War I, Baltic Finnic peoples, Baltic Sea, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Christina, Queen of Sweden, Clinic, Continuation War, Copper, Cultural assimilation, Early Middle Ages, East Karelia, East Karelian uprising, Ecoregion, Electrification, Estonia, Fief of Viborg, Finland, Finnish Civil War, Finnish Declaration of Independence, Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia, Finnish War, First five-year plan, Forest Guerrillas, GOELRO, Grand Duchy of Finland, Great Purge, Gulag, Gulf of Finland, Hospital, Hydroelectricity, Immigration, Intelligentsia, Joensuu, Joseph Stalin, Karelia, Karelia (historical province of Finland), Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Karelian Isthmus, Karelian language, Karelians, Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, Keuruu, Kirov Railway, Korela Fortress, Kymenlaakso, Kymi (river), Kymi Province, Lake Ladoga, Lappee, ... Expand index (47 more) »

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

The Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions that began in 1918.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

See History of Karelia and Allies of World War I

Baltic Finnic peoples

The Baltic Finnic peoples, often simply referred to as the Finnic peoples, are the peoples inhabiting the Baltic Sea region in Northern and Eastern Europe who speak Finnic languages.

See History of Karelia and Baltic Finnic peoples

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.

See History of Karelia and Baltic Sea

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between two congresses.

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Christina, Queen of Sweden

Christina (Kristina; 18 December 1626 – 19 April 1689) was a member of the House of Vasa and the Queen of Sweden in her own right from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.

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Clinic

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients.

See History of Karelia and Clinic

Continuation War

The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II.

See History of Karelia and Continuation War

Copper

Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.

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Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assimilates the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.

See History of Karelia and Cultural assimilation

Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.

See History of Karelia and Early Middle Ages

East Karelia

East Karelia (Itä-Karjala, Idä-Karjala), also rendered as Eastern Karelia or Russian Karelia, is a name for the part of Karelia that since the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617 has remained Eastern Orthodox and a part of Russia.

See History of Karelia and East Karelia

East Karelian uprising

The East Karelian Uprising (Finnish: itäkarjalaisten kansannousu, Karelian: päivännouzu karjalan kanzannouzu) and the Soviet–Finnish conflict 1921–1922 were an attempt by a group of East Karelian separatists to gain independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

See History of Karelia and East Karelian uprising

Ecoregion

An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm.

See History of Karelia and Ecoregion

Electrification

Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source.

See History of Karelia and Electrification

Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

See History of Karelia and Estonia

Fief of Viborg

The Fief of Viborg (1320–1534) was for two centuries a late medieval fief in the southeastern border of Finland and the entire Swedish realm.

See History of Karelia and Fief of Viborg

Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

See History of Karelia and Finland

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy ruled by the Russian Empire to a fully independent state.

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Finnish Declaration of Independence

The Finnish Declaration of Independence (Suomen itsenäisyysjulistus; Finlands självständighetsförklaring) was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on 6 December 1917.

See History of Karelia and Finnish Declaration of Independence

Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia

The Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia was an interim administrative system established in those areas of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (KFSSR) of the Soviet Union which were occupied by the Finnish army during the Continuation War.

See History of Karelia and Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia

Finnish War

The Finnish War (Finska kriget, Финляндская война, Suomen sota) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809 as part of the Napoleonic Wars.

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First five-year plan

The first five-year plan (I пятилетний план, первая пятилетка) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, implemented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of socialism in one country.

See History of Karelia and First five-year plan

Forest Guerrillas

Forest Guerrillas (Metsäsissit) were a East Karelian resistance movement that was created officially on 14 October 1921.

See History of Karelia and Forest Guerrillas

GOELRO

GOELRO (ГОЭЛРО) was the first of Soviet Russia's plans for national economic recovery and development.

See History of Karelia and GOELRO

Grand Duchy of Finland

The Grand Duchy of Finland, officially and also translated as the Grand Principality of Finland, was the predecessor state of modern Finland.

See History of Karelia and Grand Duchy of Finland

Great Purge

The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state.

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Gulag

The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.

See History of Karelia and Gulag

Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland (Soome laht; Suomenlahti; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.

See History of Karelia and Gulf of Finland

Hospital

A hospital is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment.

See History of Karelia and Hospital

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power).

See History of Karelia and Hydroelectricity

Immigration

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents.

See History of Karelia and Immigration

Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.

See History of Karelia and Intelligentsia

Joensuu

Joensuu (Jovensuu) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of North Karelia.

See History of Karelia and Joensuu

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

See History of Karelia and Joseph Stalin

Karelia

Karelia (Karelian and Karjala; Kareliya, historically Коре́ла, Korela; Karelen) is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Russia (including the Soviet era), Finland, and Sweden.

See History of Karelia and Karelia

Karelia (historical province of Finland)

Karelia (Karjala) is a historical province of Finland, consisting of the modern-day Finnish regions of South Karelia and North Karelia plus the historical regions of Ladoga Karelia and the Karelian isthmus, which are now in Russia.

See History of Karelia and Karelia (historical province of Finland)

The Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Karelian ASSR for short, sometimes referred to as Soviet Karelia or simply Karelia, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, with the capital in Petrozavodsk.

See History of Karelia and Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Karelian Isthmus

The Karelian Isthmus (Karelsky peresheyek; Karjalankannas; Karelska näset) is the approximately stretch of land situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva.

See History of Karelia and Karelian Isthmus

Karelian language

Karelian (karjala, karjalan kieli|label.

See History of Karelia and Karelian language

Karelians

Karelians (karjalaižet, karjalazet, karjalaiset; karjalaiset; kareler, karelare; karely) are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group who are indigenous to the historical region of Karelia, which is today split between Finland and Russia.

See History of Karelia and Karelians

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union.

See History of Karelia and Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic

Keuruu

Keuruu (Keuru) is a town and municipality of Finland.

See History of Karelia and Keuruu

Kirov Railway

Railway between Murmansk on the Arctic Ocean and Saint Petersburg on the Baltic Sea The Kirov Railway (Kirovskaya zheleznaya doroga; until 1935 Murman Railway) is a broad gauge Russian railway network that links the Murman Coast and Murmansk city (in the north) and Saint Petersburg (in the south).

See History of Karelia and Kirov Railway

Korela Fortress

Korela Fortress (Корела; Käkisalmen linna; Kexholms fästning) is a medieval fortress in the town of Priozersk, Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

See History of Karelia and Korela Fortress

Kymenlaakso

Kymenlaakso (Kymmenedalen; "Kymi/Kymmene Valley") is a region in Finland.

See History of Karelia and Kymenlaakso

Kymi (river)

The Kymi (Kymijoki, Kymmene älv) is a river in Finland.

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Kymi Province

The Kymi Province (Kymen lääni, Kymmene län) was a province of Finland from 1945 to 1997.

See History of Karelia and Kymi Province

Lake Ladoga

Lake Ladoga (Ladozhskoye ozero, or label,; Laatokka;; Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg.

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Lappee

Lappee is an old parish and a former municipality of Finland in the South Karelia region, originally in the Viipuri Province and after the Second World War, the Kymi Province.

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Lappeenranta

Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of South Karelia.

See History of Karelia and Lappeenranta

Likbez

Likbez (ликбе́з,; a portmanteau of label,, meaning "elimination of illiteracy") was a campaign of eradication of illiteracy in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s.

See History of Karelia and Likbez

Mannerheim Line

The Mannerheim Line (Mannerheim-linja, Mannerheimlinjen) was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus built by Finland against the Soviet Union.

See History of Karelia and Mannerheim Line

Mining

Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth.

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Moscow Peace Treaty

The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March.

See History of Karelia and Moscow Peace Treaty

National delimitation in the Soviet Union

National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics, autonomous Soviet socialist republics, autonomous oblasts, raions and okrugs) from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions.

See History of Karelia and National delimitation in the Soviet Union

National identity

National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one or more states or one or more nations.

See History of Karelia and National identity

Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I (–) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland.

See History of Karelia and Nicholas I of Russia

North Karelia

North Karelia (or Northern Karelia, Pohjois-Karjala; Norra Karelen) is a region in eastern Finland.

See History of Karelia and North Karelia

Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic (Novgorodskaya respublika) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east.

See History of Karelia and Novgorod Republic

OAO Kondopoga

Joint Stock Company Kondopoga (ОАО «Кондопога») is a Russian pulp and paper production company located in the Republic of Karelia.

See History of Karelia and OAO Kondopoga

October Revolution

The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.

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Old Finland

Old Finland (Vanha Suomi; r; Gamla Finland) is a name used for the areas that Russia gained from Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) and in the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743).

See History of Karelia and Old Finland

Onega Tractor Plant

The Onega Tractor Plant or Onezhskiy Tractor Plant (Onezhsiy traktorniy zavod, abbreviated ОТЗ, OTZ) is a major Russian machine-building manufacturing plant in Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia.

See History of Karelia and Onega Tractor Plant

People's Commissariat for Nationalities

The People's Commissariat of Nationalities of the RSFSR (Narodny komissariat po delam natsional'nostey RSFSR), abbreviated NKNats or Narkomnats, an organization functioning from 1917 to 1924 in the early Soviet period of Russian and Soviet history, tasked with dealing with non-Russian nationalities.

See History of Karelia and People's Commissariat for Nationalities

Peter the Great

Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.

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Petrozavodsk

Petrozavodsk (p; Karelian, Vepsian and Petroskoi) is the capital city of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, which stretches along the western shore of Lake Onega for some.

See History of Karelia and Petrozavodsk

Prodrazverstka

Prodrazverstka, also transliterated Prodrazvyorstka (p, short for продовольственная развёрстка), alternatively referred to in English as grain requisitioning, was a policy and campaign of confiscation of grain and other agricultural products from peasants at nominal fixed prices according to specified quotas (the noun razverstka,, and the verb razverstat, refer to the partition of the requested total amount as obligations from the suppliers).

See History of Karelia and Prodrazverstka

Queen regnant

A queen regnant (queens regnant) is a female monarch, equivalent in rank, title and position to a king.

See History of Karelia and Queen regnant

Regions of Finland

Finland is divided into 19 regions (maakunta; landskap) which are governed by regional councils that serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of each region.

See History of Karelia and Regions of Finland

Republic of Karelia

The Republic of Karelia, Karjala or Karelia (Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла; Karjala) is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country.

See History of Karelia and Republic of Karelia

Republic of Uhtua

The Republic of Uhtua, also Provisional Government of Karelia, officially called the Republic of East Karelia was an unrecognized state that existed from 1919 to 1920, formed out of five volosts in the Kemsky Uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Governorate.

See History of Karelia and Republic of Uhtua

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See History of Karelia and Russia

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

See History of Karelia and Russian Empire

Saimaa

Saimaa (Saimen) is a lake located in the Finnish Lakeland area in southeastern Finland.

See History of Karelia and Saimaa

Saimaa Canal

The Saimaa Canal (Saimaan kanava; Saima kanal; Сайменский канал) is a transportation canal that connects lake Saimaa with the Gulf of Finland near Vyborg, Russia.

See History of Karelia and Saimaa Canal

Salpausselkä

Salpausselkä ("Bar Ridge") is an extensive ridge system left by the ice age in Southern Finland.

See History of Karelia and Salpausselkä

Sandarmokh

Sandarmokh (Сандармох; Sandarmoh) is a forest massif from Medvezhyegorsk in the Republic of Karelia where an unknown number, estimated in the thousands, of victims of Stalin's Great Terror were executed.

See History of Karelia and Sandarmokh

Scandinavian and Russian taiga

The Scandinavian and Russian taiga is an ecoregion within the taiga and boreal forests biome as defined by the WWF classification (ecoregion PA0608).

See History of Karelia and Scandinavian and Russian taiga

Solovetsky Islands

The Solovetsky Islands (p), or Solovki (p), are an archipelago located in the Onega Bay of the White Sea, Russia.

See History of Karelia and Solovetsky Islands

South Karelia

South Karelia (or Southern Karelia, Etelä-Karjala; Södra Karelen) is a region of Finland.

See History of Karelia and South Karelia

Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

See History of Karelia and Sweden

Swedes

Swedes (svenskar) are an ethnic group native to Sweden, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and language. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland where they are an officially recognized minority, with Swedish being one of the official languages of the country, and with a substantial diaspora in other countries, especially the United States.

See History of Karelia and Swedes

Swedish–Novgorodian Wars

The Swedish–Novgorodian Wars were a series of conflicts in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Novgorod Republic and medieval Sweden over control of the Gulf of Finland, an area vital to the Hanseatic League and part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.

See History of Karelia and Swedish–Novgorodian Wars

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Karelia

Also known as History of the Republic of Karelia.

, Lappeenranta, Likbez, Mannerheim Line, Mining, Moscow Peace Treaty, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, National identity, Nicholas I of Russia, North Karelia, Novgorod Republic, OAO Kondopoga, October Revolution, Old Finland, Onega Tractor Plant, People's Commissariat for Nationalities, Peter the Great, Petrozavodsk, Prodrazverstka, Queen regnant, Regions of Finland, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Uhtua, Russia, Russian Empire, Saimaa, Saimaa Canal, Salpausselkä, Sandarmokh, Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Solovetsky Islands, South Karelia, Sweden, Swedes, Swedish–Novgorodian Wars, Tar, Treaty of Åbo, Treaty of Nöteborg, Treaty of Nystad, Veto, Viipuri Province, Vuoksi, Vyborg, Vyborg Governorate, White Sea–Baltic Canal, Winter War, 6th millennium BC, 7th millennium BC.

History of Karelia, the Glossary

Table of Contents

References