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History of Valais, the Glossary

Occupied since prehistoric times, the canton of Valais saw the rise of an exceptional civilization during the Bronze Age.^[1]

264 relations: Acculturation, Act of Mediation, Aedile, Alemanni, Alemannic German, Alpes Graiae et Poeninae, Alps, Anniviers, Aosta, Aosta Valley, Arianism, Augsburg, Augustus, Azilian, Évian-les-Bains, Únětice culture, Battle of Crevola, Battle of Marignano, Battle of Octodurus, Battle of Tourtour, Battle on the Planta, Bell Beaker culture, Bern, Bernese Oberland, Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, Bex, Biel/Bienne, Bietschhorn, Binntal, Black Death, Boustrophedon, Bronze Age, Burgundian Wars, Burgundians, Canal, Canegrate culture, Cantons of Switzerland, Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Empire, Catholic Church, Celts, Chablais, Charlemagne, Charles the Bold, Chippis, Chrism, Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland, Christianity, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Cist, ... Expand index (214 more) »
Cantons of Switzerland
History of Switzerland
Valais

Acculturation

Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.

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The Act of Mediation was issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the French Republic on 19 February 1803 to abolish the Helvetic Republic, which had existed since the invasion of Switzerland by French troops in 1798, and replace it with the Swiss Confederation.

See History of Valais and Act of Mediation

Aedile

Aedile (aedīlis, from aedes, "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic.

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Alemanni

The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.

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Alemannic German

Alemannic, or rarely Alemannish (Alemannisch), is a group of High German dialects.

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Alpes Graiae et Poeninae

The Alpes Graiae et Poeninae, later known as Alpes Atrectianae et Poeninae (officially Alpes Atrectianae et Vallis Poenina), was a small Alpine province of the Roman Empire created after the merging of the Alpes Poeninae (or Vallis Poenina) and the Alpes Graiae (or Alpes Atrectianae), probably during the reign of Claudius (41–54 AD).

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Alps

The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

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Anniviers

Anniviers is a municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Aosta

Aosta (Aoste) is the principal city of the Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Italian Alps, north-northwest of Turin.

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Aosta Valley

The Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta; Vallée d'Aoste; Val d'Aoûta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy.

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Arianism

Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.

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Augsburg

Augsburg (label) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Azilian

The Azilian is a Mesolithic industry of the Franco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and Southern France.

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Évian-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains, or simply Évian (Èvian, Évyan, or L'Èvian), is a commune in Eastern France, by the border with Switzerland.

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Únětice culture

The Únětice culture, Aunjetitz culture or Unetician culture (Únětická kultura, Aunjetitzer Kultur, Kultura unietycka, Únětická kultúra) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC.

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Battle of Crevola

The Battle of Crevola was fought in the spring of 1487, between a marauding Swiss army from the Valais and Lucerne and troops from the Duchy of Milan, for the supremacy of the Val d'Ossola (Eschental).

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Battle of Marignano

The Battle of Marignano was the last major engagement of the War of the League of Cambrai and took place on 13–14 September 1515, near the town now called Melegnano, 16 km southeast of Milan.

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Battle of Octodurus

The battle of Octodurus took place in the winter of 57–56 BC in the Gallic town of Octodurus in what is now Martigny, Valais, Switzerland.

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Battle of Tourtour

The Battle of Tourtour of 973 was a significant victory for the Christian forces of William I of Provence over the Andalusi settlers based at Fraxinetum.

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Battle on the Planta

The Battle on the Planta, fought on 13 November 1475 around Conthey near Sion, Valais, Switzerland, was part of the Burgundian Wars.

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Bell Beaker culture

The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.

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Bern

Bern, or Berne,Bärn; Bèrna; Berna; Berna.

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Bernese Oberland

The Bernese Oberland (Berner Oberland; Bärner Oberland; Oberland bernois), sometimes also known as the Bernese Highlands, is the highest and southernmost part of the canton of Bern.

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Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen

Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen (1160 – 18 February 1218 in Freiburg im Breisgau), also known as Bertold V or Berchtold V, was Duke of Zähringen from 1186 until his death.

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Bex

Bex (Beis; Bés) is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle.

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Biel/Bienne

Biel/Bienne (official bilingual wording; German: Biel, French: Bienne;,; local dialect; Bienna; Bienna; Belna) is a bilingual city in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

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Bietschhorn

The Bietschhorn (3,934 m) is a mountain in canton Wallis to the south of the Bernese Alps in Switzerland.

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Binntal

The Binn Valley (German: Binntal) is a valley of the Alps, located on the north side of the Lepontine Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais.

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Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

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Boustrophedon

Boustrophedon is a style of writing in which alternate lines of writing are reversed, with letters also written in reverse, mirror-style.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

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Burgundian Wars

The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) were a conflict between the Burgundian State and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies.

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Burgundians

The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.

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Canal

Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi).

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Canegrate culture

The Canegrate culture was a civilization of prehistoric Italy that developed from the late Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age, in the areas that are now western Lombardy, eastern Piedmont, and Ticino.

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Cantons of Switzerland

The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the member states of the Swiss Confederation.

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Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

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Carolingian Empire

The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.

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Chablais

Chablais (Italian: Chiablese) was a province of the Duchy of Savoy.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles the Bold

Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called The Bold, was the last Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian cadet branch of the House of Valois from 1467 to 1477.

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Chippis

Chippis is a municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Chrism

Chrism, also called myrrh, myron, holy anointing oil, and consecrated oil, is a consecrated oil used in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Nordic Lutheran, Anglican, and Old Catholic churches in the administration of certain sacraments and ecclesiastical functions.

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Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland

The Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz, CVP), also called the Christian Democratic Party (Parti démocrate-chrétien, PDC), Democratic People's Party (Partito Popolare Democratico, PPD) and Swiss Christian Democratic Party (Partida cristiandemocratica Svizra, PCD), was a Christian democratic political party in Switzerland.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Ciba Specialty Chemicals

Ciba was a chemical company based in and near Basel, Switzerland.

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Cist

In archeology, a cist (also kist; from κίστη, Middle Welsh Kist or Germanic Kiste) or cist grave is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead.

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Citizenship

Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.

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Claude-Philibert Barthelot de Rambuteau

Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau (Mâcon, 9 November 1781 – Château de Rambuteau, 11 April 1869) was a French senior official of the first half of the 19th century.

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Claudius

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August – 13 October) was a Roman emperor, ruling from to 54.

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Col Collon

Col Collon (el. 3074 m.) is a high mountain pass across the central Pennine Alps, connecting Arolla in the Swiss canton of Valais to Bionaz in the Italian region of Aosta Valley.

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Collombey-Muraz

Collombey-Muraz is a municipality in the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Common wheat

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species.

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

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Constitutio Criminalis Carolina

The Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (sometimes shortened to Carolina) is recognised as the first body of German criminal law (Strafgesetzbuch).

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Conthey

Conthey is a municipality in the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Continental System

The Continental Blockade, or Continental System, was a large-scale embargo by French Emperor Napoleon I against the British Empire from 21 November 1806 until 11 April 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Cortaillod culture

The Cortaillod culture is one of several archaeologically defined cultures belonging to the Neolithic period of Switzerland.

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Council of Aquileia, 381

The Council of Aquileia in 381 AD was a church synod which was part of the struggle between Arian and orthodox ideas in Christianity.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

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County of Auxerre

The County of Auxerre was a county in current central France, with its capital in Auxerre.

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Cudrefin

Cudrefin is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

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Cupstone

Cupstones, also called anvil stones, pitted cobbles and nutting stones, among other names, are roughly discoidal or amorphous groundstone artifacts among the most common lithic remains of Native American culture, especially in the Midwestern United States, in Early Archaic contexts.

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Cybele

Cybele (Phrygian: Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya "Kubileya/Kubeleya Mother", perhaps "Mountain Mother"; Lydian Kuvava; Κυβέλη Kybele, Κυβήβη Kybebe, Κύβελις Kybelis) is an Anatolian mother goddess; she may have a possible forerunner in the earliest neolithic at Çatalhöyük.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Diocese

In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.

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Disentis

Mustér (Romansh) or Disentis (German), with its official name Disentis/Mustér is a village and a municipality in the Surselva Region in the Swiss canton of Grisons.

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Dolmen

A dolmen or portal tomb is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more upright megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table".

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Dranse (Haute-Savoie)

The Dranse is a French river in the department of Haute-Savoie, that empties into Lake Geneva between Thonon-les-Bains and Évian-les-Bains.

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Dranse d'Abondance

The Dranse d'Abondance is the upper part of the river Dranse in the French department of Haute-Savoie, a sub-tributary of the Rhône.

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Drusus Julius Caesar

Drusus Julius Caesar (7 October – 14 September AD 23), also called Drusus the Younger, was the son of Emperor Tiberius, and heir to the Roman Empire following the death of his adoptive brother Germanicus in AD 19.

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Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan (Ducato di Milano; Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277.

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Duchy of Savoy

The Duchy of Savoy (Ducato di Savoia; Duché de Savoie) was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy.

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Epipalaeolithic

In archaeology, the Epipalaeolithic or Epipaleolithic (sometimes Epi-paleolithic etc.) is a period occurring between the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic during the Stone Age.

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Episcopal see

An episcopal see is, the area of a bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

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Eponym

An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after whom or for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named.

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Evolène

Evolène is a municipality in the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Federal Treaty

The Federal Treaty (German: Bundesvertrag, French: Pacte fédéral, Italian: Patto federale) was the legal foundation for the new Swiss Confederacy of 1815.

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Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

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First Battle of Ulrichen

The First Battle of Ulrichen in 1211 was a decisive defeat of Bernese troops under Duke Berthold V of Zähringen by the army of the Canton of Valais under the Bishop of Sion Landrich von Mont. History of Valais and First Battle of Ulrichen are Valais.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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Fontainebleau

Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.

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François-René de Chateaubriand

François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (4 September 1768 – 4 July 1848) was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian who influenced French literature of the nineteenth century.

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Francia

The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

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Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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Furka Base Tunnel

The Furka Base Tunnel is a Swiss railway base tunnel on the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn's Furka–Oberalp line, an east–west railway connecting the cantons of Valais and Uri.

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Gabrielle Nanchen

Gabrielle Nanchen is a Swiss politician and author.

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Galba

Galba (born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69.

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Gallic Wars

The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland).

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Gaul

Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.

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Gemmi Pass

Gemmi Pass is a high mountain pass across the Bernese Alps connecting Leukerbad (on the south) in the canton of Valais with Kandersteg (on the north) in the canton of Bern.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

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Golasecca culture

The Golasecca culture (9th - 4th century BC) was a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age culture in northern Italy, whose type-site was excavated at Golasecca in the province of Varese, Lombardy, where, in the area of Monsorino at the beginning of the 19th century, Abbot Giovanni Battista Giani made the first findings of about fifty graves with pottery and metal objects.

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Graian Alps

The Graian Alps (Alpes grées; Alpi Graie) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps.

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Grand Council of Valais

The Grand Council of Valais (Grand Conseil du Valais) (German: Grosser Rat) is the legislature of the canton of Valais, in Switzerland.

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Grande Dixence Dam

The Grande Dixence Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Dixence at the head of the Val d'Hérémence in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

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Great St Bernard Pass

The Great St Bernard Pass (Col du Grand St-Bernard, Colle del Gran San Bernardo, Grosser Sankt Bernhard; Pass del Grond Son Bernard) is the third highest road pass in Switzerland, at an elevation of.

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Grimsel Pass

The Grimsel Pass (Grimselpass; Col du Grimsel; Passo del Grimsel) is a mountain pass in Switzerland, crossing the Bernese Alps at an elevation of.

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Guillaume Henri Dufour

Guillaume Henri Dufour (15 September 178714 July 1875) was a Swiss military officer, structural engineer and topographer.

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Gundobad

Gundobad (Flavius Gundobadus; Gondebaud, Gondovald; 452 – 516 AD) was King of the Burgundians (473–516), succeeding his father Gundioc of Burgundy.

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Guntram

Saint Gontrand (c. 532 in Soissons – 28 March 592 in Chalon-sur-Saône), also called Gontran, Gontram, Guntram, Gunthram, Gunthchramn, and Guntramnus, was the king of the Kingdom of Orléans from AD 561 to AD 592.

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Hallstatt culture

The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture.

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Hérens cattle

The Herens (Eringer in German) is a breed of cattle named after the Val d'Hérens region of Switzerland.

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Helvetic Republic

The Helvetic Republic was a sister republic of France that existed between 1798 and 1803, during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Helvetii

The Helvetii (Gaulish: *Heluētī), anglicized as Helvetians, were a Celtic tribe or tribal confederation occupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

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Henry Unwin Addington

Henry Unwin Addington (24 March 1790 – 6 March 1870) was a British diplomat and civil servant.

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History of Switzerland

Since 1848 the Swiss Confederation has been a federal republic of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of federation that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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House of Zähringen

The House of Zähringen (Zähringer) was a dynasty of Swabian nobility.

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Hundred Days

The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (Guerre de la Septième Coalition), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).

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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power).

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In the Holy Roman Empire, imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit or Reichsfreiheit) was the status of an individual or a territory which was defined as 'immediate' (unmittelbar) to Emperor and Empire (Kaiser und Reich) and not to any other intermediate authorities, while one that did not possess that status was defined as 'mediate' (mittelbar).

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Ioannis Kapodistrias

Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (Κόμης Ιωάννης Αντώνιος Καποδίστριας; February 1776 –27 September 1831), sometimes anglicized as John Capodistrias, was a Greek statesman who was one of the most distinguished politicians and diplomats of 19th-century Europe.

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Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.

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Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799

The Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799 was a military campaign undertaken by a combined Austro-Russian army under overall command of the Russian Marshal Alexander Suvorov against French forces in Piedmont and Lombardy (modern Italy) and the Helvetic Republic (present-day Switzerland).

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Italian Wars

The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea.

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Ivrea

Ivrea (Ivrèja;; Eporedia) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy.

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Jacques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.

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Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge

Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge (born 22 November 1767 in Caen; died 28 November 1826 in Chauconin-Neufmontiers), was a French cavalry commander during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Jorge Chávez

Jorge Antonio Chávez Dartnell (January 13, 1887 – September 27, 1910), also known as Géo Chávez, was a Peruvian aviator.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Kingdom of Arles

The Kingdom of Burgundy, known from the 12th century as the Kingdom of Arles, also referred to in various context as Arelat, the Kingdom of Arles and Vienne, or Kingdom of Burgundy-Provence, was a realm established in 933 by the merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II.

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Kingdom of Burgundy

Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

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La Bâtiaz Castle

La Bâtiaz Castle (French: Château de la Bâtiaz) is a castle in the municipality of Martigny, in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland.

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La Turbie

La Turbie (A Torbia; Turbia) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

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Lac de Taney

Lac de Taney (or Lac de Tanay) is a lake in Valais, Switzerland.

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Lake Geneva

Lake Geneva (Léman, lac Léman, rarely lac de Genève; Lago Lemano; Genfersee; Lai da Genevra) is a deep lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France.

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Lake Neuchâtel

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Late Neolithic

In the archaeology of Southwest Asia, the Late Neolithic, also known as the Ceramic Neolithic or Pottery Neolithic, is the final part of the Neolithic period, following on from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and preceding the Chalcolithic.

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Lötschberg

The Lötschberg is an Alpine mountain massif, usually associated with a major, historically important transit axis of the Alps in Switzerland with, at its core, the Lötschen Pass (Lötschenpass, Swiss German: Lötschepass).

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Lötschberg Tunnel

The Lötschberg Tunnel is a long railway tunnel on the Lötschberg Line, which connects Spiez and Brig at the northern end of the Simplon Tunnel cutting through the Bernese Alps of Switzerland.

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Lötschental

The Lötschental is the largest valley on the northern side of the Rhône valley in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Le Petit-Chasseur

Le Petit Chasseur is the name of a megalithic site in Sion, Valais, Switzerland.

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Legio XII Fulminata

Legio XII Fulminata ("Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion"), also known as Paterna, Victrix, Antiqua, Certa Constans, and Galliena, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.

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Lepontii

The Lepontii were an ancient Celtic people occupying portions of Rhaetia (in modern Switzerland and Northern Italy) in the Alps during the late Bronze Age/Iron Age.

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Leslie Stephen

Sir Leslie Stephen (28 November 1832 – 22 February 1904) was an English author, critic, historian, biographer, mountaineer, and an early humanist activist.

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Leuk

Leuk (Loèche-Ville) is a municipality in the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Lex Burgundionum

The Lex Burgundionum (Latin for Burgundian Laws, also Lex Gundobada) refers to the law code of the Burgundians, probably issued by king Gundobad.

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Liberty pole

A liberty pole is a wooden pole, or sometimes spear or lance, surmounted by a "cap of liberty", mostly of the Phrygian cap.

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List of bishops of Sion

List of bishops of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion.

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Lombards

The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.

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Louis II of Italy

Louis II (825 – 12 August 875), sometimes called the Younger, was the king of Italy and emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 844, co-ruling with his father Lothair I until 855, after which he ruled alone.

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Louis Marie Turreau

Louis-Marie Turreau (4 July 1756, Évreux, Eure – 10 December 1816, Conches), also known as Turreau de Garambouville or Turreau de Linières, was a French general officer of the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Lower Burgundy

The Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, also called Cisjurane Burgundy, was a historical kingdom in what is now southeastern France, so-called because it was lower down the Rhône Valley than Upper Burgundy.

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Magdalenian

The Magdalenian cultures (also Madelenian; French: Magdalénien) are later cultures of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic in western Europe.

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Maiolus of Cluny

Majolus of Cluny (Maieul, Mayeul, Mayeule, Mayol) (c. 906 – May 11, 994) was the fourth abbot of Cluny.

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Martigny

Martigny (Martinach,; Octodurum) is the capital city of the district of Martigny, canton of Valais, Switzerland.

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Massongex

Massongex (Massongié) is a municipality in the district of Saint-Maurice, in the canton of Valais, Switzerland.

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Matterhorn

The italics (Cervino; Cervin; Mont(e) Cervin(u))There are several different Romansh dialects, each with its own slight variation on the name for the Matterhorn.

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Matthäus Schiner

Matthäus Schiner (or Schinner; – 1 October 1522) was a bishop of Sion, Cardinal and diplomat.

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Megalithic art

Megalithic art refers to art either painted or carved onto megaliths in prehistoric Europe.

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Mesolithic

The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

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Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys.

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Middle Francia

Middle Francia (Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun after an intermittent civil war between the grandsons of Charlemagne resulted in division of the united empire.

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Mithra

Mithra (𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 Miθra, 𐎷𐎰𐎼 Miθra), commonly known as Mehr or Mithras among Romans, is an ancient Iranian deity of covenants, light, oath, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship.

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Mithraeum

A Mithraeum, sometimes spelled Mithreum and Mithraion (Μιθραίον), is a Mithraic temple, erected in classical antiquity by the worshippers of Mithras.

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Monthey

Monthey (Montê) is the capital of the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Murten

Murten (German) or Morat (French,; Morât) is a bilingual municipality and a city in the See district of the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

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Nantuates

The Nantuates or Nantuatae (Gaulish: Nantuatis, 'those of the valley') were a Gallic tribe dwelling around present-day Massongex, in the modern Canton of Valais (Switzerland) and adjacent areas of France, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Napoleon Crossing the Alps (also known as Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass or Bonaparte Crossing the Alps; listed as Le Premier Consul franchissant les Alpes au col du Grand Saint-Bernard) is a series of five oil on canvas equestrian portraits of Napoleon Bonaparte painted by the French artist Jacques-Louis David between 1801 and 1805.

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Napoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of the French (simply referred to as Code civil), is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.

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Neanderthal

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

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Necropolis

A necropolis (necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments.

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Nendaz

Nendaz is a municipality in the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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Neuchâtel

Neuchâtel (Neuenburg) is a town, a municipality, and the capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Neuchâtel.

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Niedergesteln

Niedergesteln is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Old Italic scripts

The Old Italic scripts are a family of ancient writing systems used in the Italian Peninsula between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place.

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Oppidum

An oppidum (oppida) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town.

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Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (postnominal abbr. OFMCap) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church, one of three "First Orders" that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFMObs, now OFM), the other being the Conventuals (OFMConv).

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Orsières

Orsières is a municipality in the district of Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Ossola

The Ossola (also Valle Ossola or Val d’Ossola) is an area of Italy situated to the north of Lago Maggiore.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

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Pax Romana

The (Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion.

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Peter II, Count of Savoy

Peter II (c. 120315 May 1268), called the Little Charlemagne, was Count of Savoy from 1263 until his death in 1268.

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Philipp Albert Stapfer

Philipp Albert Stapfer (23 September 1766, in Bern – 27 March 1840, in Paris) was a Swiss politician and philosopher.

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Prehistory

Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.

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Proportional representation

Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Quadragesima Galliarum

Quadragesima Galliarum (lit. "Gallic one-fortieth"), also written XXXX Galliarum or XL Galliarum, was a 2.5% tax charged on trade in the Gallic provinces of the Roman Empire.

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Raetia

Raetia or Rhaetia was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people.

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Raron affair

The Raron affair (German: Raronhandel) was a 15th-century rebellion in the Valais (the prince-bishopric of Sion) against the power of a local noble family, the Raron family.

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Raron family

Von Raron (French Rarogne) was an influential noble family in the Valais (the bishopric of Sion) in the late medieval period.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror or the Mountain Republic was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.

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Republic of the Seven Tithings

The Republic of the Seven Tithings (Republik der Sieben Zenden, République des Sept-Dizains) was a state in what is now the Swiss canton of Valais during the early modern period, and an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

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Rhône Glacier

The Rhône Glacier (Rhonegletscher, Walliser German: Rottengletscher, glacier du Rhône, ghiacciaio del Rodano) is a glacier in the Swiss Alps and the source of the river Rhône and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the Swiss canton of Valais.

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Rock shelter

A rock shelter (also rockhouse, crepuscular cave, bluff shelter, or abri) is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Annecy

The Diocese of Annecy (Dioecesis Anneciensis; Diocèse d'Annecy) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France, located 26 miles (42km) south of Geneva.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg

The Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg (Dioecesis Lausannensis, Genevensis et Friburgensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese in Switzerland, which is (as all sees in the Alpine country) exempt (i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See, not part of any ecclesiastical province).

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion

The Diocese of Sion (Dioecesis Sedunensis, Diocèse de Sion, Bistum Sitten) is a Latin Catholic ecclesiastical territory in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. History of Valais and Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion are Valais.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Rudolph I of Burgundy

Rudolph I (– 25 October 912) was King of Upper Burgundy from his election in 888 until his death. A member of the elder Welf family, Rudolph was the son of Conrad, Count of Auxerre and Waldrada of Worms. From his father he inherited the lay abbacy of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune, making him the most powerful magnate in Upper Burgundy - present-day Western Switzerland and Franche-Comté.

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Rudolph III of Burgundy

Rudolph III (Rodolphe, Rudolf; 970 – 6 September 1032), called the Idle or the Pious, was the king of Burgundy from 993 until his death.

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Saanen

Saanen (Gessenay; Highest Alemannic: Saanä) is a municipality in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

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Saint-Gingolph, Switzerland

Saint-Gingolph is a municipality in the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Saint-Léonard, Switzerland

Saint-Léonard is a municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Saint-Maurice, Switzerland

Saint-Maurice is a city in the Swiss canton of Valais and the capital of the district of Saint-Maurice.

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Salassi

The Salassi or Salasses were a Gallic or Ligurian tribe dwelling in the upper valley of the Dora Baltea river, near present-day Aosta, Aosta Valley, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

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Sanetsch Pass

Sanetsch Pass (French: Col du Sanetsch or Col de Sénin) (el. 2242 m) is a high mountain pass in Switzerland across the western Bernese Alps, connecting Gsteig in the canton of Bern and Sion in the canton of Valais.

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Sapaudia

Sapaudia or Sabaudia was an Alpine territory of Late antiquity and the Dark Ages.

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Saracen

German woodcut depicting Saracens Saracen was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Romans as Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta.

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Sauveterrian

The Sauveterrian is the name for an archaeological culture of the European Mesolithic which flourished around 8500 to 6500 years BP.

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Savièse

Savièse is a municipality in the district of Sion in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Savoy

Savoy (Savouè; Savoie; Italian: Savoia) is a cultural-historical region in the Western Alps.

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Savoyard state

The Savoyard state is a term of art used by historians to denote collectively all of the states ruled by the counts and dukes of Savoy from the Middle Ages to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy.

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Seduni

The Seduni were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper Rhône valley, around present-day Sion, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

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Sembrancher

Sembrancher is a municipality in the district of Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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September Massacres

The September Massacres were a series of killings and summary executions of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution.

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Sierre

Sierre (Siders,; Siérro) is the capital municipality of the district of Sierre, located in the canton of Valais, Switzerland.

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Sigismund of Burgundy

Sigismund (Sigismundus; died 524 AD) was King of the Burgundians from 516 until his death.

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Simplon (department)

Simplon was a department of the First French Empire.

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Simplon Pass

The Simplon Pass (Col du Simplon; Simplonpass; Passo del Sempione; Pass del Sempion;; Pass dal Simplon) is a high mountain pass between the Pennine Alps and the Lepontine Alps in Switzerland.

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Simplon Railway

The Simplon Railway is a line that links Lausanne in Switzerland and Domodossola in Italy, via Brig.

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Sion, Switzerland

Sion is a Swiss town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion. History of Valais and Sion, Switzerland are Valais.

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Sister republic

A sister republic (république sœur) was a republic established by the French First Republic or by local revolutionaries during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Soie Castle

Soie Castle (German: Seta Castle) is a ruined castle in the municipality of Savièse of the Canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Sonderbund War

The Sonderbund War (Sonderbundskrieg, Guerre du Sonderbund., Guerra del Sonderbund) of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons.

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Starch

Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

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Stele

A stele,From Greek στήλη, stēlē, plural στήλαι stēlai; the plural in English is sometimes stelai based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles.) or occasionally stela (stelas or stelæ) when derived from Latin, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument.

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Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe

Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, (4 November 1786 – 14 August 1880) was a British diplomat who became best known as the longtime British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.

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Swiss Plateau

The Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau is one of the three major landscapes in Switzerland, lying between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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The Federal Diet of Switzerland (Tagsatzung,; Diète fédérale; Dieta federale) was the legislative and executive council of the Old Swiss Confederacy and existed in various forms from the beginnings of Swiss independence until the formation of the Swiss federal state in 1848.

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Taranis

In Celtic mythology, Taranis (Proto-Celtic: *Toranos, earlier *Tonaros; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus) is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul, Hispania, Britain, and Ireland, but also in the Rhineland and Danube regions, amongst others.

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Tarentaise Valley

The Tarentaise Valley (Vallée de la Tarentaise,; Tarentèsa) is a valley of the Isère River in the heart of the French Alps, located in the Savoy region of France.

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Tauredunum event

The Tauredunum event (Tauredunum-Ereignis) of 563 AD was a tsunami on Lake Geneva (then under the Frankish territory of the Kingdom of Orleans), triggered by a massive landslide which caused widespread devastation and loss of life along the lakeshore.

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Theban Legion

The Theban Legion (also known as the Martyrs of Agaunum) figures in Christian hagiography as a Roman legion from Egypt —"six thousand six hundred and sixty-six men" — consisting of Christian soldiers who were martyred together in 286, according to the hagiographies of Maurice, the chief among the Legion's saints.

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Theodore of Octodurum

Saint Theodore of Octodurum (also of Sion, of Grammont; German Theodor von Sitten, locally Joder; also known as Theodulus, French Théodule, Latin Theodolus Sedunensis etc.; 4th century) is the first known bishop of Octodurum, Alpes Poeninae province (present-day Martigny, Valais, Switzerland).

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Theodul Pass

Theodul Pass, elevation, (German: Theodulpass, Italian: Colle del Teodulo, French: Col de Saint-Théodule, Walser German: Theoduljoch) is a high mountain pass across the eastern Pennine Alps, connecting Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais and Breuil-Cervinia in the Italian region of Aosta Valley.

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Thonon-les-Bains

Thonon-les-Bains (Tonon), often simply referred to as Thonon, is a subprefecture of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Eastern France.

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Tiberius

Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37.

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Transhumance

Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898, was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War.

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Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.

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Tropaeum Alpium

The Tropaeum Alpium (Trophy of the Alps; Trophée des Alpes), is a Roman trophy (tropaeum) celebrating the emperor Augustus's decisive victory over the tribes who populated the Alps.

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Tumulus culture

The Tumulus culture (German: ''Hügelgräberkultur'') was the dominant material culture in Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age (1600 to 1300 BC).

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Uberi

The Uberi were a Celtic tribe dwelling near the source of the Rhône river, in the modern-day Canton of Valais (Switzerland), during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

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Upper Burgundy

The Kingdom of Upper Burgundy was a Frankish dominion established in 888 by the Welf king Rudolph I of Burgundy within the territory of former Middle Francia.

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Val d'Hérens

Val d'Hérens is an alpine valley in the Valais canton of Switzerland.

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Valais

Valais, more formally, the Canton of Valais, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of thirteen districts and its capital and largest city is Sion. Valais is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the cantons of Vaud and Bern to the north, the cantons of Uri and Ticino to the east, as well as Italy to the south and France to the west. History of Valais and Valais are cantons of Switzerland.

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Valais Republic

The Valais Republic (French: République du Valais; German: Republik Wallis) or Vallais was a sister republic of France that existed between 1802 and 1810 in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, during the Napoleonic Wars, in territory corresponding to the modern Swiss canton of Valais.

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Valais witch trials

The Valais witch trials consisted of a witch-hunt and a series of witch trials which took place in the Valais (the House of Savoy and the prince-bishopric of Sion), today part of Switzerland, beginning in 1428.

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Vaud

Vaud ((Canton de) Vaud), more formally the Canton of Vaud, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. History of Valais and Vaud are cantons of Switzerland.

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Veragri

The Veragrī (Gaulish: *Ueragroi, 'super-warriors'; Greek: Οὐάραγροι) were a Gallic tribe dwelling around present-day Martigny, in the Pennine Alps, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

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Vionnaz

Vionnaz is a municipality in the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Visp

Visp (Viège) is the capital of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Vouvry

Vouvry is a municipality in the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Water gap

A water gap is a gap that flowing water has carved through a mountain range or mountain ridge and that still carries water today.

See History of Valais and Water gap

Würm glaciation

The Würm glaciation or Würm stage (Würm-Kaltzeit or Würm-Glazial, colloquially often also Würmeiszeit or Würmzeit; cf. ice age), usually referred to in the literature as the Würm (often spelled "Wurm"), was the last glacial period in the Alpine region.

See History of Valais and Würm glaciation

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Valais

Also known as Valais History.

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History of Valais, the Glossary

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