History of antisemitism, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 635 relations: Aargau, Abraham, Abraham Foxman, Action Française, Acts of the Apostles, Adolf Hitler, Adolf Stoecker, Agatharchides, Age of Enlightenment, Albert Lindemann, Albigensian Crusade, Aleppo Codex, Alexander II of Russia, Alexander III of Russia, Alexander the Great, Alexandre Stavisky, Alexandria, Alfred Dreyfus, Alfred Rosenberg, Alhambra Decree, Almohad Caliphate, Almoravid dynasty, Alphonse Toussenel, Alsace, America First Committee, Amin al-Husseini, Amsterdam, Amy-Jill Levine, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian religion, Ancient Greece, Ancient history, Ancient Rome, Anthony Julius, Anti-Catholicism, Anti-clericalism, Anti-Defamation League, Anti-Judaism, Anti-Zionism, Antioch, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Antiquities of the Jews, Antisemitism, Antisemitism in Christianity, Antisemitism in Europe, Antisemitism in Islam, Antisemitism in Russia, Antisemitism in the Arab world, Antisemitism in the Russian Empire, Antisemitism in the Soviet Union, ... Expand index (585 more) »

2. Anti-Judaism
3. History of racism

Aargau

Aargau, more formally the Canton of Aargau (Kanton Aargau; Chantun Argovia; Canton d'Argovie; Canton Argovia), is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation.

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Abraham

Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

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Abraham Foxman

Abraham Henry Foxman (born May 1, 1940) is an American lawyer and activist.

See History of antisemitism and Abraham Foxman

Action Française

Action française (AF; French Action) is a French far-right monarchist political movement.

See History of antisemitism and Action Française

Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles (Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn; Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

See History of antisemitism and Adolf Hitler

Adolf Stoecker

Adolf Stoecker (December 11, 1835 – February 2, 1909) was a German court chaplain to Kaiser Wilhelm I, a politician, leading antisemite, and a Lutheran theologian who founded the Christian Social Party to lure members away from the Social Democratic Workers' Party.

See History of antisemitism and Adolf Stoecker

Agatharchides

Agatharchides or Agatharchus (Ἀγαθαρχίδης or Ἀγάθαρχος, Agatharchos) of Cnidus was a Greek historian and geographer (flourished 2nd century BC).

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Albert Lindemann

Albert S. Lindemann is an American historian known for his book Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Albert Lindemann

Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France.

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Aleppo Codex

The Aleppo Codex (כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא, romanized:, lit. 'Crown of Aleppo') is a medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.

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Alexander III of Russia

Alexander III (r; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alexandre Stavisky

Serge Alexandre Stavisky (20 November 1886 – 8 January 1934) was a French financier and embezzler whose actions created a political scandal that became known as the Stavisky Affair.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alfred Dreyfus

Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Alsatian origin and Jewish ethnicity and faith.

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Alfred Rosenberg

Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (– 16 October 1946) was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

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Almohad Caliphate

The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.

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Almoravid dynasty

The Almoravid dynasty (lit) was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco.

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Alphonse Toussenel

Alphonse Toussenel (March 17, 1803 – April 30, 1885) was a French naturalist, writer and journalist born in Montreuil-Bellay, a small meadows commune of Angers; he died in Paris on April 30, 1885.

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Alsace

Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

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America First Committee

The America First Committee (AFC) was an American isolationist pressure group against the United States' entry into World War II.

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Amin al-Husseini

Mohammed Amin al-Husseini (محمد أمين الحسيني; 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

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Amy-Jill Levine

Amy-Jill Levine (born 1956) is Rabbi Stanley M. Kessler Distinguished Professor of New Testament and Jewish Studies at Hartford International University for Religion and Peace.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

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Ancient Egyptian religion

Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian culture.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Ancient history

Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Anthony Julius

Anthony Robert Julius (born 16 July 1956) is a British solicitor advocate known for being Diana, Princess of Wales' divorce lawyer and for representing Deborah Lipstadt.

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Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Catholicism, also known as Catholophobia is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents.

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Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

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Anti-Defamation League

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, is a New York–based international non-governmental organization that was founded to combat antisemitism, bigotry and discrimination.

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Anti-Judaism

Anti-Judaism is a term which is used to describe a range of historic and current ideologies which are totally or partially based on opposition to Judaism, on the denial or the abrogation of the Mosaic covenant, and the replacement of Jewish people by the adherents of another religion, political theology, or way of life which is held to have superseded theirs as the "light to the nations" or God's chosen people.

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Anti-Zionism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism.

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Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

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Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Antiochus IV Epiphanes (– November/December 164 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC.

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Antiquities of the Jews

Antiquities of the Jews (Antiquitates Iudaicae; Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία, Ioudaikē archaiologia) is a 20-volume historiographical work, written in Greek, by historian Josephus in the 13th year of the reign of Roman emperor Domitian, which was 94 CE.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews. History of antisemitism and Antisemitism are anti-Judaism.

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Antisemitism in Christianity

Some Christian Churches, Christian groups, and ordinary Christians express religious antisemitism toward the Jewish people and the associated religion of Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Antisemitism in Christianity

Antisemitism in Europe

Antisemitism—prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews—has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.

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Antisemitism in Islam

Scholars have studied and debated Muslim attitudes towards Jews, as well as the treatment of Jews in Islamic thought and societies throughout the history of Islam.

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Antisemitism in Russia

Antisemitism in Russia is expressed in acts of hostility against Jews in Russia and the promotion of antisemitic views in the Russian Federation.

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Antisemitism in the Arab world

Antisemitism (prejudice against and hatred of Jews) has increased greatly in the Arab world since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the dissolution and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western imperialism and Arab Christians; Nazi propaganda and relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world;Yadlin, Rifka.

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Antisemitism in the Russian Empire

Antisemitism in the Russian Empire included numerous pogroms and the designation of the Pale of Settlement from which Jews were forbidden to migrate into the interior of Russia, unless they converted to the Russian Orthodox state religion.

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Antisemitism in the Soviet Union

The February Revolution in Russia officially ended a centuries-old regime of antisemitism in the Russian Empire, legally abolishing the Pale of Settlement.

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Antisemitism in the United Kingdom

British Jews have experienced antisemitism - discrimination and persecution as Jews - since a Jewish community was first established in England in 1070.

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Antisemitism in the United States

Antisemitism has long existed in the United States.

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Antonio Bresciani (writer)

Antonio Bresciani Borsa (24 July 1798 – 14 March 1862) was an Italian Jesuit priest, novelist and journalist, mostly known for his reactionary diatribes against liberalism and the Risorgimento.

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Antony Lerman

Antony Lerman (born 11 March 1946) is a British writer who specialises in the study of antisemitism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, multiculturalism, and the place of religion in society.

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Apion

Apion Pleistoneices (Ἀπίων ΠλειστονίκουApíōn Pleistoníkēs; 30–20 BC – c. AD 45–48), also called Apion Mochthos, was a Hellenized Egyptian grammarian, sophist, and commentator on Homer.

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Apollonius Molon

Apollonius Molon or Molo of Rhodes (or simply Molon; Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Μόλων), was a Greek rhetorician.

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Arab Christians

Arab Christians (translit) are ethnic Arabs, Arab nationals, or Arabic speakers, who follow Christianity.

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Arab world

The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.

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Arab–Israeli conflict

The Arab–Israeli conflict is the phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Armleder persecutions

The Armleder persecutions were a series of massacres against Jews in Franconia and Alsace in 1336–1339.

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Arnold Ages

Arnold Ages (17 May 1935 – 9 October 2020) was a Canadian-born scholar, author, editor and journalist.

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Arnold von Uissigheim

Arnold III von Uissigheim, also blessed Arnold und "König Armleder", (c.1298–1336) was a medieval German highwayman, bandit, and renegade knight of the Uissigheim family, of the village Uissigheim of the same name.

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Arthur de Gobineau

Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French aristocrat and anthropologist, who is best known for helping to legitimise racism by the use of scientific race theory and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the Aryan master race and Nordicism.

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Arthur Hertzberg

Arthur Hertzberg (June 9, 1921 – April 17, 2006) was a Conservative rabbi and prominent Jewish-American scholar and activist.

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Aryan

Aryan or Arya (Indo-Iranian arya) is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (an-arya).

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Ashkelon

Ashkelon or Ashqelon (ʾAšqəlōn,; ʿAsqalān) is a coastal city in the Southern District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, south of Tel Aviv, and north of the border with the Gaza Strip.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.

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Assumptionists

The Assumptionists, formally known as the Congregation of the Augustinians of the Assumption (Congregatio Augustinianorum ab Assumptione; abbreviated AA), is a worldwide congregation of Catholic priests and brothers.

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz concentration camp (also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust.

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Auto-da-fé

An auto-da-fé (from Portuguese auto de fé, meaning 'act of faith'; auto de fe) was the ritual of public penance, carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries, of condemned heretics and apostates imposed by the Spanish, Portuguese, or Mexican Inquisition as punishment and enforced by civil authorities.

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Édouard Drumont

Édouard Adolphe Drumont (3 May 1844 – 5 February 1917) was a French antisemitic journalist, author and politician.

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Babol

Babol (بابل) is a city in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

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Banu Qurayza

The Banu Qurayza (بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina).

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Bar Kokhba revolt

The Bar Kokhba revolt (מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.

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Barbarian

A barbarian is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive, savage and warlike.

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Belzec extermination camp

Belzec (English: or, Polish) was a Nazi German extermination camp in occupied Poland.

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Benny Morris

Benny Morris (בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian.

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Berkhamsted

Berkhamsted is a historic market town in Hertfordshire, England, in the Bulbourne valley, north-west of London.

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Bill of Rights 1689

The Bill of Rights 1689 (sometimes known as the Bill of Rights 1688) is an Act of the Parliament of England that set out certain basic civil rights and clarified who would be next to inherit the Crown.

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Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

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Black Hundreds

The Black Hundreds were reactionary, monarchist and ultra-nationalist groups in Russia in the early 20th century.

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Black magic

Black magic has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers or magic for evil and selfish purposes.

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Blood libel

Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.

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Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (Ruthenian: Ѕѣнові Богданъ Хмелнiцкiи; modern Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, Polish: Bohdan Chmielnicki; 15956 August 1657) was a Ruthenian nobleman and military commander of Ukrainian Cossacks as Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, which was then under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Brit milah

The brit milah (bərīṯ mīlā,,; "covenant of circumcision") or bris (ברית) is the ceremony of circumcision in Judaism and Samaritanism, during which the foreskin is surgically removed.

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Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL) is a bureau within the United States Department of State.

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Bury St Edmunds

Bury St Edmunds, commonly referred to locally as Bury is a cathedral and market town in the West Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England.

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Cagliari

Cagliari (Casteddu; Caralis) is an Italian municipality and the capital and largest city of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy.

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Caiaphas

Josef Ben Caiaphas (c. 14 BC – c. 46 AD), known simply as Caiaphas in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest during the years of Jesus' ministry, according to Josephus.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.

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Canterbury

Canterbury is a city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, in the county of Kent, England; it was a county borough until 1974.

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Cantonist

Cantonists (more properly:, "military cantonists") were underage sons of conscripts in the Russian Empire.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Casablanca

Casablanca (lit) is the largest city in Morocco and the country's economic and business centre.

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Cassius Dio

Lucius Cassius Dio, also known as Dio Cassius (Δίων Κάσσιος), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.

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Chaeremon

Chaeremon (Χαιρήμων, gen.: Χαιρήμονος) was an Athenian dramatist of the first half of the fourth century BC.

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Chaeremon of Alexandria

Chaeremon of Alexandria (Χαιρήμων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, gen.: Χαιρήμονος; fl. 1st century AD) was a Stoic philosopher and historian who wrote on Egyptian mythology from a "typically Stoic" perspective.

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Chambéry

Chambéry (Arpitan: Chambèri) is the prefecture and largest city of the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France.

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Charles IV of France

Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), called the Fair (le Bel) in France and the Bald (el Calvo) in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 to 1328.

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Charles Lindbergh

Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator and military officer.

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Charles Maurras

Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.

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Charles VI of France

Charles VI (3 December 136821 October 1422), nicknamed the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé) and in the 19th century, the Mad (le Fol or le Fou), was King of France from 1380 until his death in 1422.

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Chełmno extermination camp

Chełmno or Kulmhof was the first of Nazi Germany's extermination camps and was situated north of Łódź, near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem.

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Chip Berlet

John Foster "Chip" Berlet (born November 22, 1949) is an American investigative journalist, research analyst, photojournalist, scholar, and activist specializing in the study of extreme right-wing movements in the United States.

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The Christian Social Party (Christlich–soziale Partei, CSP) was a right-wing political party in the German Empire founded in 1878 by Adolf Stoecker as the Christian Social Workers' Party (Christlichsoziale Arbeiterpartei, CSPA).

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Christopher Wood (art historian)

Christopher S. Wood (born June 7, 1961) is an American art historian.

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Clearchus of Soli

Clearchus of Soli (Kλέαρχoς ὁ Σολεύς, Klearkhos ho Soleus) was a Greek philosopher of the 4th–3rd century BCE, belonging to Aristotle's Peripatetic school.

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Clifford Ando

Clifford Ando (born 1969) is an American classicist who specializes in Roman law and religion.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.

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Codex Theodosianus

The Codex Theodosianus ("Theodosian Code") is a compilation of the laws of the Roman Empire under the Christian emperors since 312.

See History of antisemitism and Codex Theodosianus

Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

In World War II, many governments, organizations and individuals collaborated with the Axis powers, "out of conviction, desperation, or under coercion." Nationalists sometimes welcomed German or Italian troops they believed would liberate their countries from colonization.

See History of antisemitism and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Collective responsibility

Collective responsibility or collective guilt, is the responsibility of organizations, groups and societies.

See History of antisemitism and Collective responsibility

Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

See History of antisemitism and Cologne

Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

See History of antisemitism and Common Era

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

See History of antisemitism and Congress of Vienna

Conquest of Wales by Edward I

The conquest of Wales by Edward I took place between 1277 and 1283.

See History of antisemitism and Conquest of Wales by Edward I

Conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory is an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of a conspiracy by powerful and sinister groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable.

See History of antisemitism and Conspiracy theory

Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

See History of antisemitism and Constantine the Great

Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

See History of antisemitism and Constantinople

Converso

A converso (feminine form conversa), "convert", was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants.

See History of antisemitism and Converso

Cossacks

The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia.

See History of antisemitism and Cossacks

Council of Laodicea

The Council of Laodicea was a regional Christian synod of approximately thirty clerics from Asia Minor which assembled about 363–364 in Laodicea, Phrygia Pacatiana.

See History of antisemitism and Council of Laodicea

Counter-revolutionary

A counter-revolutionary or an anti-revolutionary is anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particularly one who acts after a revolution in order to try to overturn it or reverse its course, in full or in part.

See History of antisemitism and Counter-revolutionary

County of Anjou

The County of Anjou (Andegavia) was a French county that was the predecessor to the Duchy of Anjou.

See History of antisemitism and County of Anjou

County of Toulouse

The County of Toulouse (Comtat de Tolosa) was a territory in southern France consisting of the city of Toulouse and its environs, ruled by the Count of Toulouse from the late 9th century until the late 13th century.

See History of antisemitism and County of Toulouse

Covenant (religion)

In religion, a covenant is a formal alliance or agreement made by God with a religious community or with humanity in general.

See History of antisemitism and Covenant (religion)

Crown Heights riot

The Crown Heights riot was a race riot that took place from August 19 to August 21, 1991, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City.

See History of antisemitism and Crown Heights riot

Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Corona Regni Poloniae) was a political and legal idea formed in the 14th century, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state.

See History of antisemitism and Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

Crucifixion

Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death.

See History of antisemitism and Crucifixion

Crucifixion of Jesus

The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judaea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33.

See History of antisemitism and Crucifixion of Jesus

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

See History of antisemitism and Crusades

Crypto-Judaism

Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').

See History of antisemitism and Crypto-Judaism

Cult

A cult is a group requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society, which is typically led by a charismatic and self-appointed leader who tightly controls its members.

See History of antisemitism and Cult

Culture of Germany

The culture of Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular.

See History of antisemitism and Culture of Germany

Cum nimis absurdum

Cum nimis absurdum was a papal bull issued by Pope Paul IV dated 14 July 1555.

See History of antisemitism and Cum nimis absurdum

Damascus affair

The Damascus affair of 1840 refers to the disappearance, February of that year, of an Italian monk and his servant.

See History of antisemitism and Damascus affair

Das Judenthum in der Musik

"Das Judenthum in der Musik" (German for Judaism in Music, but perhaps more accurately understood in contemporary language as Jewishness in Music), is an essay by composer Richard Wagner which criticizes the influence of Jews and their "essence" on European art music, arguing that they have not contributed to its development but have rather commodified and degraded it.

See History of antisemitism and Das Judenthum in der Musik

De-Stalinization

De-Stalinization (translit) comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power, and his 1956 secret speech "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", which denounced Stalin's cult of personality and the Stalinist political system.

See History of antisemitism and De-Stalinization

Deicide

Deicide is the killing (or the killer) of a god.

See History of antisemitism and Deicide

Demagogue

A demagogue (from Greek δημαγωγός, a popular leader, a leader of a mob, from δῆμος, people, populace, the commons + ἀγωγός leading, leader), or rabble-rouser, is a political leader in a democracy who gains popularity by arousing the common people against elites, especially through oratory that whips up the passions of crowds, appealing to emotion by scapegoating out-groups, exaggerating dangers to stoke fears, lying for emotional effect, or other rhetoric that tends to drown out reasoned deliberation and encourage fanatical popularity.

See History of antisemitism and Demagogue

Der Stürmer

Der Stürmer (literally, "The Stormer / Stormtrooper / Attacker") was a weekly German tabloid-format newspaper published from 1923 to the end of World War II by Julius Streicher, the Gauleiter of Franconia, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties.

See History of antisemitism and Der Stürmer

Devil

A devil is the personification of evil as it is conceived in various cultures and religious traditions.

See History of antisemitism and Devil

Devil's Island

The penal colony of Cayenne (French: Bagne de Cayenne), commonly known as Devil's Island (Île du Diable), was a French penal colony that operated for 100 years, from 1852 to 1952, and officially closed in 1953, in the Salvation Islands of French Guiana.

See History of antisemitism and Devil's Island

Dhimmi

(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

See History of antisemitism and Dhimmi

Dictionnaire philosophique

The (Philosophical Dictionary) is an encyclopedic dictionary published by the Enlightenment thinker Voltaire in 1764.

See History of antisemitism and Dictionnaire philosophique

Disabilities (Jewish)

Jewish disabilities were legal restrictions, limitations and obligations placed on European Jews in the Middle Ages. History of antisemitism and disabilities (Jewish) are anti-Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Disabilities (Jewish)

Disembowelment

Disembowelment, disemboweling, evisceration, eviscerating or gutting is the removal of organs from the gastrointestinal tract (bowels or viscera), usually through an incision made across the abdominal area.

See History of antisemitism and Disembowelment

Disputation

Disputation is a genre of literature involving two contenders who seek to establish a resolution to a problem or establish the superiority of something.

See History of antisemitism and Disputation

Disputation of Paris

The Disputation of Paris, also known as the Trial of the Talmud, took place in 1240 at the court of King Louis IX of France.

See History of antisemitism and Disputation of Paris

Diyarbakır

Diyarbakır (local pronunciation: Dikranagerd), formerly Diyarbekir, is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey.

See History of antisemitism and Diyarbakır

Djerba

Djerba (Jirba,; Meninge, Girba), also transliterated as Jerba or Jarbah, is a Tunisian island and the largest island of North Africa at, in the Gulf of Gabès, off the coast of Tunisia.

See History of antisemitism and Djerba

Doctors' plot

The "doctors' plot" (delo vrachey) was a Soviet state-sponsored antisemitic campaign and conspiracy theory that alleged a cabal of prominent medical specialists, predominantly of Jewish ethnicity, intended to murder leading government and party officials.

See History of antisemitism and Doctors' plot

Dogma

Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform.

See History of antisemitism and Dogma

Dome of the Rock

The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḵra) is an Islamic shrine at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.

See History of antisemitism and Dome of the Rock

Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus affair (affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

See History of antisemitism and Dreyfus affair

Durham University

Durham University (legally the University of Durham) is a collegiate public research university in Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837.

See History of antisemitism and Durham University

Dutch Reformed Church

The Dutch Reformed Church (abbreviated NHK) was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century until 1930.

See History of antisemitism and Dutch Reformed Church

Dutch West India Company

The Dutch West India Company or WIC (Westindische Compagnie) was a chartered company of Dutch merchants as well as foreign investors, formally known as GWC (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; Chartered West India Company).

See History of antisemitism and Dutch West India Company

Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

See History of antisemitism and Eastern Bloc

Eckbert of Schönau

Eckbert (c. 11201184) was a Benedictine abbot of Schönau, a writer, and brother of the mystic Elisabeth of Schönau, whose life he recorded.

See History of antisemitism and Eckbert of Schönau

Economic antisemitism

Economic antisemitism is antisemitism that uses stereotypes and canards that are based on negative perceptions or assertions of the economic status, occupations or economic behaviour of Jews, at times leading to various governmental policies, regulations, taxes and laws that target or which disproportionately impact the economic status, occupations or behaviour of Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Economic antisemitism

Edict

An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchies, but it can be under any official authority.

See History of antisemitism and Edict

Edict of Expulsion

The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.

See History of antisemitism and Edict of Expulsion

Edward Flannery

Edward H. Flannery (August 20, 1912 – October 19, 1998) was an American priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence, and the author of The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, first published in 1965.

See History of antisemitism and Edward Flannery

Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.

See History of antisemitism and Edward Gibbon

Edward I of England

Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307.

See History of antisemitism and Edward I of England

Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen (also 'task forces') were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe.

See History of antisemitism and Einsatzgruppen

Endingen, Switzerland

Endingen is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

See History of antisemitism and Endingen, Switzerland

English Civil War

The English Civil War refers to a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651.

See History of antisemitism and English Civil War

Ernest Jouin

Monsignor Ernest Jouin (21 December 1844 – 27 June 1932) was a French Catholic priest and essayist, known for his promotion of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory.

See History of antisemitism and Ernest Jouin

Essaouira

Essaouira (aṣ-Ṣawīra), known until the 1960s as Mogador (Mūghādūr, or label), is a port city in the western Moroccan region of Marrakesh-Safi, on the Atlantic coast.

See History of antisemitism and Essaouira

Ethnic nationalism

Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.

See History of antisemitism and Ethnic nationalism

Ethnicity

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.

See History of antisemitism and Ethnicity

Eucharist

The Eucharist (from evcharistía), also known as Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others.

See History of antisemitism and Eucharist

Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.

See History of antisemitism and Excommunication

Expulsions and exoduses of Jews

This article lists expulsions, refugee crises and other forms of displacement that have affected Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Expulsions and exoduses of Jews

Extermination camp

Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust.

See History of antisemitism and Extermination camp

Extermination through labour

Extermination through labour (or "extermination through work", Vernichtung durch Arbeit) is a term that was adopted to describe forced labor in Nazi concentration camps whose inmates were held in inhumane conditions and suffered a high mortality rate; in some camps most prisoners died within a few months of incarceration.

See History of antisemitism and Extermination through labour

False accusation

A false accusation is a claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue and/or otherwise unsupported by facts.

See History of antisemitism and False accusation

Farhud

(translit) was the pogrom or the "violent dispossession" that was carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad, Iraq, on 1–2 June 1941, immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War.

See History of antisemitism and Farhud

Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

See History of antisemitism and Fascism

Federal Council (Switzerland)

The Federal Council is the federal cabinet of the Swiss Confederation.

See History of antisemitism and Federal Council (Switzerland)

Felix Mendelssohn

Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.

See History of antisemitism and Felix Mendelssohn

Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.

See History of antisemitism and Ferdinand II of Aragon

Fettmilch uprising

The Fettmilch uprising (Fettmilch-Aufstand) of 1614 was an antisemitic revolt in the Free imperial city of Frankfurt am Main, led by baker Vincenz Fettmilch.

See History of antisemitism and Fettmilch uprising

Fez, Morocco

Fez or Fes (fās) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fès-Meknès administrative region.

See History of antisemitism and Fez, Morocco

Final Solution

The Final Solution (die Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Final Solution

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.

See History of antisemitism and First Crusade

First Jewish–Roman War

The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt (ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire fought in the province of Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.

See History of antisemitism and First Jewish–Roman War

Fiscus Judaicus

The fiscus Iudaicus or Judaicus (Latin for "Jewish tax") was a tax imposed on Jews in the Roman Empire after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in AD 70.

See History of antisemitism and Fiscus Judaicus

Forced conversion

Forced conversion is the adoption of a religion or irreligion under duress.

See History of antisemitism and Forced conversion

Fourth Council of the Lateran

The Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215.

See History of antisemitism and Fourth Council of the Lateran

Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

See History of antisemitism and Franco-Prussian War

Franconia

Franconia (Franken,; East Franconian: Franggn; Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and East Franconian dialect (German: Ostfränkisch).

See History of antisemitism and Franconia

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

See History of antisemitism and Franklin D. Roosevelt

Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.

See History of antisemitism and Frederick the Great

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See History of antisemitism and French Revolution

French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

See History of antisemitism and French Third Republic

Fritz Julius Kuhn

Fritz Julius Kuhn (May 15, 1896 – December 14, 1951) was a German Nazi activist who served as the elected leader of the German American Bund before World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Fritz Julius Kuhn

Gaberdine

A gaberdine or gabardine is a long, loose gown or cloak with wide sleeves, worn by men in the later Middle Ages and into the 16th century.

See History of antisemitism and Gaberdine

Gas chamber

A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced.

See History of antisemitism and Gas chamber

Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

See History of antisemitism and Geneva

Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

See History of antisemitism and Genoa

Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

See History of antisemitism and Genocide

George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American Founding Father, military officer, and politician who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

See History of antisemitism and George Washington

German American Bund

The German American Bund, or the German American Federation (Amerikadeutscher Bund, Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, AV), was a German-American Nazi organization which was established in 1936 as a successor to the Friends of New Germany (FONG, FDND in German).

See History of antisemitism and German American Bund

German Reform Party

The German Reform Party (German: Deutsche Reformpartei or DRP) was a far-right political party active in the German Empire.

See History of antisemitism and German Reform Party

The German Social Party (German: Deutschsoziale Partei or DSP) was a far-right political party active in the German Empire.

See History of antisemitism and German Social Party (German Empire)

German-occupied Europe

German-occupied Europe (or Nazi-occupied Europe) refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet governments, by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945, during World War II, administered by the Nazi regime under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.

See History of antisemitism and German-occupied Europe

German-occupied Poland

German-occupied Poland during World War II consisted of two major parts with different types of administration.

See History of antisemitism and German-occupied Poland

Ghetto

A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.

See History of antisemitism and Ghetto

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Meyer Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner".

See History of antisemitism and Giacomo Meyerbeer

Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution is the sequence of events that led to the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688.

See History of antisemitism and Glorious Revolution

Gospel of John

The Gospel of John (translit) is the fourth of the New Testament's four canonical gospels.

See History of antisemitism and Gospel of John

Gospel of Matthew

The Gospel of Matthew is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels.

See History of antisemitism and Gospel of Matthew

Grand Council of Aargau

The Grand Council of Aargau (Grosser Rat) is the legislature of the canton of Aargau, in Switzerland.

See History of antisemitism and Grand Council of Aargau

Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..

See History of antisemitism and Greeks

Grover Cleveland

Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.

See History of antisemitism and Grover Cleveland

Guild

A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.

See History of antisemitism and Guild

Gulf War

The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.

See History of antisemitism and Gulf War

Gustave Doré

Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré (6January 1832 – 23January 1883) was a French printmaker, illustrator, painter, comics artist, caricaturist, and sculptor.

See History of antisemitism and Gustave Doré

H. A. R. Gibb

Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (2 January 1895 – 22 October 1971), known as H. A. R.

See History of antisemitism and H. A. R. Gibb

Hadrian

Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.

See History of antisemitism and Hadrian

Halakha

Halakha (translit), also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, and halocho, is the collective body of Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Written and Oral Torah.

See History of antisemitism and Halakha

Haruspex

In the religion of ancient Rome, a haruspex was a person trained to practise a form of divination called haruspicy, the inspection of the entrails of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry.

See History of antisemitism and Haruspex

Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.

See History of antisemitism and Hasidic Judaism

Haydamak

The haidamakas, also haidamaky or haidamaks (haidamaka; Гайдамаки, Haidamaky) were Ukrainian Cossack paramilitary outfits composed of commoners (peasants, craftsmen), and impoverished noblemen in the eastern part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

See History of antisemitism and Haydamak

Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.

See History of antisemitism and Hebrew Bible

Hebrew language

Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

See History of antisemitism and Hebrew language

Hecataeus of Abdera

Hecataeus of Abdera or of Teos (Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης; 360 BC – 290 BC), was a Greek historian who flourished in the 4th century BC.

See History of antisemitism and Hecataeus of Abdera

Henry Ford

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist and business magnate.

See History of antisemitism and Henry Ford

Henry Hyndman

Henry Mayers Hyndman (7 March 1842 – 22 November 1921) was an English writer, politician and socialist.

See History of antisemitism and Henry Hyndman

Hep-Hep riots

The Hep-Hep riots from August to October 1819 were pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews, beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria, during the period of Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation.

See History of antisemitism and Hep-Hep riots

Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

See History of antisemitism and Heresy

Herod Antipas

Herod Antipas (Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπας, Hērǭdēs Antipas) was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea.

See History of antisemitism and Herod Antipas

High Wycombe

High Wycombe, often referred to as Wycombe, is a market town in Buckinghamshire, England.

See History of antisemitism and High Wycombe

History of antisemitism in the United States

Different opinions exist among historians regarding the extent of antisemitism in American history and how American antisemitism contrasted with its European counterpart.

See History of antisemitism and History of antisemitism in the United States

History of Moroccan Jews

Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community.

See History of antisemitism and History of Moroccan Jews

History of the Jews in Alexandria

The history of the Jews in Alexandria dates back to the founding of the city by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Alexandria

History of the Jews in Algeria

The history of Jews in Algeria goes back to Antiquity, although it is not possible to trace with any certainty the time and circumstances of the arrival of the first Jews in what is now Algeria.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Algeria

History of the Jews in Iraq

The history of the Jews in Iraq (יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים,,; اليهود العراقيون) is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Iraq

History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1,000 years.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Poland

History of the Jews in Russia

The history of the Jews in Russia and areas historically connected with it goes back at least 1,500 years.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Russia

History of the Jews in Sicily

The history of the Jews in Sicily potentially begins as far back as two millennia, with a substantial Jewish presence on the southern Italian island before their expulsion in the fifteenth century.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Sicily

History of the Jews in Spain

The history of the Jews in the current-day Spanish territory stretches back to Biblical times according to Jewish tradition, but the settlement of organised Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula possibly traces back to the times after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Spain

History of the Jews in Switzerland

The history of the Jews in Switzerland extends back at least a thousand years.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Switzerland

History of the Jews in Syria

Jews have resided in Syria from ancient times.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in Syria

History of the Jews in the Soviet Union

The history of the Jews in the Soviet Union is inextricably linked to much earlier expansionist policies of the Russian Empire conquering and ruling the eastern half of the European continent already before the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in the Soviet Union

History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

For the history of the Jews in the United Kingdom, including the time before the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, see.

See History of antisemitism and History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that asserts that the Nazi genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, is a fabrication or exaggeration.

See History of antisemitism and Holocaust denial

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of antisemitism and Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See History of antisemitism and Holy Roman Empire

Holy Spirit

In Judaism, the Holy Spirit, otherwise known as the Holy Ghost, is the divine force, quality and influence of God over the universe or his creatures.

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Hoover Institution

The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty, free enterprise, and limited government.

See History of antisemitism and Hoover Institution

Host desecration

Host desecration is a form of sacrilege in Christian denominations that follow the doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

See History of antisemitism and Host desecration

House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern (Haus Hohenzollern,; Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.

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Human sacrifice

Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more humans as part of a ritual, which is usually intended to please or appease gods, a human ruler, public or jurisdictional demands for justice by capital punishment, an authoritative/priestly figure or spirits of dead ancestors or as a retainer sacrifice, wherein a monarch's servants are killed in order for them to continue to serve their master in the next life.

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Ibn al-Qalanisi

Abū Yaʿlā Ḥamzah ibn al-Asad ibn al-Qalānisī (ابو يعلى حمزة ابن الاسد ابن القلانسي; c. 1071 – 18 March 1160) was an Arab politician and chronicler in 12th-century Damascus.

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Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (ابن حجر العسقلاني; 18 February 1372 – 2 February 1449), or simply ibn Ḥajar, was a classic Islamic scholar "whose life work constitutes the final summation of the science of hadith." He authored some 150 works on hadith, history, biography, exegesis, poetry, and the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, the most valued of which being his commentary of Sahih al-Bukhari, titled Fath al-Bari.

See History of antisemitism and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

Immigration Restriction League

The Immigration Restriction League was an American nativist and anti-immigration organization founded by Charles Warren, Robert DeCourcy Ward, and Prescott F. Hall in 1894.

See History of antisemitism and Immigration Restriction League

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges.

See History of antisemitism and Internment

Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I (Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504.

See History of antisemitism and Isabella I of Castile

Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

See History of antisemitism and Islamic Golden Age

Islamic holy books

Islamic holy books are certain religious scriptures that are viewed by Muslims as having valid divine significance, in that they were authored by God (Allah) through a variety of prophets and messengers, including those who predate the Quran.

See History of antisemitism and Islamic holy books

Islamism

Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.

See History of antisemitism and Islamism

Israel–Hamas war

An armed conflict between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups has been taking place in the Gaza Strip and Israel since 7 October 2023.

See History of antisemitism and Israel–Hamas war

Israel–United States relations

The United States of America was the first country to recognize the nascent State of Israel.

See History of antisemitism and Israel–United States relations

Israeli Declaration of Independence

The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708) by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization, Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and later first Prime Minister of Israel.

See History of antisemitism and Israeli Declaration of Independence

Israelites

The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan.

See History of antisemitism and Israelites

J. J. Benjamin

Israe͏̈l Joseph Benjamin (Fălticeni, Moldavia, 1818 – London, May 3, 1864) was a Romanian-Jewish historian and traveler.

See History of antisemitism and J. J. Benjamin

J. P. Morgan

John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.

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Jacky Rosen

Jacklyn Sheryl Rosen (née Spektor; born August 2, 1957) is an American politician serving as the junior United States senator from Nevada since 2019.

See History of antisemitism and Jacky Rosen

Jacob Schiff

Jacob Henry Schiff (born Jakob Heinrich Schiff; January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was a German-born American banker, businessman, and philanthropist.

See History of antisemitism and Jacob Schiff

Jaffa riots

The Jaffa riots (commonly known in Me'oraot Tarpa) were a series of violent riots in Mandatory Palestine on May 1–7, 1921, which began as a confrontation between two Jewish groups but developed into an attack by Arabs on Jews and then reprisal attacks by Jews on Arabs.

See History of antisemitism and Jaffa riots

Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

See History of antisemitism and Jerusalem

Jerusalem Talmud

The Jerusalem Talmud (translit, often for short) or Palestinian Talmud, also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah.

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Jewish deicide

Jewish deicide is the theological position, widely regarded as antisemitic, that the Jews as a people are collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus, even through the successive generations following his death.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish deicide

Jewish diaspora

The Jewish diaspora (təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת; Yiddish) is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish diaspora

Jewish emancipation

Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish emancipation

Jewish exodus from the Muslim world

In the 20th century, approximately Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish exodus from the Muslim world

Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany

Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Romani people, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany

Jewish hat

The Jewish hat, also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut (German) or Latin pileus cornutus ("horned skullcap"), was a cone-shaped pointed hat, often white or yellow, worn by Jews in Medieval Europe.

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Jewish lobby

The Jewish lobby are individuals and groups predominantly in the Jewish diaspora that advocate for the interests of Jews and Jewish values.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish lobby

Jewish quarter (diaspora)

In the Jewish diaspora, a Jewish quarter (also known as jewry, juiverie, Judengasse, Jewynstreet, Jewtown, Juderia or proto-ghetto) is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews.

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Jewish question

The Jewish question was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century Europe that pertained to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish question

Jewish tribes of Arabia

It is believed that Jews began migrating to the Arabian Peninsula in as early as the 6th century BCE, when the Babylonian conquest of Judah triggered a mass Jewish exodus from Judea in the Land of Israel.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish tribes of Arabia

Jewish–Roman wars

The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Judaea and the Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE.

See History of antisemitism and Jewish–Roman wars

Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Jews

Jews as the chosen people

In Judaism, the concept of the Jews as chosen people (הָעָם הַנִבְחַר hāʿām hanīvḥar) is the belief that the Jews as a subset, via partial descent from the ancient Israelites, are also chosen people, i.e. selected to be in a covenant with God.

See History of antisemitism and Jews as the chosen people

Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks

Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks (8 March 19487 November 2020) was an English Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, and author.

See History of antisemitism and Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death.

See History of antisemitism and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

See History of antisemitism and Joseph Stalin

Josephus

Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.

See History of antisemitism and Josephus

Judaea (Roman province)

Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.

See History of antisemitism and Judaea (Roman province)

Judea

Judea or Judaea (Ἰουδαία,; Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant.

See History of antisemitism and Judea

Judensau

A Judensau (German for "Jews' sow") is a folk art image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female pig), which in Judaism is an unclean animal. History of antisemitism and Judensau are anti-Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Judensau

Julian (emperor)

Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus; Ἰουλιανός; 331 – 26 June 363) was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.

See History of antisemitism and Julian (emperor)

Julius Streicher

Julius Streicher (12 February 1885 – 16 October 1946) was a member of the Nazi Party, the Gauleiter (regional leader) of Franconia and a member of the Reichstag, the national legislature.

See History of antisemitism and Julius Streicher

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

See History of antisemitism and Karl Marx

Kerux

Kerux: The Journal of Northwest Theological Seminary is an academic journal of theology.

See History of antisemitism and Kerux

Khaybar

KhaybarOther standardized Arabic transliterations: /. Anglicized pronunciation:,. (خَيْبَر) is an oasis in Medina Province, Saudi Arabia, situated some north of the city of Medina.

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Khmelnytsky Uprising

The Khmelnytsky Uprising, also known as the Cossack–Polish War, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection, was a Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine.

See History of antisemitism and Khmelnytsky Uprising

Kielce pogrom

The Kielce pogrom was an outbreak of violence toward the Jewish community centre's gathering of refugees in the city of Kielce, Poland, on 4 July 1946 by Polish soldiers, police officers, and civilians during which 42 Jews were killed and more than 40 were wounded.

See History of antisemitism and Kielce pogrom

Kishinev pogrom

The Kishinev pogrom or Kishinev massacre was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev (modern Chișinău, Moldova), then the capital of the Bessarabia Governorate in the Russian Empire, on.

See History of antisemitism and Kishinev pogrom

Konstantin Pobedonostsev

Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev (p; 30 November 1827 – 23 March 1907) was a Russian jurist and statesman who served as an adviser to three Russian emperors.

See History of antisemitism and Konstantin Pobedonostsev

Kraków pogrom

The Kraków pogrom was the first anti-Jewish riot in post World War II Poland,Michlic, p. 347.

See History of antisemitism and Kraków pogrom

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (Novemberpogrome), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's nocat.

See History of antisemitism and Kristallnacht

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups.

See History of antisemitism and Ku Klux Klan

Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

Kuhn, Loeb & Co. was an American multinational investment bank founded in 1867 by Abraham Kuhn and his brother-in-law Solomon Loeb.

See History of antisemitism and Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

L'Histoire

L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specific university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines).

See History of antisemitism and L'Histoire

La Civiltà Cattolica

La Civiltà Cattolica (Italian for Catholic Civilization) is a periodical published by the Jesuits in Rome, Italy.

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La Croix (newspaper)

La Croix (English: 'The Cross') is a daily French general-interest Catholic newspaper.

See History of antisemitism and La Croix (newspaper)

La Libre Parole

La Libre Parole or La Libre Parole illustrée was a French antisemitic political newspaper founded in 1892 by journalist and polemicist Édouard Drumont.

See History of antisemitism and La Libre Parole

Léon Blum

André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister of France.

See History of antisemitism and Léon Blum

Léon Poliakov

Léon Poliakov (Лев Поляков; 25 November 1910, Saint Petersburg – 8 December 1997, Orsay) was a French historian who wrote extensively on the Holocaust and antisemitism and wrote The Aryan Myth.

See History of antisemitism and Léon Poliakov

Leicester

Leicester is a city, unitary authority area, unparished area and the county town of Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England.

See History of antisemitism and Leicester

Lengnau, Aargau

Lengnau is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

See History of antisemitism and Lengnau, Aargau

Leo Frank

Leo Max Frank (April 17, 1884August 17, 1915) was an American factory superintendent and lynching victim.

See History of antisemitism and Leo Frank

Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

See History of antisemitism and Liberalism

Liberty Lobby

Liberty Lobby was a far-right think tank and lobby group founded in 1958 by Willis Carto.

See History of antisemitism and Liberty Lobby

Lincoln, England

Lincoln is a cathedral city and district in Lincolnshire, England, of which it is the county town.

See History of antisemitism and Lincoln, England

Lisbon massacre

The Lisbon massacre started on Sunday, 19 April 1506 in Lisbon when a crowd of churchgoers attacked and killed several people in the congregation whom they suspected were Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Lisbon massacre

Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln

Hugh of Lincoln (1246 – 27 August 1255) was an English boy whose death in Lincoln was falsely attributed to Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln

Loan

In finance, a loan is the transfer of money by one party to another with an agreement to pay it back.

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Louis de Bonald

Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de Bonald (2 October 1754 — 23 November 1840) was a French counter-revolutionary philosopher and politician.

See History of antisemitism and Louis de Bonald

Louis Feldman

Louis Harry Feldman (October 29, 1926 – March 25, 2017) was an American professor of classics and literature.

See History of antisemitism and Louis Feldman

Louis IX of France

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly revered as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270.

See History of antisemitism and Louis IX of France

Louis Veuillot

Louis Veuillot (11 October 1813 – 7 March 1883) was a French journalist and author who helped to popularize ultramontanism (a philosophy favoring Papal supremacy).

See History of antisemitism and Louis Veuillot

Lucy Dawidowicz

Lucy Dawidowicz (Schildkret; June 16, 1915 – December 5, 1990) was an American historian and writer.

See History of antisemitism and Lucy Dawidowicz

Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

See History of antisemitism and Lutheranism

Lynching

Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group.

See History of antisemitism and Lynching

Lysimachus

Lysimachus (Greek: Λυσίμαχος,meaning: "the one that terminates the battle". Lysimachos; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became king of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon.

See History of antisemitism and Lysimachus

Maccabees

The Maccabees, also spelled Machabees (מַכַּבִּים, or מַקַבִּים,; Machabaei or Maccabaei; Μακκαβαῖοι), were a group of Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire.

See History of antisemitism and Maccabees

Madison Square Garden

Madison Square Garden, colloquially known as the Garden or by its initials MSG, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City.

See History of antisemitism and Madison Square Garden

Maimonides

Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.

See History of antisemitism and Maimonides

Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See History of antisemitism and Mainz

Majdanek concentration camp

Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Majdanek concentration camp

Malik ibn Anas

Malik ibn Anas (translit; –795) was an Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of the Maliki school, one of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.

See History of antisemitism and Malik ibn Anas

Manetho

Manetho (Μανέθων Manéthōn, gen.: Μανέθωνος) is believed to have been an Egyptian priest from Sebennytos (translit) who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the early third century BC, during the Hellenistic period.

See History of antisemitism and Manetho

Manuel I of Portugal

Manuel I (31 May 146913 December 1521), known as the Fortunate (O Venturoso), was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521.

See History of antisemitism and Manuel I of Portugal

Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right).

See History of antisemitism and Maria Theresa

Mark R. Cohen

Mark R. Cohen (born March 11, 1943) is an American scholar of Jewish history in the Muslim world.

See History of antisemitism and Mark R. Cohen

Marrakesh

Marrakesh or Marrakech (or; murrākuš) is the fourth-largest city in Morocco.

See History of antisemitism and Marrakesh

Marrano

Marranos is one of the terms used in relation to Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted or were forced by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns to convert to Christianity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it, referred to as Crypto-Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Marrano

Martin Gilbert

Sir Martin John Gilbert (25 October 1936 – 3 February 2015) was a British historian and honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford.

See History of antisemitism and Martin Gilbert

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

See History of antisemitism and Martin Luther

Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

See History of antisemitism and Marxism

Mashhad

Mashhad (مشهد) is the second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran.

See History of antisemitism and Mashhad

Massacre of 1391

The Massacre of 1391, also known as the pogroms of 1391, was a display of antisemitism and violence against Jews in Castile and Aragon.

See History of antisemitism and Massacre of 1391

Massacre of Uman

The Massacre of Humań, or massacre of Uman (rzeź humańska; "уманська різня" or "взяття Умані") was a 1768 massacre of the Jews, Poles and Ukrainian Uniates by haidamaks.

See History of antisemitism and Massacre of Uman

Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

Matthias (24 February 1557 – 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612 to 1619, Archduke of Austria from 1608 to 1619, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 to 1618 and King of Bohemia from 1611 to 1617.

See History of antisemitism and Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

Matzah

Matzah, matzo, or maẓẓah (translit,: matzot or Ashk. matzos) is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival, during which chametz (leaven and five grains that, per Jewish law, are self-leavening) is forbidden.

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Maurice Barrès

Auguste-Maurice Barrès (19 August 1862 – 4 December 1923) was a French novelist, journalist, philosopher, and politician.

See History of antisemitism and Maurice Barrès

Mawza Exile

The Mawza Exile (גלות מוזע, ğalūt mawzaʻ;‎ 1679–1680) is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the Jews of Yemen, in which Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named Mawzaʻ to withstand their fate or to die.

See History of antisemitism and Mawza Exile

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

See History of antisemitism and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

May Laws

Temporary regulations regarding the Jews (also known as May Laws) were residency and business restrictions on Jews in the Russian Empire, proposed by minister Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev and enacted by Tsar Alexander III on15 May (3 May O.S.), 1882.

See History of antisemitism and May Laws

Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

See History of antisemitism and Mecca

Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

See History of antisemitism and Medina

Megasthenes

Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης, died 290 BCE) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat, ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period.

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Mein Kampf

Mein Kampf is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler.

See History of antisemitism and Mein Kampf

Melito of Sardis

Melito of Sardis (Μελίτων Σάρδεων Melítōn Sárdeōn; died) was the bishop of Sardis near Smyrna in western Anatolia, and who held a foremost place among the early Christian bishops in Asia due to his personal influence and his literary works, most of which have been lost.

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Menahem Mendel Beilis

Menahem Mendel Beilis (sometimes spelled Beiliss; מנחם מענדל בייליס, Менахем Мендель Бейлис; 1874 – 7 July 1934) was a Russian Jew accused of ritual murder in Kiev in the Russian Empire in a notorious 1913 trial, known as the "Beilis trial" or the "Beilis affair".

See History of antisemitism and Menahem Mendel Beilis

Menarsha Synagogue

The Menarsha Synagogue, also known as the Great Synagogue of Damascus, is a former synagogue in Damascus, Syria completed in the 19th century.

See History of antisemitism and Menarsha Synagogue

Menorca

Menorca or Minorca (from smaller island, later Minorica) is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain.

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Messiah

In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias is a saviour or liberator of a group of people.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

See History of antisemitism and Middle Ages

Misanthropy

Misanthropy is the general hatred, dislike, or distrust of the human species, human behavior, or human nature.

See History of antisemitism and Misanthropy

Mortara case

The Mortara case (caso Mortara) was an Italian cause célèbre that captured the attention of much of Europe and North America in the 1850s and 1860s.

See History of antisemitism and Mortara case

Moses

Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.

See History of antisemitism and Moses

Mossad

The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (ha-Mosád le-Modiʿín u-le-Tafkidím Meyuḥadím), popularly known as Mossad, is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel.

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MS St. Louis

MS St.

See History of antisemitism and MS St. Louis

Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

See History of antisemitism and Muhammad

Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

See History of antisemitism and Muslim world

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See History of antisemitism and Muslims

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Nazi concentration camps

From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), including subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe.

See History of antisemitism and Nazi concentration camps

Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

See History of antisemitism and Nazi Party

Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

See History of antisemitism and Nazism

Neue Zeitschrift für Musik

The New Journal of Music (Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, and abbreviated to NZM) is a music magazine, co-founded in Leipzig by Robert Schumann, his teacher and future father-in law Friedrich Wieck, Julius Knorr and his close friend Ludwig Schuncke.

See History of antisemitism and Neue Zeitschrift für Musik

New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland.

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New antisemitism

New antisemitism is a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism.

See History of antisemitism and New antisemitism

New Christian

New Christian (Novus Christianus; Cristiano Nuevo; Cristão-Novo; Cristià Nou; Kristiano muevo) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire.

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New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938 to rescue the U.S. from the Great Depression.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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New World Order conspiracy theory

The New World Order (NWO) is a term used in several conspiracy theories which hypothesize a secretly emerging totalitarian world government.

See History of antisemitism and New World Order conspiracy theory

Newbury, Berkshire

Newbury is a market town in West Berkshire, England, in the valley of the River Kennet.

See History of antisemitism and Newbury, Berkshire

Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle (RP), is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England.

See History of antisemitism and Newcastle upon Tyne

Nicholas de Lange

Nicholas Robert Michael de Lange (born 7 August 1944) is a British Reform rabbi and historian.

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Night of the Murdered Poets

The Night of the Murdered Poets (lit) was the execution of thirteen Soviet Jews in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow on 12 August 1952.

See History of antisemitism and Night of the Murdered Poets

Norman Cohn

Norman Rufus Colin Cohn FBA (12 January 1915 – 31 July 2007) was a British academic, historian and writer who spent 14 years as a professorial fellow and as Astor-Wolfson Professor at the University of Sussex.

See History of antisemitism and Norman Cohn

Northampton

Northampton is a town and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England.

See History of antisemitism and Northampton

Northwest Theological Seminary

Northwest Theological Seminary was a theological seminary in the Reformed Christian tradition located in Lynnwood, Washington.

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Norwich

Norwich is a cathedral city and district of the county of Norfolk, England of which it is the county town.

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Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

See History of antisemitism and Nuremberg Laws

Oath More Judaico

The Oath More Judaico or Jewish Oath was a special form of oath, rooted in antisemitism and accompanied by certain ceremonies and often intentionally humiliating, painful or dangerous, that Jews were required to take in European courts of law until the 20th century.

See History of antisemitism and Oath More Judaico

Occult

The occult (from occultus) is a category of esoteric or supernatural beliefs and practices which generally fall outside the scope of organized religion and science, encompassing phenomena involving a 'hidden' or 'secret' agency, such as magic and mysticism.

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October Revolution

The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.

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Old Testament

The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.

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Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician, and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of the British Isles.

See History of antisemitism and Oliver Cromwell

On the Jewish Question

"On the Jewish Question" is a response by Karl Marx to then-current debates over the Jewish question.

See History of antisemitism and On the Jewish Question

On the Jews and Their Lies

On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen; in modern spelling Von den Juden und ihren Lügen.) is a 65,000-word anti-Judaic and antisemitic treatise written in 1543 by the German Reformation leader Martin Luther (1483–1546).

See History of antisemitism and On the Jews and Their Lies

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Operation Barbarossa

Orléans

Orléans ((US) and) is a city in north-central France, about 120 kilometres (74 miles) southwest of Paris.

See History of antisemitism and Orléans

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Paganism

Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden.

See History of antisemitism and Pale of Settlement

Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

See History of antisemitism and Palermo

Panama scandals

The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to a French company's failed attempt at constructing a Panama Canal.

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Paolo Orano

Paolo Orano (15 June 1875 – 7 April 1945) was an Italian psychologist, politician and writer.

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Papal bull

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.

See History of antisemitism and Papal bull

Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

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Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

See History of antisemitism and Partitions of Poland

Passover

Passover, also called Pesach, is a major Jewish holidayand one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.

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Paul Johnson (writer)

Paul Bede Johnson (2 November 1928 – 12 January 2023) was an English journalist, popular historian, speechwriter and author.

See History of antisemitism and Paul Johnson (writer)

People's Crusade

The People's Crusade was the beginning phase of the First Crusade whose objective was to retake the Holy Land, and Jerusalem in particular, from Islamic rule.

See History of antisemitism and People's Crusade

People's Party (United States)

The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or simply the Populists, was an agrarian populist political party in the United States in the late 19th century.

See History of antisemitism and People's Party (United States)

Persecution of Jews during the Black Death

The persecution of Jews during the Black Death consisted of a series of violent mass attacks and massacres.

See History of antisemitism and Persecution of Jews during the Black Death

Persian Jews

Persian Jews or Iranian Jews (یهودیان ایرانی; יהודים פרסים) constitute one of the oldest communities of the Jewish diaspora.

See History of antisemitism and Persian Jews

Peter Schäfer

Peter Schäfer (born 29 June 1943, Mülheim an der Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a prolific German scholar of ancient religious studies, who has made contributions to the field of ancient Judaism and early Christianity through monographs, co-edited volumes, numerous articles, and his trademark synoptic editions.

See History of antisemitism and Peter Schäfer

Peter Stuyvesant

Peter Stuyvesant (in Dutch also Pieter and Petrus Stuyvesant,; – August 1672)Mooney, James E. "Stuyvesant, Peter" in p.1256 was a Dutch colonial officer who served as the last Dutch director-general of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was split into New York and New Jersey with lesser territory becoming parts of other colonies, and later, states.

See History of antisemitism and Peter Stuyvesant

Pharisees

The Pharisees (lit) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Pharisees

Philip II of France

Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), byname Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

See History of antisemitism and Philip II of France

Philip IV of France

Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314.

See History of antisemitism and Philip IV of France

Philippe Pétain

Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), better known as Philippe Pétain and Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the collaborationist regime of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944, during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Philippe Pétain

Philo

Philo of Alexandria (Phílōn; Yəḏīḏyāh), also called italics, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.

See History of antisemitism and Philo

Philosemitism

Philosemitism, also called Judeophilia, is "defense, love, or admiration of Jews and Judaism".

See History of antisemitism and Philosemitism

Phyllis Chesler

Phyllis Chesler (born October 1, 1940) is an American writer, psychotherapist, and professor emerita of psychology and women's studies at the College of Staten Island (CUNY).

See History of antisemitism and Phyllis Chesler

Pieter Willem van der Horst

Pieter Willem van der Horst (born 4 July 1946) is a scholar and university professor emeritus specializing in New Testament studies, Early Christian literature, and the Jewish and Hellenistic context of Early Christianity.

See History of antisemitism and Pieter Willem van der Horst

Pogrom

A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Pogrom

Pogroms during the Russian Civil War

The pogroms during the Russian Civil War were a wave of mass murders of Jews, primarily in Ukraine, during the Russian Civil War.

See History of antisemitism and Pogroms during the Russian Civil War

Pogroms in the Russian Empire

Pogroms in the Russian Empire (Еврейские погромы в Российской империи) were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that began in the 19th century.

See History of antisemitism and Pogroms in the Russian Empire

Poitou

Poitou (Poitevin: Poetou) was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers.

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Polis

Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.

See History of antisemitism and Polis

Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany

Following the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, nearly a quarter of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic was annexed by Nazi Germany and placed directly under the German civil administration.

See History of antisemitism and Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

See History of antisemitism and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate (Póntios Pilátos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD.

See History of antisemitism and Pontius Pilate

Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

See History of antisemitism and Pope

Pope Clement VI

Pope Clement VI (Clemens VI; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death, in December 1352.

See History of antisemitism and Pope Clement VI

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216.

See History of antisemitism and Pope Innocent III

Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI (Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939.

See History of antisemitism and Pope Pius XI

Pope Sixtus V

Pope Sixtus V (Sisto V; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death, in August 1590.

See History of antisemitism and Pope Sixtus V

Popular Front (Spain)

The Popular Front (Frente Popular) was an electoral alliance and pact formed in January 1936 to contest that year's general election by various left-wing political organizations during the Second Spanish Republic.

See History of antisemitism and Popular Front (Spain)

Population transfer in the Soviet Union

From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.

See History of antisemitism and Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Portuguese Inquisition

The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa), officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal, was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III.

See History of antisemitism and Portuguese Inquisition

Posidonius

Posidonius (Ποσειδώνιος, "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος), was a Greek politician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, historian, mathematician, and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.

See History of antisemitism and Posidonius

Prague

Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.

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Prophets and messengers in Islam

Prophets in Islam (translit) are individuals in Islam who are believed to spread God's message on Earth and serve as models of ideal human behaviour.

See History of antisemitism and Prophets and messengers in Islam

Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

See History of antisemitism and Protestantism

Protonotary apostolic

In the Roman Catholic Church, protonotary apostolic (PA; Latin: protonotarius apostolicus) is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of prelates in the Roman Curia or, outside Rome, an honorary prelate on whom the pope has conferred this title and its special privileges.

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Provence

Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.

See History of antisemitism and Prussia

Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr "Ptolemy the Savior"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered on Egypt and led by his progeny from 305 BC – 30 BC.

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Puberty

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.

See History of antisemitism and Puberty

Purge

In history, religion and political science, a purge is a position removal or execution of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, another organization, their team leaders, or society as a whole.

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Quakers

Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations.

See History of antisemitism and Quakers

Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

See History of antisemitism and Quran

Race (human categorization)

Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society.

See History of antisemitism and Race (human categorization)

Racial antisemitism

Racial antisemitism is prejudice against Jews based on a belief or assertion that Jews constitute a distinct race that has inherent traits or characteristics that appear in some way abhorrent or inherently inferior or otherwise different from the traits or characteristics of the rest of a society.

See History of antisemitism and Racial antisemitism

Ransom

Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice.

See History of antisemitism and Ransom

Raqqa

Raqqa (ar-Raqqah, also) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.

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Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

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Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse

Raymond of Saint-Gilles (1041 – 28 February 1105), also called Raymond IV of Toulouse or Raymond I of Tripoli, was the count of Toulouse, duke of Narbonne, and margrave of Provence from 1094, and one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 to 1099.

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Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse

Raymond VII (July 1197 – 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death.

See History of antisemitism and Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse

Reductionism

Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.

See History of antisemitism and Reductionism

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

See History of antisemitism and Reformation

Regensburg

Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon) is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point.

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Reinhard Heydrich

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust.

See History of antisemitism and Reinhard Heydrich

Religious antisemitism

Religious antisemitism is aversion to or discrimination against Jews as a whole based on religious doctrines of supersession, which expect or demand the disappearance of Judaism and the conversion of Jews to other faiths.

See History of antisemitism and Religious antisemitism

Religious intolerance

Religious intolerance is intolerance of another's religious beliefs, practices, faith or lack thereof.

See History of antisemitism and Religious intolerance

Religious order

A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious practice.

See History of antisemitism and Religious order

Religious persecution in the Roman Empire

As the Roman Republic, and later the Roman Empire, expanded, it came to include people from a variety of cultures, and religions.

See History of antisemitism and Religious persecution in the Roman Empire

Republicanism

Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.

See History of antisemitism and Republicanism

Revised Standard Version

The Revised Standard Version (RSV) is an English translation of the Bible published in 1952 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA.

See History of antisemitism and Revised Standard Version

Rhineland

The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.

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Rhineland massacres

The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 or Gzerot Tatnó (גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856"), were a series of mass murders of Jews perpetrated by mobs of French and German Christians of the People's Crusade in the year 1096, or 4856 according to the Hebrew calendar.

See History of antisemitism and Rhineland massacres

Richard I of England

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Quor de Lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199.

See History of antisemitism and Richard I of England

Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas").

See History of antisemitism and Richard Wagner

Rintfleisch massacres

The Rintfleisch or Rindfleisch movement was a series of massacres against Jews in 1298.

See History of antisemitism and Rintfleisch massacres

Robert S. Wistrich

Robert Solomon Wistrich (April 7, 1945 – May 19, 2015) was a scholar of antisemitism, considered one of the world's foremost authorities on antisemitism.

See History of antisemitism and Robert S. Wistrich

Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux

Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux (1805–1876) was a French writer, antisemite and journalist.

See History of antisemitism and Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See History of antisemitism and Roman Empire

Rootless cosmopolitan

Rootless cosmopolitan was a pejorative Soviet epithet which referred mostly to Jewish intellectuals as an accusation of their lack of allegiance to the Soviet Union, especially during the antisemitic campaign of 1948–1953.

See History of antisemitism and Rootless cosmopolitan

Rothschild family

The Rothschild family is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish noble banking family originally from Frankfurt that rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, who established his banking business in the 1760s.

See History of antisemitism and Rothschild family

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.

See History of antisemitism and Russian Civil War

Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.

See History of antisemitism and Russian Orthodox Church

Sabbatai Zevi

Sabbatai Zevi (Sabetay Sevi; August 1, 1626 –) was an Ottoman Jewish mystic, and ordained rabbi from Smyrna (now İzmir, Turkey).

See History of antisemitism and Sabbatai Zevi

Sacramental bread

Sacramental bread, also called Communion bread, Communion wafer, Sacred host, Eucharistic bread, the Lamb or simply the host (lit), is the bread used in the Christian ritual of the Eucharist.

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Saint Louis University

Saint Louis University (SLU) is a private Jesuit research university with campuses in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, and Madrid, Spain.

See History of antisemitism and Saint Louis University

Saint Stephen

Stephen (wreath, crown, and by extension 'reward, honor, renown, fame', often given as a title rather than as a name; c. AD 5 – c. 34) is traditionally venerated as the protomartyr or first martyr of Christianity.

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Sardinia

Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.

See History of antisemitism and Sardinia

Scapegoating

Scapegoating is the practice of singling out a person or group for unmerited blame and consequent negative treatment.

See History of antisemitism and Scapegoating

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

See History of antisemitism and Scientific Revolution

Second Barons' War

The Second Barons' War (1264–1267) was a civil war in England between the forces of a number of barons led by Simon de Montfort against the royalist forces of King Henry III, led initially by the king himself and later by his son, the future King Edward I. The barons sought to force the king to rule with a council of barons, rather than through his favourites.

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Second Crusade

The Second Crusade (1147–1150) was the second major crusade launched from Europe.

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Sejanus

Lucius Aelius Sejanus (c. 20 BC – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus, was a Roman soldier, friend, and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.

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Semitic people

Semitic people or Semites is an obsolete term for an ethnic, cultural or racial group by: "In linguistics context, the term "Semitic" is generally speaking non-controversial...

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Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

See History of antisemitism and Sephardic Jews

Septuagint

The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.

See History of antisemitism and Septuagint

Shabbat

Shabbat (or; Šabbāṯ) or the Sabbath, also called Shabbos by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Saturday.

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Shepherds' Crusade (1251)

The Shepherds' Crusade of 1251 was a popular crusade in northern France aimed at rescuing King Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade.

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Shepherds' Crusade (1320)

The Shepherds' Crusade of 1320 was a popular crusade in Normandy in June 1320.

See History of antisemitism and Shepherds' Crusade (1320)

Shiraz pogrom

Shiraz pogrom or Shiraz blood libel of 1910 was a pogrom of the Jewish quarter in Shiraz, Iran, on October 30, 1910, organized by the Qavam family and sparked by accusations that the Jews had ritually killed a Muslim girl.

See History of antisemitism and Shiraz pogrom

Shtetl

Shtetl or shtetel is a Yiddish term for the small towns with predominantly Ashkenazi Jewish populations which existed in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust.

See History of antisemitism and Shtetl

Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

The Siege of Jerusalem marked the successful end of the First Crusade, whose objective was the recovery of the city of Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre from Islamic control.

See History of antisemitism and Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester

Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (– 4 August 1265), later sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives, was an English nobleman of French origin and a member of the English peerage, who led the baronial opposition to the rule of King Henry III of England, culminating in the Second Barons' War.

See History of antisemitism and Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester

Simon Dubnow

Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov; Shimen Dubnov; sʲɪˈmʲɵn ˈmarkəvʲɪdʑ ˈdubnəf; 10 September 1860 – 8 December 1941) was a Jewish-Russian historian, writer and activist.

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Simon of Trent

Simon of Trent (Simon von Trient, also known as Simon Unverdorben (meaning Simon Immaculate in German); Simonino di Trento), also known as Simeon (1472–1475), was a young boy from the city of Trent (now Trento in northern Italy), in the Prince-Bishopric of Trent, whose disappearance and death was blamed on the leaders of the city's Jewish community, based on the confessions of Jews obtained under judicial torture.

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Sin

In a religious context, sin is a transgression against divine law or a law of the deities.

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Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.

See History of antisemitism and Six-Day War

Sobibor extermination camp

Sobibor (Sobibór) was an extermination camp built and operated by Nazi Germany as part of Operation Reinhard.

See History of antisemitism and Sobibor extermination camp

Social Darwinism is the study and implementation of various pseudoscientific theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics.

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Southampton

Southampton is a port city in Hampshire, England.

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Spanish Golden Age

The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish: Siglo de Oro ˈsiɣlo ðe ˈoɾo, "Golden Century") was a period that coincided with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs.

See History of antisemitism and Spanish Golden Age

Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. History of antisemitism and Spanish Inquisition are anti-Judaism.

See History of antisemitism and Spanish Inquisition

Speyer

Speyer (older spelling Speier; Schbaija; Spire), historically known in English as Spires, is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants.

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Stavisky affair

The Stavisky affair was a financial scandal in France in 1934, involving embezzler Alexandre Stavisky.

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Steven K. Baum

Steven K. Baum is a genocide scholar who has written several books, including The Psychology of Genocide (Cambridge University Press 2008), Antisemitism Explained (UPA 2012), and with co-editors Florette Cohen and Steven L. Jacobs, Antisemitism in North America: New World, Old Hate (Brill).

See History of antisemitism and Steven K. Baum

Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

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Strasbourg massacre

The Strasbourg massacre occurred on 14 February 1349, when the entire Jewish community of several thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death as part of the Black Death persecutions.

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Suetonius

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly referred to as Suetonius (– after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.

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Sumptuary law

Sumptuary laws (from Latin sūmptuāriae lēgēs) are laws that try to regulate consumption.

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Swastika

The swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly found in various Eurasian cultures, as well as some African and American ones.

See History of antisemitism and Swastika

Synod of Elvira

The Synod of Elvira (Concilium Eliberritanum, Concilio de Elvira) was an ecclesiastical synod held at Elvira in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, now Granada in southern Spain.

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Synods of Antioch

Beginning with three synods convened between 264 and 269 in the matter of Paul of Samosata, more than thirty councils were held in Antioch in ancient times.

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Syria Palaestina

Syria Palaestina (Syría hē Palaistínē) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD.

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Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus (–), was a Roman historian and politician.

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Talmud

The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.

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Temple in Jerusalem

The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple, refers to the two religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, also known as the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini; Tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo), was the most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill.

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Terracina

Terracina is an Italian city and comune of the province of Latina, located on the coast southeast of Rome on the Via Appia (by rail).

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Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

Seventeen days after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War, the Soviet Union entered the eastern regions of Poland (known as the Kresy) and annexed territories totalling with a population of 13,299,000.

See History of antisemitism and Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

The Dearborn Independent

The Dearborn Independent, also known as The Ford International Weekly, was a weekly newspaper established in 1901, and published by Henry Ford from 1919 through 1927.

See History of antisemitism and The Dearborn Independent

The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and The Holocaust

The Holocaust in France

The Holocaust in France was the persecution, deportation, and annihilation of Jews between 1940 and 1944 in occupied France, metropolitan Vichy France, and in Vichy-controlled French North Africa, during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and The Holocaust in France

The Jewish Encyclopedia

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.

See History of antisemitism and The Jewish Encyclopedia

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Protectorate

The Protectorate, officially the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the English form of government lasting from 16 December 1653 to 25 May 1659, under which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their associated territories were joined together in the Commonwealth of England, governed by a Lord Protector.

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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fabricated text purporting to detail a Jewish plot for global domination.

See History of antisemitism and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Twelve Caesars

De vita Caesarum (Latin; "About the Life of the Caesars"), commonly known as The Twelve Caesars, is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Theophrastus

Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος||godly phrased) was a Greek philosopher and the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.

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Third Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.

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Thomas F. Madden

Thomas Francis Madden (born 10 June 1960) is an American historian, a former chair of the history department at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri, and director of Saint Louis University's Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.

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Tiberius

Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37.

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Tihamah

Tihamah or Tihama (تِهَامَةُ) is the Red Sea coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Bab el Mandeb.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Timeline of antisemitism

This timeline of antisemitism chronicles events in the history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as members of a religious and/or ethnic group.

See History of antisemitism and Timeline of antisemitism

Tisha B'Av

Tisha B'Av (תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.

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Titus

Titus Caesar Vespasianus (30 December 39 – 13 September AD 81) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81.

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Tolerance tax

Tolerance tax or toleration tax (Toleranzgebührer) was a tax that was levied against Jews of the Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austrian Empire, between 1747 and 1797.

See History of antisemitism and Tolerance tax

Torah

The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

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A Torah scroll (סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה,, lit. "Book of Torah"; plural: סִפְרֵי תוֹרָה) is a handwritten copy of the Torah, meaning the five books of Moses (the first books of the Hebrew Bible).

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Tortona

Tortona (Torton-a,; Dertona) is a comune of Piemonte, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy.

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Toulon

Toulon (Tolon, Touloun) is a city on the French Riviera and a large port on the Mediterranean coast, with a major naval base.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania.

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Tours

Tours (meaning Towers) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France.

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Tower of London

The Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England.

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Treblinka extermination camp

Treblinka was the second-deadliest extermination camp to be built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Treblinka extermination camp

Trento

Trento (or; Ladin and Trent; Trient; Tria), also known in English as Trent, is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy.

See History of antisemitism and Trento

Trials of the Diaspora

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England is a 2010 book by British lawyer Anthony Julius.

See History of antisemitism and Trials of the Diaspora

Trier

Trier (Tréier), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany.

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Tunis

Tunis (تونس) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia.

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Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) was a short-lived state in Eastern Europe.

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Ultramontanism

Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope.

See History of antisemitism and Ultramontanism

United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate.

See History of antisemitism and United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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Urfa

Urfa, officially called Şanlıurfa, is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province.

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Usury

Usury is the practice of making loans that are seen as unfairly enriching the lender.

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Vannes

Vannes (Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Vichy anti-Jewish legislation

Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Vichy anti-Jewish legislation

Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

See History of antisemitism and Vichy France

Vienna Gesera

The Vienna Gesera (Wiener Gesera, Gezerat Wina, meaning "Viennese Decree") was a persecution of Jews in Austria in 1420–21 on the orders of Duke Albert V. The persecution, at first consisting of exile, forced conversion and imprisonment, culminated in the execution of over 200 Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Vienna Gesera

Vincenz Fettmilch

Vincenz Fettmilch (died 1616) was a grocer and gingerbread baker who led the Fettmilch uprising (1612–1616) of the guilds in Frankfurt-am-Main targeting the municipal council to determine the price of grain in an open market; disclose the special privileges of the aristocracy; and rob and expel Jews from the city whom he and his compatriots viewed as competition and usurers.

See History of antisemitism and Vincenz Fettmilch

Visigothic Kingdom

The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Regnum Gothorum) occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.

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Wandering Jew

The Wandering Jew (occasionally referred to as the Eternal Jew, a calque from German "der Ewige Jude") is a mythical immortal man whose legend began to spread in Europe in the 13th century.

See History of antisemitism and Wandering Jew

Wannsee Conference

The Wannsee Conference (Wannseekonferenz) was a meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and Schutzstaffel (SS) leaders, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942.

See History of antisemitism and Wannsee Conference

Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto (Warschauer Ghetto, officially Jüdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau, "Jewish Residential District in Warsaw"; getto warszawskie) was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust.

See History of antisemitism and Warsaw Ghetto

Well poisoning

Well poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in order to cause illness or death, or to deny an opponent access to fresh water resources.

See History of antisemitism and Well poisoning

White Army

The White Army (pre-1918 spelling, although used by the Whites even afterwards to differentiate from the Reds./Белая армия|Belaya armiya) or White Guard (label), also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen (label), was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War.

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White Terror (Russia)

The White Terror (Belyy Terror) in Russia refers to the violence and mass killings carried out by the White Army during the Russian Civil War (1917–1923).

See History of antisemitism and White Terror (Russia)

Wilhelm Marr

Friedrich Wilhelm Adolph Marr (November 16, 1819 – July 17, 1904) was a German journalist and politician, who popularized the term "antisemitism" (1881).

See History of antisemitism and Wilhelm Marr

William I, German Emperor

William I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), or Wilhelm I, was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888.

See History of antisemitism and William I, German Emperor

William of Norwich

William of Norwich (died 22 March 1144) was an apprentice who lived in the English city of Norwich.

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William Rubinstein

William D. Rubinstein (12 August 1946 – 1 July 2024) was an American-British historian and author.

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Winchester

Winchester is a cathedral city in Hampshire, England.

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Worcester, England

Worcester is a cathedral city in Worcestershire, England, of which it is the county town.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See History of antisemitism and World War II

Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; also known by other names) is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia.

See History of antisemitism and Wrocław

Xenophobia

Xenophobia (from ξένος (xénos), "strange, foreign, or alien", and (phóbos), "fear") is the fear or dislike of anything which is perceived as being foreign or strange.

See History of antisemitism and Xenophobia

Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.

See History of antisemitism and Yad Vashem

Yellow badge

The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (Judenstern), was a special accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history.

See History of antisemitism and Yellow badge

Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.

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Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.

See History of antisemitism and Yiddish

Zaydism

Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate.

See History of antisemitism and Zaydism

Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory

The Zionist occupation government, Zionist occupational government or Zionist-occupied government (ZOG), sometimes also referred to as the Jewish occupational government (JOG), is an antisemitic conspiracy theory claiming Jews secretly control the governments of Western states.

See History of antisemitism and Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory

1033 Fez massacre

The 1033 Fez massacre was an event where, following their conquest of the city from the Maghrawa tribe, the forces of Abu'l Kamal Tamim, chief of the Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrated a massacre of Jews in Fez in an anti-Jewish pogrom.

See History of antisemitism and 1033 Fez massacre

1066 Granada massacre

The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada, killed and crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.

See History of antisemitism and 1066 Granada massacre

1321 lepers' plot

The 1321 lepers' plot was an alleged conspiracy of French lepers to spread their disease by contaminating water supplies, including well water, with their powders and poisons.

See History of antisemitism and 1321 lepers' plot

1782 Edict of Tolerance

The 1782 Edict of Tolerance (Toleranzedikt vom 1782) was a religious reform of Emperor Joseph II during the time he was emperor of the Habsburg monarchy as part of his policy of Josephinism, a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state.

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1866 Swiss referendum

A nine-part referendum was held in Switzerland on 14 January 1866.

See History of antisemitism and 1866 Swiss referendum

1896 United States presidential election

The 1896 United States presidential election was the 28th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1896.

See History of antisemitism and 1896 United States presidential election

1912 Fez riots

The Fes Riots, also known as the Fes Uprising or Mutiny (from), the Tritl (among the Jewish community) and the Bloody Days of Fes (from) were riots which started April 17, 1912 in Fes, the then-capital of Morocco, when French officers announced the measures of the Treaty of Fes, which created the French protectorate in Morocco.

See History of antisemitism and 1912 Fez riots

1920 Nebi Musa riots

The 1920 Nebi Musa riots or 1920 Jerusalem riots took place in British-controlled part of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration between Sunday, 4 April, and Wednesday, 7 April 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem.

See History of antisemitism and 1920 Nebi Musa riots

1929 Palestine riots

The 1929 Palestine riots, Buraq Uprising (ثورة البراق) or the Events of 1929 (מאורעות תרפ"ט,, lit. Events of 5689 Anno Mundi), was a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 in which a longstanding dispute between Palestinian Arabs and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalated into violence.

See History of antisemitism and 1929 Palestine riots

1934 Constantine riots

The 1934 Constantine riots erupted in the Algerian city of Constantine against the local Jewish population, rooted in the different manner in which Jews and Muslims had been treated in Algeria by the French colonial government.

See History of antisemitism and 1934 Constantine riots

1934 Thrace pogroms

The 1934 Thrace pogroms (Trakya Olayları, "Thrace incidents" or "Thrace events", Ladino: Furtuna/La Furtuna, "Storm") were a series of violent attacks against Jewish citizens of Turkey in June and July 1934 in the Thrace region of Turkey.

See History of antisemitism and 1934 Thrace pogroms

1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

A popular uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate, later known as the Great Revolt, the Great Palestinian Revolt, or the Palestinian Revolution, lasted from 1936 until 1939.

See History of antisemitism and 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès

The Gabès riots (May 19–20, 1941) targeted the Jewish community in Gabès, Tunisia.

See History of antisemitism and 1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès

1943 Detroit race riot

The 1943 Detroit race riot took place in Detroit, Michigan, from the evening of June 20 through to the early morning of June 22.

See History of antisemitism and 1943 Detroit race riot

1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt

The Balfour Day riots, took place between 2 and 3 November 1945.

See History of antisemitism and 1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt

1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania

The 1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania was the most violent rioting against Jews in North Africa in modern times.

See History of antisemitism and 1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania

1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden

The Aden riots of December 2–4, 1947 targeted the Jewish community in the British Colony of Aden.

See History of antisemitism and 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden

1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo

The 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo were an attack on Syrian Jews in Aleppo, Syria in December 1947, following the United Nations vote in favour of partitioning Palestine.

See History of antisemitism and 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo

1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama

Contemporaneously with the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, a riot against the Jewish community of Manama, in the British Protectorate of Bahrain, on December 5, 1947.

See History of antisemitism and 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama

1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada

Anti-Jewish riots occurred on June 7–8, 1948, in the towns of Oujda and Jerada, in the French protectorate of Morocco in response to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ensuing the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel on May 14.

See History of antisemitism and 1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada

1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania

The 1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania were riots between the antisemitic rioters and Jewish communities of Tripoli and its surroundings in June 1948, during the British Military Administration in Libya.

See History of antisemitism and 1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania

1948 Arab–Israeli War

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

See History of antisemitism and 1948 Arab–Israeli War

1948 Cairo bombings

The 1948 bombings in Cairo, which targeted Jewish areas, took place during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, between June and September, and killed 70 Jews and wounded nearly 200.

See History of antisemitism and 1948 Cairo bombings

1949 Menarsha synagogue attack

The Menarsha synagogue attack took place on 5 August 1949 in the Jewish quarter of Damascus, Syria.

See History of antisemitism and 1949 Menarsha synagogue attack

1968 Polish political crisis

The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968, Students' March, or March events (Marzec 1968; studencki Marzec; wydarzenia marcowe), was a series of major student, intellectual and other protests against the ruling Polish United Workers' Party of the Polish People's Republic.

See History of antisemitism and 1968 Polish political crisis

1970s Soviet Union aliyah

The 1970s Soviet Union aliyah was the mass immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel after the Soviet Union lifted its ban on Jewish refusenik emigration in 1971.

See History of antisemitism and 1970s Soviet Union aliyah

1990s post-Soviet aliyah

In the years leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and for just over a decade thereafter, a particularly large number of Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet countries.

See History of antisemitism and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah

6 February 1934 crisis

The 6 February 1934 crisis (also known as the Veterans' Riot) was an anti-parliamentarist street demonstration in Paris organized by multiple far-rightist leagues that culminated in a riot on the Place de la Concorde, near the building used for the French National Assembly.

See History of antisemitism and 6 February 1934 crisis

See also

Anti-Judaism

• Allosemitism
• Anti-Jewish laws
• Anti-Judaism
• Antisemitism
• Canaanism
• Christian anti-Judaism
• Criticism of kashrut
• Disabilities (Jewish)
• Gilad Atzmon
• History of antisemitism
• Inquisition
• Judensau
• Political views of Adolf Hitler
• Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews
• Spanish Inquisition
• Wilhelm II
• Yevsektsiya

History of racism

• Barbados Slave Code
• François Bernier
• History of antisemitism
• Land Apportionment Act of 1930
• Les Anneaux de la Mémoire
• Limpieza de sangre
• Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people
• Racially motivated violence

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_antisemitism

Also known as Anti-Semitism in the 21st century, Antisemitism in Iberia, Antisemitism in the 20th century, Antisemitism in the 21st century, Antisemitism in the Middle Ages, Antisemitism in the Roman Empire, Contemporary anti-Semitism, History of Anti-Semitism, Weimar antisemitism.

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