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History of the English fiscal system, the Glossary

The history of the English fiscal system affords the best known example of continuous financial development in terms of both institutions and methods.^[1]

139 relations: Ad valorem tax, Allodial title, Amercement, American Revolutionary War, Americas, Bank of England, Bates's Case, Battle of Agincourt, Battle of Waterloo, Butlerage, Calais, Carta Mercatoria, Carucage, Charles II of England, Civil list, Crimean War, Danegeld, Demesne, Dialogus de Scaccario, Domesday Book, Dudley North (economist), Economic history of the United Kingdom, Edict of Expulsion, Edward I of England, Edward III of England, Edward IV, English Civil War, English feudal barony, Episcopal see, Escheat, Exchequer, Exchequer of the Jews, Farm (revenue leasing), Feudal aid, Feudal land tenure in England, Feudal relief, Feudalism, Fief, Finance, Flanders, Floating capital, Florence, George Richardson Porter, Glorious Revolution, Groat (English coin), Henry I of England, Henry II of England, Henry III of England, Henry V of England, Henry VI of England, ... Expand index (89 more) »
Economic history of England
Finance in England
Financial history of the United Kingdom
Public finance of England

Ad valorem tax

An ad valorem tax (Latin for "according to value") is a tax whose amount is based on the value of a transaction or of a property.

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Allodial title

Allodial title constitutes ownership of real property (land, buildings, and fixtures) that is independent of any superior landlord.

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Amercement

An amercement is a financial penalty in English law, common during the Middle Ages, imposed either by the court or by peers.

See History of the English fiscal system and Amercement

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Bank of England

The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.

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Bates's Case

Bates's Case or the Case of Impositions (1606) 2 St Tr 371 is a UK constitutional law case of the Court of the Exchequer, which enabled the King to impose duties for trade. History of the English fiscal system and Bates's Case are economic history of England.

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Battle of Agincourt

The Battle of Agincourt (Azincourt) was an English victory in the Hundred Years' War.

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Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Butlerage

A butlerage was a duty of two shillings on every ton of wine imported into England by foreign merchants.

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Calais

Calais (traditionally) is a port city in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture.

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Carta Mercatoria

The Carta Mercatoria, meaning 'the charter of the merchants', was a 1303 charter granted by Edward I to foreign merchants in England, in exchange for the foreign merchants paying a new tax on imports.

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Carucage

Carucage was a medieval English land tax enacted by King Richard I in 1194, based on the size—variously calculated—of the taxpayer's estate.

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Charles II of England

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.

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Civil list

A civil list is a list of individuals to whom money is paid by the government, typically for service to the state or as honorary pensions.

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Crimean War

The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont.

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Danegeld

Danegeld ("Danish tax", literally "Dane yield" or tribute) was a tax raised to pay tribute or protection money to the Viking raiders to save a land from being ravaged.

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Demesne

A demesne or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support.

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Dialogus de Scaccario

The, or Dialogue concerning the Exchequer, is a mediaeval treatise on the practice of the English Exchequer written in the late 12th century by Richard FitzNeal. History of the English fiscal system and Dialogus de Scaccario are economic history of England.

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Domesday Book

Domesday Book (the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of King William the Conqueror.

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Dudley North (economist)

Sir Dudley North (16 May 1641 in Westminster31 December 1691 in London) was an English merchant, politician, economist and writer on free trade.

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Economic history of the United Kingdom

The economic history of the United Kingdom relates the economic development in the British state from the absorption of Wales into the Kingdom of England after 1535 to the modern United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the early 21st century.

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Edict of Expulsion

The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.

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Edward I of England

Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307.

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Edward III of England

Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England from January 1327 until his death in 1377.

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Edward IV

Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483.

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English Civil War

The English Civil War refers to a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651.

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English feudal barony

In the kingdom of England, a feudal barony or barony by tenure was the highest degree of feudal land tenure, namely per baroniam (Latin for "by barony"), under which the land-holder owed the service of being one of the king's barons.

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Episcopal see

An episcopal see is, the area of a bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

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Escheat

Escheat (from the Latin excidere for "fall away") is a common law doctrine that transfers the real property of a person who has died without heirs to the crown or state.

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Exchequer

In the civil service of the United Kingdom, His Majesty's Exchequer, or just the Exchequer, is the accounting process of central government and the government's current account (i.e., money held from taxation and other government revenues) in the Consolidated Fund.

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Exchequer of the Jews

The Exchequer of the Jews (Latin: Scaccarium Judaeorum) was a division of the Court of Exchequer at Westminster which recorded and regulated the taxes and the law-cases of the Jews in England and Wales.

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Farm (revenue leasing)

Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor.

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Feudal aid

Feudal aid is the legal term for one of the financial duties required of a feudal tenant or vassal to his lord. History of the English fiscal system and feudal aid are economic history of England.

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Feudal land tenure in England

Under the English feudal system several different forms of land tenure existed, each effectively a contract with differing rights and duties attached thereto.

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Feudal relief

Feudal relief was a one-off "fine" or form of taxation payable to an overlord by the heir of a feudal tenant to license him to take possession of his fief, i.e. an estate-in-land, by inheritance.

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Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

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Fief

A fief (feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law.

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Finance

Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets.

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Flanders

Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium.

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Floating capital

Floating capital denotes currency in circulation and assets which can be used for many purposes.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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George Richardson Porter

George Richardson Porter (1792 – 3 September 1852) was an English statistician.

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Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution is the sequence of events that led to the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688.

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Groat (English coin)

The groat is the traditional name of a defunct English and Irish silver coin worth four pence, and also a Scottish coin which was originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and one shilling.

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Henry I of England

Henry I (– 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135.

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Henry II of England

Henry II, also known as Henry Fitzempress and Henry Curtmantle, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189.

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Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272.

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Henry V of England

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422.

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Henry VI of England

Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453.

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Henry VII of England

Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509.

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Henry VIII

Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547.

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High sheriff

A high sheriff is a ceremonial officer for each shrieval county of England and Wales and Northern Ireland or the chief sheriff of a number of paid sheriffs in U.S. states who outranks and commands the others in their court-related functions.

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History of Anglo-Saxon England

Anglo-Saxon England or Early Medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of Roman Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066, consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939).

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History of the English fiscal system

The history of the English fiscal system affords the best known example of continuous financial development in terms of both institutions and methods. History of the English fiscal system and history of the English fiscal system are economic history of England, finance in England, financial history of the United Kingdom, fiscal policy and Public finance of England.

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History of the English monarchy

The history of the English monarchy covers the reigns of English kings and queens from the 9th century to 1707.

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House of Lancaster

The House of Lancaster was a cadet branch of the royal House of Plantagenet.

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House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet (/plænˈtædʒənət/ ''plan-TAJ-ə-nət'') was a royal house which originated in the French County of Anjou.

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House of Stuart

The House of Stuart, originally spelled Stewart, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain.

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House of Tudor

The House of Tudor was an English and Welsh dynasty that held the throne of England from 1485 to 1603.

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House of York

The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet.

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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages.

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Income tax

An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income).

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Inheritance tax in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, inheritance tax is a transfer tax.

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Interregnum

An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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James VI and I

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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John Hampden

John Hampden (24 June 1643) was an English politician from Oxfordshire, who was killed fighting for Parliament in the First English Civil War.

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John, King of England

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216.

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Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, author, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet, and Anglican cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, hence his common sobriquet, "Dean Swift".

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Judgment (law)

In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding.

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Knight-service

Knight-service was a form of feudal land tenure under which a knight held a fief or estate of land termed a knight's fee (fee being synonymous with fief) from an overlord conditional on him as a tenant performing military service for his overlord.

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Long Parliament

The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660.

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Lord

Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler.

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Magna Carta

(Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta or sometimes Magna Charta ("Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.

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Malvasia

Malvasia, also known as Malvazia, is a group of wine grape varieties grown historically in the Mediterranean region, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and the island of Madeira, but now grown in many of the winemaking regions of the world.

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Manorialism

Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, was the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages.

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Mark (currency)

The mark was a currency or unit of account in many states.

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Mendicant

A mendicant (from mendicans, "begging") is one who practices mendicancy, relying chiefly or exclusively on alms to survive.

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Mercantilism

Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

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Non-tax revenue

Non-tax revenue or non-tax receipts are government revenue not generated from taxes. History of the English fiscal system and non-tax revenue are fiscal policy.

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Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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Normandy

Normandy (Normandie; Normaundie, Nouormandie; from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.

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Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Oxford

Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Parliament

In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Peace of Utrecht

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.

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Peasants' Revolt

The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381.

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Penny

A penny is a coin (pennies) or a unit of currency (pence) in various countries.

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Peter's Pence

Peter's Pence (or Denarii Sancti Petri and "Alms of St Peter") are donations or payments made directly to the Holy See of the Catholic Church.

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Petition of Right

The Petition of Right, passed on 7 June 1628, is an English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689.

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Poundage

In English law, poundage was an ad valorem (in proportion to value) customs duty imposed on imports and exports at the rate of 1 shilling for every pound (of weight) of goods imported or exported.

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Priory

A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress.

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Privy chamber

A privy chamber was the private apartment of a royal residence in England.

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Purveyance

Purveyance was an ancient prerogative right of the English Crown to purchase provisions and other necessaries for the royal household, at an appraised price, and to requisition horses and vehicles for royal use.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.

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Richard II of England

Richard II (6 January 1367 –), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399.

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Richard Price

Richard Price (23 February 1723 – 19 April 1791) was a Welsh moral philosopher, Nonconformist minister and mathematician.

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Robert Peel

Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850), was a British Conservative statesman who twice was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–1835, 1841–1846), and simultaneously was Chancellor of the Exchequer (1834–1835).

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Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known between 1725 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British Whig politician who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1721 to 1742.

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Royal forest

A royal forest, occasionally known as a kingswood, is an area of land with different definitions in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

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Saladin tithe

The Saladin tithe, or the Aid of 1188, was a tax (more specifically a tallage) levied in England and, to some extent, France, in 1188, in response to the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187.

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Scutage

Scutage was a medieval English tax levied on holders of a knight's fee under the feudal land tenure of knight-service.

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Second Boer War

The Second Boer War (Tweede Vryheidsoorlog,, 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (the South African Republic and Orange Free State) over the Empire's influence in Southern Africa.

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Shilling

The shilling is a historical coin, and the name of a unit of modern currencies formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, other British Commonwealth countries and Ireland, where they were generally equivalent to 12 pence or one-twentieth of a pound before being phased out during the 1960s and 1970s.

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Ship money

Ship money was a tax of medieval origin levied intermittently in the Kingdom of England until the middle of the 17th century.

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Socage

Socage was one of the feudal duties and land tenure forms in the English feudal system.

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Sovereign default

A sovereign default is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full when due.

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Star Chamber

The Star Chamber (Latin: Camera stellata) was an English court that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster, from the late to the mid-17th century, and was composed of Privy Counsellors and common-law judges, to supplement the judicial activities of the common-law and equity courts in civil and criminal matters.

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Statute of Monopolies

The Statute of Monopolies (21 Jas. 1. c. 3) was an act of the Parliament of England notable as the first statutory expression of English patent law.

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Statute of the Staple

The Ordinance of the Staple was an ordinance issued in the Great Council in October 1353.

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Stephen, King of England

Stephen (1092 or 1096 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154.

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Stop of the Exchequer

The Great Stop of the Exchequer or Stop of the Exchequer was a repudiation of state debt that occurred in England in 1672 under the reign of Charles II of England.

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Sumptuary law

Sumptuary laws (from Latin sūmptuāriae lēgēs) are laws that try to regulate consumption.

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Surtax

A surtax is a tax levied upon another tax, also known as tax surcharge.

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Tallage

Tallage or talliage (from the French tailler, i.e. a part cut out of the whole) may have signified at first any tax, but became in England and France a land use or land tenure tax.

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Tenant-in-chief

In medieval and early modern Europe, a tenant-in-chief (or vassal-in-chief) was a person who held his lands under various forms of feudal land tenure directly from the king or territorial prince to whom he did homage, as opposed to holding them from another nobleman or senior member of the clergy.

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Territorial abbey

A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a particular church of the Catholic Church comprising defined territory which is not part of a diocese but surrounds an abbey or monastery whose abbot or superior functions as ordinary for all Catholics and parishes in the territory.

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The Staple

In European historiography, the term "staple" refers to the entire medieval system of trade and its taxation; its French equivalent is étape, and its German equivalent stapeln, words deriving from Late Latin stapula with the same meaning, derived from stabulum. History of the English fiscal system and the Staple are economic history of England.

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The Wealth of Nations

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the ''magnum opus'' of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith (1723–1790).

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Treasurer of the Chamber

The Treasurer of the Chamber was at various points a position in the British royal household.

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Tudor period

In England and Wales, the Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603, including the Elizabethan era during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603).

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Ward (law)

In law, a ward is a minor or incapacitated adult placed under the protection of a legal guardian or government entity, such as a court.

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Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses, known at the time and in following centuries as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne from 1455 to 1487.

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Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, were a series of intertwined conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652.

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William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal politician.

See History of the English fiscal system and William Ewart Gladstone

William Huskisson

William Huskisson (11 March 177015 September 1830) was a British statesman, financier, and Member of Parliament for several constituencies, including Liverpool.

See History of the English fiscal system and William Huskisson

William III of England

William III (William Henry;; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_fiscal_system

Also known as English Finance, Fifteenth (tax), Fifteenths and tenths, Finance in England, Finance of England, Tenths and fifteenths.

, Henry VII of England, Henry VIII, High sheriff, History of Anglo-Saxon England, History of the English fiscal system, History of the English monarchy, House of Lancaster, House of Plantagenet, House of Stuart, House of Tudor, House of York, Hundred Years' War, Income tax, Inheritance tax in the United Kingdom, Interregnum, Ireland, Italy, James VI and I, Jews, John Hampden, John, King of England, Jonathan Swift, Judgment (law), Knight-service, Long Parliament, Lord, Magna Carta, Malvasia, Manorialism, Mark (currency), Mendicant, Mercantilism, Middle Ages, Napoleonic Wars, Non-tax revenue, Norman Conquest, Normandy, Old English, Oxford, Parliament, Peace of Utrecht, Peasants' Revolt, Penny, Peter's Pence, Petition of Right, Poundage, Priory, Privy chamber, Purveyance, Reformation, Renaissance, Republic of Venice, Richard II of England, Richard Price, Robert Peel, Robert Walpole, Royal forest, Saladin tithe, Scutage, Second Boer War, Shilling, Ship money, Socage, Sovereign default, Star Chamber, Statute of Monopolies, Statute of the Staple, Stephen, King of England, Stop of the Exchequer, Sumptuary law, Surtax, Tallage, Tenant-in-chief, Territorial abbey, The Staple, The Wealth of Nations, Treasurer of the Chamber, Tudor period, Ward (law), Wars of the Roses, Wars of the Three Kingdoms, William Ewart Gladstone, William Huskisson, William III of England, William Pitt the Younger, William the Conqueror, Window tax, World War I, Writ.

History of the English fiscal system, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Economic history of England

Finance in England

Financial history of the United Kingdom

Public finance of England

References