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Hmong people, the Glossary

Index Hmong people

The Hmong people (RPA: Hmoob, Nyiakeng Puachue:, Pahawh Hmong) are an indigenous group in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 262 relations: A-Hmao, AK-47, Alaska, Amnesty International, Anchorage, Alaska, Animism, Anti-Vietnamese sentiment, Appleton, Wisconsin, Argentina, Arkansas, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Arrest warrant, Atlanta, Auburn, Georgia, Aurora, Illinois, Australia, Australian National University, Austroasiatic languages, Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên province, Ban Phou Pheung Noi, Ban Vinai Refugee Camp, Bangkok, Barbarian, Batik, Bắc Hà district, Buddhism, Burmese language, Burmese people, Cacao, French Guiana, California, California State Assembly, California State University, Monterey Bay, California's 31st State Assembly district, Cambodia, Canada, Cash crop, Catholic Church, Census, Central California, Central Highlands (Vietnam), Central Intelligence Agency, Chao Pha, Charlotte, North Carolina, Cheney, Washington, Chia Youyee Vang, China, Chinese language, Chiyou, Chongqing, ... Expand index (212 more) »

  2. Hmong
  3. Hmong diaspora

A-Hmao

A-Hmao, also known as Big Flowery Miao, are a Hmongic ethnic group in China. Hmong people and a-Hmao are ethnic groups in China and Hmong.

See Hmong people and A-Hmao

AK-47

The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is an assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge.

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Alaska

Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.

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Anchorage, Alaska

Anchorage, officially the Municipality of Anchorage, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alaska.

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Animism

Animism (from meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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Anti-Vietnamese sentiment

Anti-Vietnamese sentiment (Chủ nghĩa bài Việt Nam) involves hostility or hatred that is directed towards Vietnamese people, or the state of Vietnam.

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Appleton, Wisconsin

Appleton (Ahkōnemeh) is a city in and the county seat of Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Arkansas

Arkansas is a landlocked state in the West South Central region of the Southern United States.

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Arnold Schwarzenegger

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian and American actor, businessman, filmmaker, former politician, and former professional bodybuilder known for his roles in high-profile action films.

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Arrest warrant

An arrest warrant or bench warrant is a warrant issued by a judge or magistrate on behalf of the state which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual or the search and seizure of an individual's property.

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Atlanta

Atlanta is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Auburn, Georgia

Auburn is a city in Barrow and Gwinnett counties in the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Aurora, Illinois

Aurora is a city in northeastern Illinois, United States.

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

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Australian National University

The Australian National University (ANU) is a public research university and member of the Group of Eight, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia.

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Austroasiatic languages

The Austroasiatic languages are a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.

See Hmong people and Austroasiatic languages

Điện Biên Phủ

Điện Biên Phủ (is a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Điện Biên Province. The city is best known for the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, which occurred during the First Indochina War of independence against France. The region is a center of ethnic Thai culture.

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Điện Biên province

Điện Biên is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam.

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Ban Phou Pheung Noi

Ban Phou Pheung Noi (Lao: ບ້ານພູເຟືອງນ້ອຍ) is a Laotian village located at the peak of Phou Pheung mountain in the Xieng Khouang province of Laos.

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Ban Vinai Refugee Camp

Ban Vinai Refugee Camp, officially the Ban Vinai Holding Center, was a refugee camp in Thailand from 1975 until 1992. Hmong people and Ban Vinai Refugee Camp are Hmong diaspora.

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Bangkok

Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand.

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Barbarian

A barbarian is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive, savage and warlike.

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Batik

Batik is an Indonesian technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to the whole cloth.

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Bắc Hà district

Bắc Hà is a rural district of Lào Cai province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. Hmong people and Bắc Hà district are Hmong.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Burmese language

Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar, where it is the official language, lingua franca, and the native language of the Bamar, the country's principal ethnic group.

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Burmese people

Burmese people or Myanma people (မြန်မာလူမျိုး) are citizens or people from Myanmar (Burma), irrespective of their ethnic or religious background.

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Cacao, French Guiana

Cacao is a village in French Guiana, lying on the to the south of Cayenne. Hmong people and Cacao, French Guiana are Hmong diaspora.

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California

California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.

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California State Assembly

The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature, the upper house being the California State Senate.

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California State University, Monterey Bay

California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB or Cal State Monterey Bay) is a public university in Monterey County, California.

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California's 31st State Assembly district

California's 31st State Assembly district is one of 80 California State Assembly districts.

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Cambodia

Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia.

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Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

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Cash crop

A cash crop, also called profit crop, is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Census

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating population information about the members of a given population.

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Central California

Central California is generally thought of as the middle third of the U.S. state of California, north of Southern California (which includes Los Angeles and San Diego) and south of Northern California (which includes San Francisco and San Jose).

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Central Highlands (Vietnam)

The Central Highlands (Cao nguyên Trung phần), South Central Highlands (Cao nguyên Nam Trung Bộ), Western Highlands (Tây Nguyên) or Midland Highlands (Cao nguyên Trung bộ) is a region located in the south central part of Vietnam.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Chao Pha

Chaopha was a royal title used by the hereditary Tai rulers in mainland Southeast Asia, including the Mong Dun, Mong Shan, Mong Mao, and Khamti fiefdoms.

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Charlotte, North Carolina

Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Mecklenburg County.

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Cheney, Washington

Cheney is a city in Spokane County, Washington, United States.

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Chia Youyee Vang

Chia Youyee Vang is a professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chinese language

Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.

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Chiyou

Chiyou (蚩尤; Old Chinese (ZS): *tʰjɯ-ɢʷɯ) is a mythological being that appears in Chinese mythology.

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Chongqing

Chongqing is a municipality in Southwestern China.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christianization

Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity.

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Communist Party of Vietnam

The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the founding and sole legal party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

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David Crockett Graham

David Crockett Graham (Chinese name: 葛維漢, p; 21 March 1884 – 15 September 1961) was a polymath American Baptist minister and missionary, educator, author, archaeologist, anthropologist, naturalist and field collector in the Province of Sichuan (formerly spelled Szechwan) during the Chinese Republican Era, from 1911 to 1948.

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Daxi culture

The Daxi culture (5000–3300 BC) was a Neolithic culture centered in the Three Gorges region around the middle Yangtze, China.

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Demographics of Bhutan

This is a demography of the population of Bhutan including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Denver

Denver is a consolidated city and county, the capital, and most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado.

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Des Moines, Iowa

Des Moines is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa.

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Detroit

Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Duluth, Georgia

Duluth is a city in Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States.

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Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County.

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Eastern Washington University Press

Eastern Washington University Press (EWU Press) was a publishing house formed in the 1970s that was a part of Eastern Washington University.

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Eau Claire, Wisconsin

Eau Claire (French for "clear water") is a city in Eau Claire and Chippewa counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

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Economic migrant

An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one region to another, including crossing international borders, seeking an improved standard of living, because the conditions or job opportunities in the migrant's own region are insufficient.

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Enforced disappearance

An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person with the support or acquiescence of a state followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate or whereabouts with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

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Ethnography

Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.

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Ethnonym

An ethnonym is a name applied to a given ethnic group.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Evangelicalism

Evangelicalism, also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of sharing the "good news" of Christianity, being "born again" in which an individual experiences personal conversion, as authoritatively guided by the Bible, God's revelation to humanity.

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An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing) is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding.

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FIM-92 Stinger

The FIM-92 Stinger is an American man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS) that operates as an infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM).

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Fitchburg, Massachusetts

Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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French Guiana

French Guiana (or; Guyane,; Lagwiyann or Gwiyann) is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Fresno, California

Fresno is a major city in the San Joaquin Valley of California, United States.

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Gary Yia Lee

Gary Yia Lee (born Lee Yia, 1949) is a Hmong anthropologist and author based in Australia.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Google Books

Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.

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Gran Torino

Gran Torino is a 2008 American drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood, who also starred in the film.

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Grand jury

A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought.

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Green Bay, Wisconsin

Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County, Wisconsin, United States.

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Guangxi

Guangxi, officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam (Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn, and Quảng Ninh Provinces) and the Gulf of Tonkin.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.

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Guizhou

Guizhou is an inland province in Southwestern China.

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Guoyu (book)

The Guoyu, usually translated Discourses of the States, is an ancient Chinese text that consists of a collection of speeches attributed to rulers and other men from the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC).

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Hainan

Hainan is an island province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration.

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Han Chinese

The Han Chinese or the Han people, or colloquially known as the Chinese are an East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. Hmong people and Han Chinese are ethnic groups in China.

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Hanoi

Hanoi (Hà Nội) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam.

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Haplogroup D-M15

Its phylogenetically closest relatives are found among the peoples of Japan, Central Asia, and the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal.

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Headgear

Headgear, headwear, or headdress is any element of clothing which is worn on one's head, including hats, helmets, turbans and many other types.

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Hill tribe (Thailand)

Hill tribe (ชาวดอย, ชาวเขา,; Northern Thai: จาวดอย, คนดอย,; 'mountain people/folk') is a term used in Thailand for all of the various ethnic groups who mostly inhabit the high mountainous northern and western regions of Thailand, including both sides of the border areas between northern Thailand, Laos and Burma, the Phi Pan Nam Range, the Thanon Range, the latter a southern prolongation of the Shan Hills, as well as the Tenasserim Hills in Western Thailand. Hmong people and Hill tribe (Thailand) are ethnic groups in China, ethnic groups in Laos and ethnic groups in Thailand.

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Hmong Americans

Hmong Americans (RPA: Hmoob Mes Kas, Pahawh Hmong: "") are Americans of Hmong ancestry.

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Hmong churches

Hmong Churches are churches of the China-based Hmong people.

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Hmong cuisine

Hmong cuisine comprises the culinary culture of Hmong people, an Asian diaspora originally from China who are present today in countries across the world.

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Hmong customs and culture

The Hmong people are an ethnic group currently native to several countries, believed to have come from the Yangtze river basin area in southern China. Hmong people and Hmong customs and culture are ethnic groups in Laos and ethnic groups in Thailand.

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Hmong funeral

Hmong people have a culture built on animistic beliefs and a strong faith that after death the soul reincarnates as one of many forms such as humans, plants, rocks and ghosts (Goetz par. 1, 12).

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Hmong language

Hmong or Mong (RPA:, Nyiakeng Puachue:, Pahawh) is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos.

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Hmong music

Hmong music is an important part of the culture of the Hmong people, an ethnic group from southeast Asia.

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Hmong Studies Journal

The Hmong Studies Journal is an irregularly published, peer-reviewed academic journal covering studies on the Hmong people.

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Hmong textile art

Hmong Textile Art consists of traditional and modern textile arts and crafts produced by the Hmong people.

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Hmong: History of a People

Hmong: History of a People is a book by H. Keith Quincy, PhD,"".

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Hmong–Mien languages

The Hmong–Mien languages (also known as Miao–Yao and rarely as Yangtzean) are a highly tonal language family of southern China and northern Southeast Asia.

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Hmu language

The Hmu language (hveb Hmub), also known as Qiandong Miao (黔东, Eastern Guizhou Miao), Central Miao (中部苗语), East Hmongic (Ratliff 2010), or (somewhat ambiguously) Black Miao, is a dialect cluster of Hmongic languages of China.

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Ho Chi Minh trail

The Ho Chi Minh Trail, also called Annamite Range Trail was a logistical network of roads and trails that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia.

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Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

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Hubei

Hubei is an inland province of China, and is part of the Central China region.

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Hunan

Hunan is an inland province of China.

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Illegal drug trade

The illegal drug trade, drug trafficking, or narcotrafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs.

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Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act

The Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, passed on May 23, 1975, under President Gerald Ford, was a response to the Fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War.

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Indochina refugee crisis

The Indochina refugee crisis was the large outflow of people from the former French colonies of Indochina, comprising the countries of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, after communist governments were established in 1975.

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Javouhey

Javouhey is a town in northwest French Guiana in the Mana commune of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. Hmong people and Javouhey are Hmong diaspora.

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Kansas City, Kansas

Kansas City (abbreviated as KCK) is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Wyandotte County.

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Khmu people

The Khmu (Khmu:; ກຶມມຸ or ຂະມຸ; ขมุ; Khơ Mú;; ခမူ) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. Hmong people and Khmu people are ethnic groups in China, ethnic groups in Laos and ethnic groups in Vietnam.

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Kidney

In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation.

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Kitchener, Ontario

Kitchener is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario, about west of Toronto.

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La Crosse, Wisconsin

La Crosse is a city in and the county seat of La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States.

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Lao Human Rights Council

The Lao Human Rights Council, Inc. (LHRC) is a non-profit, non-partisan, non-governmental (NGO) refugee and human rights organization.

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Lao language

Lao (Lao: ພາສາລາວ), sometimes referred to as Laotian, is the official language of Laos and a significant language in the Isan region of northeastern Thailand, where it is usually referred to as the Isan language.

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Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) is the founding and sole ruling party of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

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Lao Veterans of America

The Lao Veterans of America, Inc., describes itself as a non-profit, non-partisan, non-governmental, veterans organization that represents Lao- and Hmong-American veterans who served in the U.S. clandestine war in the Kingdom of Laos during the Vietnam War as well as their refugee families in the United States. Hmong people and Lao Veterans of America are Hmong.

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Laos

Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country and one of the two Marxist-Leninist states in Southeast Asia.

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Laotian Civil War

The Laotian Civil War was waged between the Communist Pathet Lao and the Royal Lao Government from 23 May 1959 to 2 December 1975.

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Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent 26,000 and 20,000 years ago.

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Linguistic homeland

In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages.

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List of ethnic groups in China

The Han people are the largest ethnic group in mainland China. Hmong people and List of ethnic groups in China are ethnic groups in China.

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List of Hmong people

This is a list of some well-known Hmong individuals throughout the world.

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Long Tieng

Long Tieng (also spelled Long Chieng, Long Cheng, or Long Chen) is a Laotian military base in Xaisomboun Province. Hmong people and Long Tieng are Hmong.

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Lowell, Massachusetts

Lowell is a city in Massachusetts, United States.

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Lusheng

The lusheng (Vietnamese: Khèn Mông; also spelled lu sheng; spelled ghengx in standard Hmong and qeej in Laotian RPA Hmong) is a Hmong musical instrument.

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Macalester College

Macalester College is a private liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

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Madison, Wisconsin

Madison is the capital city of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the seat of Dane County.

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Manchu people

The Manchus are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia.

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Manitowoc, Wisconsin

Manitowoc is a city in and the county seat of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States.

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Mankato, Minnesota

Mankato is a city in Blue Earth, Nicollet, and Le Sueur counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

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Martha Ratliff

Martha Ratliff is an American linguist and Professor Emerita at Wayne State University.

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Marxist–Leninist atheism

Marxist–Leninist atheism, also known as Marxist–Leninist scientific atheism, is the antireligious element of Marxism–Leninism.

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Mekong

The Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

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Merced, California

Merced (Spanish for "Mercy") is a city in, and the county seat of, Merced County, California, United States, in the San Joaquin Valley.

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Mercenary

A mercenary, also called a merc, soldier of fortune, or hired gun, is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military.

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Miao people

The Miao are a group of linguistically related peoples living in Southern China and Southeast Asia, who are recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups. Hmong people and Miao people are ethnic groups in Laos, ethnic groups in Thailand, ethnic groups in Vietnam and Hmong.

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Miao rebellions

There have been several rebellions among the Miao people (also known as the Hmong) in Chinese history.

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Milwaukee

Milwaukee is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the seat of Milwaukee County.

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Minneapolis

Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota.

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Minnesota

Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States.

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Minnesota Historical Society

The Minnesota Historical Society (MNHS) is a nonprofit educational and cultural institution dedicated to preserving the history of the U.S. state of Minnesota.

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Missoula, Montana

Missoula (script; script) is a city in and the county seat of Missoula County, Montana, United States.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Monastery

A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).

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Monroe, Georgia

Monroe is a city and the county seat of Walton County, Georgia, United States.

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Morganton, North Carolina

Morganton is a city in and county seat of Burke County, North Carolina, United States.

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Myanmar

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest.

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Nepalis

Nepali (also Nepalese; नेपाली) are the citizens of Nepal under the provisions of Nepali nationality law.

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Neutrality Act of 1794

The Neutrality Act of 1794 was a United States law which made it illegal for a United States citizen to wage war against any country at peace with the United States.

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North Vietnam

North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa; chữ Nôm: 越南民主共和), was a socialist state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976, with formal sovereignty being fully recognized in 1954.

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North Vietnamese invasion of Laos

North Vietnam supported the Pathet Lao to fight against the Kingdom of Laos between 1958 and 1959.

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Northern and southern China

Northern China and Southern China are two approximate regions within China.

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Nyaw people

The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ,, Isan pronunciation:, Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, and parts of Bolikhamxai and Khammouan provinces of Laos. Hmong people and Nyaw people are ethnic groups in Laos and ethnic groups in Thailand.

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Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong

Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong (Hmong:; RPA: Ntawv Nyiajkeeb Puajtxwm Hmoob) is an alphabet script devised for White Hmong and Green Hmong in the 1980s by Reverend Chervang Kong for use within his United Christians Liberty Evangelical Church.

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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

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Ontario

Ontario is the southernmost province of Canada.

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Oshkosh, Wisconsin

Oshkosh is a city in and the county seat of Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, located on the western shore of Lake Winnebago.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pa Kao Her

Pa Kao Her (RPA: Paj Kaub Hawj, Pahawh) was an ethnic Hmong born in Nong Het District, Xieng Khouang Province, northern Laos, near the border with Vietnam.

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Pahawh Hmong

Pahawh Hmong (RPA: Phaj hauj Hmoob, Pahawh:; known also as Ntawv Pahawh, Ntawv Keeb, Ntawv Caub Fab, Ntawv Soob Lwj) is an indigenous semi-syllabic script, invented in 1959 by Shong Lue Yang, to write two Hmong languages, Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb White Miao) and Hmong Njua AKA Hmong Leng (Moob Leeg Green Miao).

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Papaver somniferum

Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae.

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Pathet Lao

The Pathet Lao (translation), officially the Lao People's Liberation Army, was a communist political movement and organization in Laos, formed in the mid-20th century.

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PBS Wisconsin

PBS Wisconsin (formerly Wisconsin Public Television or WPT) is a network of non-commercial educational television stations operated primarily by the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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People's Army of Vietnam

The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), officially the Vietnam People's Army (VPA; of Vietnam), also recognized as the Vietnamese Army (lit) or the People's Army (Quân đội Nhân dân), is the national military force of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the armed wing of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV).

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Phetchabun province

Phetchabun (เพชรบูรณ์) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in lower northern Thailand.

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Portland, Oregon

Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Proto-Hmong–Mien language

Proto-Hmong–Mien (PHM), also known as Proto-Miao–Yao (PMY), is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages.

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Providence, Rhode Island

Providence is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island.

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Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history.

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Refugee

A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.

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Refugee Act

The United States Refugee Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-212) is an amendment to the earlier Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962, and was created to provide a permanent and systematic procedure for the admission to the United States of refugees of special humanitarian concern to the U.S., and to provide comprehensive and uniform provisions for the effective resettlement and absorption of those refugees who are admitted.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Right of asylum

The right of asylum, sometimes called right of political asylum (asylum), is an ancient juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, such as a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary.

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Rochester, Minnesota

Rochester is a city in and the county seat of Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States.

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Roger Blench

Roger Marsh Blench (born August 1, 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist.

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The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet), is a system of romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language.

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Sacramento, California

() is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County.

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Saint Paul, Minnesota

Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County.

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Shamanism

Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.

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Sheboygan Hmong Memorial

The Sheboygan Hmong Memorial (or Lao, Hmong and American Veterans Memorial) is a monument to the service and sacrifice of the Hmong people of Laos who fought for the United States during the Secret War from 1961 to 1975, part of the Laotian Civil War.

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Sheboygan, Wisconsin

Sheboygan is a city in and the county seat of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States.

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Shooting at the Moon (book)

Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America's Clandestine War in Laos was written by Southeast Asian war historian, Roger Warner.

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Sichuan

Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north and the Yungui Plateau to the south.

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Smoke grenade

A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device, or as a screening device for unit movements.

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South America

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

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South Vietnam

South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; Việt Nam Cộng hòa; VNCH, République du Viêt Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.

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Southern California

Southern California (commonly shortened to SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises the southern portion of the U.S. state of California.

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Southwestern China

Southwestern China is a region in the south of the People's Republic of China.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spartanburg, South Carolina

Spartanburg is a city in and the seat of Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States.

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Special Activities Center

The Special Activities Center (SAC) is a division of the United States Central Intelligence Agency responsible for covert and paramilitary operations.

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Special operations

Special operations or special ops are military activities conducted, according to NATO, by "specially designated, organized, selected, trained, and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment." Special operations may include reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, and counterterrorism, and are typically conducted by small groups of highly trained personnel, emphasizing sufficiency, stealth, speed, and tactical coordination, commonly known as special forces.

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Springfield, Missouri

Springfield is the third most populous city in the U.S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County.

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States News Service

States News Service was a news agency that operated from 1973 to 2004.

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Sunisa Lee

Sunisa "Suni" Lee (née Phabsomphou; born March 9, 2003) is an American artistic gymnast.

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Tai Dam people

The Tai Dam (Tai Dam:, ໄຕດຳ, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. Hmong people and Tai Dam people are ethnic groups in China, ethnic groups in Laos, ethnic groups in Thailand and ethnic groups in Vietnam.

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Tai languages

The Tai, Zhuang–Tai, or Daic languages (ภาษาไท or ภาษาไต, transliteration: or, or phasa tai; ພາສາໄຕ, Phasa Tai) are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family.

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Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a civil war in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

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Taiwania

Taiwania, with the single living species Taiwania cryptomerioides, is a large coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae.

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Tampa Bay

Tampa Bay is a large natural harbor and shallow estuary connected to the Gulf of Mexico on the west-central coast of Florida, comprising Hillsborough Bay, McKay Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay.

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Tự Đức

Tự Đức (德, lit. "inheritance of virtues", 22 September 1829 – 19 July 1883) (personal name: Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm, also Nguyễn Phúc Thì) was the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam; he ruled from 1847 to 1883.

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Thai language

Thai,In ภาษาไทย| ''Phasa Thai'' or Central Thai (historically Siamese;Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other Tai languages (Diller 2008:6).

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Thai people

Thai people (ชาวไทย; endonym), Chao Phraya Thai (ไทยลุ่มเจ้าพระยา; exonym and also academic), Central Thai people (คนภาคกลาง; exonym and also domestically), Southern Thai people (คนใต้; exonym and also domestically), Siamese, Thai Siam (ไทยสยาม; historical exonym and sometimes domestically), Tai Noi people (ไทน้อย; historical endonym and sometimes domestically), are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Thailand. Hmong people and Thai people are ethnic groups in Thailand.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.

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The Art of Not Being Governed

The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia is a book-length anthropological and historical study of the Zomia highlands of Southeast Asia written by James C. Scott published in 2009.

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The Center for Public Policy Analysis

The Center for Public Policy Analysis (CPPA), or Centre for Public Policy Analysis, was established in Washington, D.C., in 1988 and describes itself as a non-profit, non-partisan, think tank and research organization.

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The Sacramento Bee

The Sacramento Bee is a daily newspaper published in Sacramento, California, in the United States.

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The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures is a 1997 book by Anne Fadiman that chronicles the struggles of a Hmong refugee family from Houaysouy, Sainyabuli Province, Laos,Fadiman.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.

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Tibetan people

The Tibetan people are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Tone (linguistics)

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words.

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Tonkin

Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam.

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Torture

Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including punishment, extracting a confession, interrogation for information, intimidating third parties, or entertainment.

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Tulsa, Oklahoma

Tulsa is the second-most-populous city in the state of Oklahoma, after Oklahoma City, and is the 48th-most-populous city in the United States.

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Unicode

Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard, is a text encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized.

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United League for Democracy in Laos

The United League for Democracy in Laos, Inc. (ULDL) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the Washington, D.C.-area with chapters and members in the United States, Thailand, and Laos.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is a U.S. federal government commission created by the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States Military Academy

The United States Military Academy (USMA), also referred to metonymically as West Point or simply as Army, is a United States service academy in West Point, New York.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United States.

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Upper Midwest

The Upper Midwest is a northern subregion of the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwestern United States.

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Vang Pao

Vang Pao (RPA: Vaj Pov, Lao: ວັງປາວ; 8 December 1929 – 6 January 2011) was a major general in the Royal Lao Army and later a leader of the Hmong American community in the United States.

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Vang Pobzeb

Vang Pobzeb (RPA: Pob Zeb Vaj, Pahawh:; July 12, 1957 – August 23, 2005) was a Hmong American dedicated to Lao and Hmong human rights.

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Viet Minh

The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh, 越南獨立同盟; Ligue pour l'indépendance du Viêt Nam) was a national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1941.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Vietnamese language

Vietnamese (tiếng Việt) is an Austroasiatic language spoken primarily in Vietnam where it is the national and official language.

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Vietnamese nationalism

Vietnamese nationalism (chủ nghĩa dân tộc Việt Nam, or) is a form of nationalism that asserts Vietnam as a sovereign state and unify Vietnamese citizens into a nation.

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Voiceless bilabial nasal

The voiceless bilabial nasal (stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

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Wangyee Vang

Wangyee Vang is a Hmong-American community leader, educator and elder from Fresno, and the Central Valley, of California.

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Warren, Michigan

Warren is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Wat Tham Krabok

Wat Tham Krabok (วัดถ้ำกระบอก, literally 'Temple of the Bamboo Cave') is a Buddhist temple (wat) in the Phra Phutthabat District of Saraburi Province, Thailand. Hmong people and Wat Tham Krabok are Hmong.

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Wausau, Wisconsin

Wausau is a city in and the county seat of Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States, along the Wisconsin River.

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Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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Winder, Georgia

Winder is a city and the county seat of Barrow County, Georgia, United States.

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Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yangtze

Yangtze or Yangzi is the longest river in Eurasia, the third-longest in the world.

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Yellow rain

Yellow rain was a 1981 political incident in which the United States Secretary of State Alexander Haig accused the Soviet Union of supplying T-2 mycotoxin to the communist states in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia for use in counterinsurgency warfare.

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Yellow River

The Yellow River is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze; with an estimated length of it is the sixth-longest river system on Earth.

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Yunnan

Yunnan is an inland province in Southwestern China.

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Zhuolu Town

Zhuolu is a town and the county seat of Zhuolu County, northwestern Hebei province, Northern China.

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Zong Zoua Her

Zong Zoua Her (alternate spelling Tsong Zua Heu; RPA: Zoov Zuag Hawj, Pahawh) was an ethnic Hmong.

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2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation

The alleged 2007 Laotian coup d'état plan was a conspiracy allegation by the United States Department of Justice that Lt. Col. Harrison Jack (Ret.) and former Royal Lao Army Major General Vang Pao, among others conspired in June 2007 to obtain large amounts of heavy weapons and ammunition to overthrow the Communist government of Laos in violation of the Neutrality Act.

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2020 Summer Olympics

The officially the and officially branded as were an international multi-sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, with some preliminary events that began on 21 July 2021.

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See also

Hmong

Hmong diaspora

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people

Also known as ChaoFa, Flower Hmong, Genetic studies on Hmong people, H'Mông, History of the Hmong people, Hmong (people), Hmong Australians, Hmong diaspora, Hmoob, Hmoung, Maew, Mun lu-myo, Persecution of Hmong Christians, Religious persecution of Hmong people, .

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