Holozoa, the Glossary
Holozoa is a clade of organisms that includes animals and their closest single-celled relatives, but excludes fungi and all other organisms.[1]
Table of Contents
134 relations: Acanthoecida, Amoeba, Animal, Animal embryonic development, Apomorphy and synapomorphy, Bacteria, Basal (phylogenetics), Base pair, Bicellum brasieri, Bilateria, Billion, Biological dispersal, Biological life cycle, Blastulation, Cadherin, Capsaspora, Cell (biology), Cell adhesion molecule, Cell division, Cell migration, Cell type, Cellular differentiation, Choanocyte, Choanoflagellate, Choanozoa, Clade, Cladistics, Cladogram, Cleavage (embryo), Cnidaria, Collagen, Colony (biology), Commensalism, Common descent, Convergent evolution, Corallochytrium, Craspedida, Cristidiscoidea, Ctenophora, Current Biology, Cytoplasm, Dermocystida, Deuterostome, DNA sequencing, Doushantuo Formation, Drosophila melanogaster, Ecdysozoa, Ediacaran, Embryo, Environmental DNA, ... Expand index (84 more) »
- Ediacaran first appearances
- Opisthokont unranked clades
- Taxa described in 2002
Acanthoecida
Acanthoecida is an order of Choanoflagellates belonging to the class Choanoflagellatea.
Amoeba
An amoeba (less commonly spelled ameba or amœba;: amoebas (less commonly, amebas) or amoebae (amebae)), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
Animal embryonic development
In developmental biology, animal embryonic development, also known as animal embryogenesis, is the developmental stage of an animal embryo.
See Holozoa and Animal embryonic development
Apomorphy and synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy).
See Holozoa and Apomorphy and synapomorphy
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
See Holozoa and Basal (phylogenetics)
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
Bicellum brasieri
Bicellum brasieri is a fossil holozoan.
See Holozoa and Bicellum brasieri
Bilateria
Bilateria is a large clade or infrakingdom of animals called bilaterians, characterized by bilateral symmetry (i.e. having a left and a right side that are mirror images of each other) during embryonic development. Holozoa and bilateria are Ediacaran first appearances.
Billion
Billion is a word for a large number, and it has two distinct definitions.
Biological dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal').
See Holozoa and Biological dispersal
Biological life cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of stages of the life of an organism, that begins as a zygote, often in an egg, and concludes as an adult that reproduces, producing an offspring in the form of a new zygote which then itself goes through the same series of stages, the process repeating in a cyclic fashion.
See Holozoa and Biological life cycle
Blastulation
Blastulation is the stage in early animal embryonic development that produces the blastula.
Cadherin
Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are cell adhesion molecules important in forming adherens junctions that let cells adhere to each other.
Capsaspora
Capsaspora is a monotypic genus containing the single species Capsaspora owczarzaki. C. owczarzaki is a single-celled eukaryote that occupies a key phylogenetic position in our understanding of the origin of animal multicellularity, as one of the closest unicellular relatives to animals.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Holozoa and Cell (biology)
Cell adhesion molecule
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion.
See Holozoa and Cell adhesion molecule
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
See Holozoa and Cell migration
Cell type
A cell type is a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features.
Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.
See Holozoa and Cellular differentiation
Choanocyte
Choanocytes (also known as "collar cells") are cells that line the interior of asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body types of sponges that contain a central flagellum, or cilium, surrounded by a collar of microvilli which are connected by a thin membrane.
Choanoflagellate
The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.
See Holozoa and Choanoflagellate
Choanozoa
Choanozoa is a clade of opisthokont eukaryotes consisting of the choanoflagellates (Choanoflagellatea) and the animals (Animalia, Metazoa). Holozoa and Choanozoa are opisthokont unranked clades.
Clade
In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.
Cladistics
Cladistics is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry.
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
Cleavage (embryo)
In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization.
See Holozoa and Cleavage (embryo)
Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in fresh water and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some of the smallest marine parasites. Holozoa and Cnidaria are Ediacaran first appearances.
Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.
Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
See Holozoa and Colony (biology)
Commensalism
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.
Common descent
Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time.
See Holozoa and Common descent
Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.
See Holozoa and Convergent evolution
Corallochytrium
Corallochytrium belongs to the class of Corallochytrea within Teretosporea and is a sister group to Ichthyosporea.
See Holozoa and Corallochytrium
Craspedida
Craspedida is an order of choanoflagellate, with members with an exclusively organic covering.
Cristidiscoidea
Cristidiscoidea or Nucleariae is a proposed basal holomycota clade in which Fonticula and Nucleariida emerged, as sister of the fungi.
See Holozoa and Cristidiscoidea
Ctenophora
Ctenophora (ctenophore) comprise a phylum of marine invertebrates, commonly known as comb jellies, that inhabit sea waters worldwide.
Current Biology
Current Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers all areas of biology, especially molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
See Holozoa and Current Biology
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Dermocystida
Dermocystida is an order of parasitic eukaryotes.
Deuterostome
Deuterostomes (from Greek) are bilaterian animals of the superphylum Deuterostomia, typically characterized by their anus forming before the mouth during embryonic development. Holozoa and Deuterostome are Ediacaran first appearances.
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.
See Holozoa and DNA sequencing
Doushantuo Formation
The Doushantuo Formation (formerly transcribed as Toushantuo or Toushantou, from) is a geological formation in western Hubei, eastern Guizhou, southern Shaanxi, central Jiangxi, and other localities in China.
See Holozoa and Doushantuo Formation
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (an insect of the order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
See Holozoa and Drosophila melanogaster
Ecdysozoa
Ecdysozoa is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata (including arachnids), crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.
Ediacaran
The Ediacaran is a geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era that spans 96 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period at 635 Mya to the beginning of the Cambrian Period at 538.8 Mya.
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Environmental DNA
Environmental DNA or eDNA is DNA that is collected from a variety of environmental samples such as soil, seawater, snow or air, rather than directly sampled from an individual organism.
See Holozoa and Environmental DNA
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Evolutionary grade
A grade is a taxon united by a level of morphological or physiological complexity.
See Holozoa and Evolutionary grade
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
See Holozoa and Extracellular matrix
Fibronectin
Fibronectin is a high-molecular weight (~500-~600 kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins.
Filasterea
Filasterea is a proposed basal Filozoan clade of single-celled ameboid eukaryotes that includes Ministeria and Capsaspora.
Filozoa
The Filozoa are a monophyletic grouping within the Opisthokonta. Holozoa and Filozoa are opisthokont unranked clades.
Fish
A fish (fish or fishes) is an aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits.
See Holozoa and Fish
Flagellate
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fresh water
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
See Holozoa and Gene
Gene regulatory network
A gene (or genetic) regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins which, in turn, determine the function of the cell.
See Holozoa and Gene regulatory network
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development.
Germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore.
Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation.
See Holozoa and Hedgehog signaling pathway
Heterotroph
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.
Hippo signaling pathway
The Hippo signaling pathway, also known as the Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway, is a signaling pathway that controls organ size in animals through the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
See Holozoa and Hippo signaling pathway
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Holomycota
Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. Holozoa and Holomycota are opisthokont unranked clades.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human genome
The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
Ichthyophonida
Ichthyophonida is an order of parasitic eukaryote, especially in the parasitizing of animals.
See Holozoa and Ichthyophonida
Ichthyosporea
The Ichthyosporea (or DRIP clade, or Mesomycetozoea) are a small group of Opisthokonta in Eukaryota (formerly protists), mostly parasites of fish and other animals.
Incertae sedis
of uncertain placement or problematica is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.
See Holozoa and Incertae sedis
Integrin
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that help cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion.
Invertebrate
Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumour formation.
See Holozoa and JAK-STAT signaling pathway
Laminin
Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals.
Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant.
See Holozoa and Lineage (evolution)
Marine life
Marine life, sea life, or ocean life is the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the salt water of seas or oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.
Microvillus
Microvilli (microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.
Ministeria
Ministeria is a genus of Filasterea.
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Holozoa and Mitochondrial DNA
Molecular clock
The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.
See Holozoa and Molecular clock
Monophyly
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria.
Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Holozoa and Morphology (biology)
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Holozoa and Multicellular organism
Multinucleate
Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated cells or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.
See Holozoa and Neurospora crassa
Notch signaling pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most animals.
See Holozoa and Notch signaling pathway
Opisthokont
The opisthokonts are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms.
P53
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers.
See Holozoa and P53
Paraphyly
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages.
Parasitism
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
Phylogenomics
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics.
Placozoa
Placozoa ("flat animals") is a phylum of marine and free-living (non-parasitic) animals. Holozoa and Placozoa are Ediacaran first appearances.
Pluriformea
Pluriformea is a proposed sibling clade of the Filozoa, and consists of Syssomonas multiformis and the Corallochytrea.
Proterospongia
Proterospongia is a genus of single-celled aquatic organisms which form colonies.
See Holozoa and Proterospongia
Protist
A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.
Protozoa
Protozoa (protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris.
Pseudopodia
A pseudopod or pseudopodium (pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement.
PTK2
PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTK2 gene.
See Holozoa and PTK2
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones.
See Holozoa and Receptor tyrosine kinase
Reproduction
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.
Robust statistics
Robust statistics are statistics that maintain their properties even if the underlying distributional assumptions are incorrect.
See Holozoa and Robust statistics
Salpingoeca rosetta
Salpingoeca rosetta is a species of Choanoflagellates in the family Salpingoecidae.
See Holozoa and Salpingoeca rosetta
Scientific literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences.
See Holozoa and Scientific literature
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).
See Holozoa and Sexual reproduction
Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.
See Holozoa and Signal transduction
Sister group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Spiralia
The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of protostome animals, including within their number the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa.
Sponge
Sponges (also known as sea sponges), the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. Holozoa and sponge are Ediacaran first appearances.
Supergroup (biology)
A supergroup, in evolutionary biology, is a large group of organisms that share one common ancestor and have important defining characteristics.
See Holozoa and Supergroup (biology)
Syssomonas
Syssomonas is a monotypic genus of unicellular flagellated protists containing the species Syssomonas multiformis.
T-box
T-box refers to a group of transcription factors involved in embryonic limb and heart development.
Taxonomic rank
In biology, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in an ancestral or hereditary hierarchy.
See Holozoa and Taxonomic rank
Teretosporea
Teretosporea are a proposed basal Holozoa clade in which Ichthyosporea and Corallochytrium emerged with the Filozoa as sister clade. Holozoa and Teretosporea are opisthokont unranked clades.
Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.
See Holozoa and Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Holozoa and Tissue (biology)
Tonian
The Tonian (from tónos, meaning "stretch") is the first geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era.
Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
See Holozoa and Transcription factor
Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other signaling proteins.
See Holozoa and Transforming growth factor beta
Trichomycetes
Trichomycetes refers to a group of fungi in the division Zygomycota that grow in the guts of arthropods living in aquatic habitats.
Tunicaraptor
Tunicaraptor is a genus of marine microbial protists containing the single species Tunicaraptor unikontum, discovered in 2020 from marine waters of Chile.
Txikispora
Txikispora is a genus of parasitic protists made up solely of the species Txikispora philomaios.
Tyrosine kinase
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of specific proteins inside a cell.
See Holozoa and Tyrosine kinase
Ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope.
See Holozoa and Ultrastructure
Unicellular organism
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells.
See Holozoa and Unicellular organism
Wnt signaling pathway
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
See Holozoa and Wnt signaling pathway
See also
Ediacaran first appearances
- Ambulacraria
- Anthozoa
- Archaeichnium
- Bilateria
- Cnidaria
- Conulariida
- Deuterostome
- Dickinsoniidae
- Eumetazoa
- Gehlingia
- Hallidaya
- Holozoa
- Ikaria wariootia
- Khatyspytia
- Nephrozoa
- Placozoa
- Protechiurus
- Protostome
- Scyphozoa
- Small shelly fauna
- Sponge
- Staurinidia
- Stauromedusae
- Trilobozoa
Opisthokont unranked clades
- Choanozoa
- Filozoa
- Holomycota
- Holozoa
- Leotiomyceta
- Opisthosporidia
- Orthomycotina
- Saccharomyceta
- Schizosaccharomyceta
- Teretosporea
Taxa described in 2002
- Alkalispirillum
- Australicium
- Bulleribasidium
- Calopadiopsis
- Carassea
- Carbacanthographis
- Cetradonia
- Chlamydosauromyces
- Dorea
- Enterovibrio
- Hadromychus
- Heterorepetobasidium
- Holozoa
- Intralichen
- Krogia
- Kroswia
- Lachnoclostridium
- Lichenomphalia
- Lobariella
- Platythecium
- Pseudopaulia
- Rheinheimera
- Rubroporus
- Stackebrandtia
- Teichosporaceae
- Testudomyces
- Thiobaca
- Trachycosmidae
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holozoa
Also known as Choanofila, Holozoan.
, Eukaryote, Evolutionary grade, Extracellular matrix, Fibronectin, Filasterea, Filozoa, Fish, Flagellate, Fossil, Fresh water, Fungus, Gametogenesis, Gene, Gene regulatory network, Genome, Genomics, Germ layer, Germination, Hedgehog signaling pathway, Heterotroph, Hippo signaling pathway, Holocene, Holomycota, Human, Human genome, Ichthyophonida, Ichthyosporea, Incertae sedis, Integrin, Invertebrate, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Laminin, Lineage (evolution), Marine life, Microvillus, Ministeria, Mitochondrial DNA, Molecular clock, Monophyly, Morphology (biology), Multicellular organism, Multinucleate, Neurospora crassa, Notch signaling pathway, Opisthokont, P53, Paraphyly, Parasitism, Phylogenetics, Phylogenomics, Placozoa, Pluriformea, Proterospongia, Protist, Protozoa, Pseudopodia, PTK2, Receptor tyrosine kinase, Reproduction, Robust statistics, Salpingoeca rosetta, Scientific literature, Sexual reproduction, Signal transduction, Sister group, Spiralia, Sponge, Supergroup (biology), Syssomonas, T-box, Taxonomic rank, Teretosporea, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Tissue (biology), Tonian, Transcription factor, Transforming growth factor beta, Trichomycetes, Tunicaraptor, Txikispora, Tyrosine kinase, Ultrastructure, Unicellular organism, Wnt signaling pathway.