IMRAD, the Glossary
In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) is a common organizational structure (a document format).[1]
Table of Contents
98 relations: Abstract (summary), Academic discipline, Academic journal, AllTrials, American Psychological Association, Animal testing, APA style, Applied behavior analysis, Behavioural sciences, Best practice, Case report, Case series, Cell Press, Center for Open Science, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Checklist, Clinical trial, Conflicts of interest in academic publishing, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, Corporatocracy, Data sharing, Declaration of Helsinki, EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles, Educational research, Eight-legged essay, Empirical evidence, Epidemiology, EQUATOR Network, European Association of Science Editors, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Evidence-based medicine, Five-paragraph essay, FORCE11, Health care quality, Health economics, Hypothesis, ICMJE recommendations, IMRAD, Incentivisation, Information overload, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Institutional review board, IRAC, Journal Article Tag Suite, List of Nobel laureates, Literature review, Matt Vassar, Medical diagnosis, Medical literature, Medical research, ... Expand index (48 more) »
- Medical publishing
- Scientific documents
- Style guides for technical and scientific writing
Abstract (summary)
An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. IMRAD and abstract (summary) are academic publishing and academic terminology.
See IMRAD and Abstract (summary)
Academic discipline
An academic discipline or academic field is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level.
See IMRAD and Academic discipline
Academic journal
An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. IMRAD and academic journal are academic publishing.
See IMRAD and Academic journal
AllTrials
AllTrials (sometimes called All Trials or AllTrials.net) is a project advocating that clinical research adopt the principles of open research.
American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world.
See IMRAD and American Psychological Association
Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
APA style
APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books.
Applied behavior analysis
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is the controversial practice of changing behavior by incorporating the principles of respondent and operant conditioning (primarily) to change behavior of social significance.
See IMRAD and Applied behavior analysis
Behavioural sciences
Behavioural sciences is a branch of science that explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions that occur between organisms in the natural world.
See IMRAD and Behavioural sciences
Best practice
A best practice is a method or technique that has been generally accepted as superior to alternatives because it tends to produce superior results.
Case report
In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient.
Case series
A case series (also known as a clinical series) is a type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome.
Cell Press
Cell Press is an all-science publisher of over 50 scientific journals across the life, physical, earth, and health sciences, both independently and in partnership with scientific societies.
Center for Open Science
The Center for Open Science is a non-profit technology organization based in Charlottesville, Virginia with a mission to "increase the openness, integrity, and reproducibility of scientific research." Brian Nosek and Jeffrey Spies founded the organization in January 2013, funded mainly by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation and others.
See IMRAD and Center for Open Science
Centre for Statistics in Medicine
The Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM) at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom was founded by Professor Douglas G. Altman until 2018.
See IMRAD and Centre for Statistics in Medicine
Checklist
A checklist is a type of job aid used in repetitive tasks to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention.
Clinical trial
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison.
Conflicts of interest in academic publishing
Conflicts of interest (COIs) often arise in academic publishing. IMRAD and Conflicts of interest in academic publishing are academic publishing.
See IMRAD and Conflicts of interest in academic publishing
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) encompasses various initiatives developed by the CONSORT Group to alleviate the problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials.
See IMRAD and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
Corporatocracy
Corporatocracy (from corporate and lit; short form corpocracy) is an economic, political and judicial system controlled by business corporations or corporate interests.
Data sharing
Data sharing is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators. IMRAD and data sharing are academic publishing.
Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH, Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA).
See IMRAD and Declaration of Helsinki
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English (often shortened to EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators or EASE Guidelines) were first published by the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) in 2010. IMRAD and EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles are academic publishing, scientific documents and style guides for technical and scientific writing.
See IMRAD and EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles
Educational research
Educational research refers to the systematic collection and analysis of evidence and data related to the field of education.
See IMRAD and Educational research
Eight-legged essay
The eight-legged essay was a style of essay in imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China.
See IMRAD and Eight-legged essay
Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure.
See IMRAD and Empirical evidence
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.
EQUATOR Network
The Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of health research Network (EQUATOR Network) is an international initiative aimed at promoting transparent and accurate reporting of health research studies to enhance the value and reliability of medical research literature.
European Association of Science Editors
The European Association of Science Editors (EASE) is a non-profit membership organisation for people interested in science communication and editing.
See IMRAD and European Association of Science Editors
European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) is a unique pan-European non-profit clinical cancer research organisation established in 1962 operating as an international association under Belgium law.
See IMRAD and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
See IMRAD and Evidence-based medicine
Five-paragraph essay
The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development, and one concluding paragraph. IMRAD and five-paragraph essay are writing.
See IMRAD and Five-paragraph essay
FORCE11
FORCE11 is an international coalition of researchers, librarians, publishers and research funders working to reform or enhance the research publishing and communication system.
Health care quality
Health care quality is a level of value provided by any health care resource, as determined by some measurement.
See IMRAD and Health care quality
Health economics
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare.
See IMRAD and Health economics
Hypothesis
A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
ICMJE recommendations
The ICMJE recommendations (full title, "Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals") are a set of guidelines produced by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors for standardising the ethics, preparation and formatting of manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals for publication. IMRAD and ICMJE recommendations are medical publishing, scientific documents and style guides for technical and scientific writing.
See IMRAD and ICMJE recommendations
IMRAD
In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) is a common organizational structure (a document format). IMRAD and IMRAD are academic publishing, academic terminology, medical publishing, scientific documents, style guides for technical and scientific writing, technical communication and writing.
See IMRAD and IMRAD
Incentivisation
Incentivisation or incentivization is the practice of building incentives into an arrangement or system in order to motivate the actors within it.
Information overload
Information overload (also known as infobesity, infoxication, or information anxiety) is the difficulty in understanding an issue and effectively making decisions when one has too much information (TMI) about that issue, and is generally associated with the excessive quantity of daily information.
See IMRAD and Information overload
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) are centrally important in applying laws about animal research in the United States.
See IMRAD and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Institutional review board
An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a committee at an institution that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research involving human subjects, to ensure that the projects are ethical.
See IMRAD and Institutional review board
IRAC
IRAC is an acronym that generally stands for: Issue, Rule, Application, and Conclusion.
See IMRAD and IRAC
Journal Article Tag Suite
The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is an XML format used to describe scientific literature published online. IMRAD and Journal Article Tag Suite are academic publishing.
See IMRAD and Journal Article Tag Suite
List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset, Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.
See IMRAD and List of Nobel laureates
Literature review
A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a topic. IMRAD and literature review are academic publishing.
See IMRAD and Literature review
Matt Vassar
Matt Vassar is a professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences.
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
See IMRAD and Medical diagnosis
Medical literature
Medical literature is the scientific literature of medicine: articles in journals and texts in books devoted to the field of medicine. IMRAD and Medical literature are medical publishing.
See IMRAD and Medical literature
Medical research
Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as health research, refers to the process of using scientific methods with the aim to produce knowledge about human diseases, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of health.
See IMRAD and Medical research
Medical school
A medical school is a tertiary educational institution, professional school, or forms a part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians.
Meta-analysis is the statistical combination of the results of multiple studies addressing a similar research question.
Methodology
In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods.
Minimum information standard
Minimum information standards are sets of guidelines and formats for reporting data derived by specific high-throughput methods.
See IMRAD and Minimum information standard
National Cancer Institute
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) coordinates the United States National Cancer Program and is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of eleven agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
See IMRAD and National Cancer Institute
Newcastle–Ottawa scale
In statistics, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale is a tool used for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies included in a systematic review and/or meta-analyses.
See IMRAD and Newcastle–Ottawa scale
Observational study
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.
See IMRAD and Observational study
Open data
Open data is data that is openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shared by anyone for any purpose.
Patient safety
Patient safety is a discipline that emphasizes safety in health care through the prevention, reduction, reporting and analysis of error and other types of unnecessary harm that often lead to adverse patient events.
Peer review
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers).
Perverse incentive
A perverse incentive is an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result that is contrary to the intentions of its designers.
See IMRAD and Perverse incentive
Peter Medawar
Sir Peter Brian Medawar (28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was a British biologist and writer, whose works on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance have been fundamental to the medical practice of tissue and organ transplants.
Post hoc analysis
In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin post hoc, "after this") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen.
See IMRAD and Post hoc analysis
Predictive modelling
Predictive modelling uses statistics to predict outcomes.
See IMRAD and Predictive modelling
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) is an evidence-based minimum set of items aimed at helping scientific authors to report a wide array of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, primarily used to assess the benefits and harms of a health care intervention.
See IMRAD and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Preregistration (science)
Preregistration is the practice of registering the hypotheses, methods, or analyses of a scientific study before it is conducted.
See IMRAD and Preregistration (science)
Prognosis
Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing";: prognoses) is a medical term for predicting the likelihood or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).
Protocol (science)
In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment.
See IMRAD and Protocol (science)
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".
Public health journal
A public health journal is a scientific journal devoted to the field of public health, including epidemiology, biostatistics, and health care (including medicine, nursing and related fields). IMRAD and public health journal are academic publishing.
See IMRAD and Public health journal
Publication bias
In published academic research, publication bias occurs when the outcome of an experiment or research study biases the decision to publish or otherwise distribute it. IMRAD and publication bias are academic publishing and academic terminology.
See IMRAD and Publication bias
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation.
See IMRAD and Qualitative research
Randomized experiment
In science, randomized experiments are the experiments that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects.
See IMRAD and Randomized experiment
Reproducibility
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.
Research
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge".
Research question
A research question is "a question that a research project sets out to answer".
See IMRAD and Research question
Schaffer method
The Jane Schaffer method is a formula for essay writing that is taught in some U.S. middle schools and high schools. IMRAD and Schaffer method are writing.
Scientific integrity
Research integrity or scientific integrity is an aspect of research ethics that deals with best practice or rules of professional practice of scientists.
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Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community. IMRAD and scientific journal are technical communication.
See IMRAD and Scientific journal
Scientific literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences. IMRAD and Scientific literature are technical communication.
See IMRAD and Scientific literature
SHERPA (organisation)
SHERPA (Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and Access) is an organisation originally set up in 2002 to run and manage the SHERPA Project.
See IMRAD and SHERPA (organisation)
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.
Statistics
Statistics (from German: Statistik, "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
Systematic review
A systematic review is a scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic.
See IMRAD and Systematic review
Table of contents
A table of contents, usually headed simply Contents and abbreviated informally as TOC, is a list, usually found on a page before the start of a written work, of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers. IMRAD and table of contents are technical communication.
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Technical standard
A technical standard is an established norm or requirement for a repeatable technical task which is applied to a common and repeated use of rules, conditions, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, and related management systems practices. IMRAD and technical standard are technical communication.
See IMRAD and Technical standard
Template (word processing)
The term template, when used in the context of word processing software, refers to a sample document that has already some details in place; those can (that is added/completed, removed or changed, differently from a fill-in-the-blank of the approach as in a form) either by hand or through an automated iterative process, such as with a software assistant.
See IMRAD and Template (word processing)
Test validity
Test validity is the extent to which a test (such as a chemical, physical, or scholastic test) accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.
Tumor marker
A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior of cancers (measure progression or response to therapy).
University Medical Center Utrecht
The University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU; Dutch: Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht) is the University hospital of the city of Utrecht, Netherlands.
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University of Newcastle (Australia)
The University of Newcastle is a public university in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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University of Ottawa
The University of Ottawa (Université d'Ottawa), often referred to as uOttawa or U of O, is a bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.
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University of Sydney
The University of Sydney (USYD) is a public research university in Sydney, Australia.
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University of Tampere
The University of Tampere (UTA) (Tampereen yliopisto (Tay)) was a public university in Tampere, Finland that was merged with Tampere University of Technology to create the new Tampere University on 1 January 2019.
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Vancouver system
The Vancouver system, also known as Vancouver reference style or the author–number system, is a citation style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list.
See IMRAD and Vancouver system
Web badge
Web buttons, badges or stickers are small images in some World Wide Web pages which are typically used to promote programs that were used to create or host the site (for example, MediaWiki sites often have a "Powered by Mediawiki" button on the bottom right corner of the page).
World Medical Association
The World Medical Association (WMA) is an international and independent confederation of free professional medical associations representing physicians worldwide.
See IMRAD and World Medical Association
See also
Medical publishing
- AMA Manual of Style
- Citing Medicine
- ICMJE recommendations
- IMRAD
- Infectious Diseases Society of America
- List of important publications in medicine
- Medical ghostwriter
- Medical journalism
- Medical literature
Scientific documents
- Collection of articles
- EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles
- Electronic lab notebook
- Erice statement
- Fumifugium
- Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge
- ICMJE recommendations
- IMRAD
- Invention disclosure
- Lab notebook
- Manuscript (publishing)
- Preprint
- Technical report
- Thesis
- Title 21 CFR Part 11
- Working paper
- Working papers
Style guides for technical and scientific writing
- ACS style
- AIP style
- AMA Manual of Style
- Citing Medicine
- EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles
- ICMJE recommendations
- IEEE style
- IMRAD
- Microsoft Language Portal
- Microsoft Manual of Style
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD
Also known as Academic article structure, Academic essay structure, Essay structure, Journal article structure, Materials and methods, Reporting standards in the scientific literature.
, Medical school, Meta-analysis, Methodology, Minimum information standard, National Cancer Institute, Newcastle–Ottawa scale, Observational study, Open data, Patient safety, Peer review, Perverse incentive, Peter Medawar, Post hoc analysis, Predictive modelling, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, Preregistration (science), Prognosis, Protocol (science), Public health, Public health journal, Publication bias, Qualitative research, Randomized experiment, Reproducibility, Research, Research question, Schaffer method, Scientific integrity, Scientific journal, Scientific literature, SHERPA (organisation), Social science, Statistics, Systematic review, Table of contents, Technical standard, Template (word processing), Test validity, Tumor marker, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Newcastle (Australia), University of Ottawa, University of Oxford, University of Sydney, University of Tampere, Vancouver system, Web badge, World Medical Association.