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Identity by descent, the Glossary

A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment.^[1]

43 relations: Ashkenazi Jews, Association mapping, Bias (statistics), Bipolar disorder, Cancer, Centimorgan, Cholestasis, Denisovan, DNA, DNA profiling, DNA sequencing, Elizabeth A. Thompson, Founder effect, Genetic admixture, Genetic association, Genetic linkage, Genetic recombination, Genome, Genome-wide association study, Haplotype, Historical demography, Identity by type, Imputation (genetics), Isolation by distance, Lineage-bonded society, Linkage disequilibrium, Maasai people, Markov chain Monte Carlo, Meiosis, Most recent common ancestor, Multiple sclerosis, Mutation, Natural selection, Neanderthal, Nucleic acid sequence, Phytosterol, Population bottleneck, Population genetics, Power (statistics), Schizophrenia, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Statistical significance, 1000 Genomes Project.
Human genome projects

Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.

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Association mapping

In genetics, association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations.

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Bias (statistics)

Statistical bias, in the mathematical field of statistics, is a systematic tendency in which the methods used to gather data and generate statistics present an inaccurate, skewed or biased depiction of reality.

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Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Centimorgan

In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage.

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Cholestasis

Cholestasis is a condition where the flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum is impaired.

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Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic, and lived, based on current evidence, from 285 to 25 thousand years ago.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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DNA profiling

DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics.

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DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.

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Elizabeth A. Thompson

Elizabeth Alison Thompson (born May 22, 1949) is a British-born American statistician at the University of Washington.

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Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. Identity by descent and founder effect are population genetics.

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Genetic admixture

Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources. Identity by descent and Genetic admixture are population genetics.

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Genetic association

Genetic association is when one or more genotypes within a population co-occur with a phenotypic trait more often than would be expected by chance occurrence. Identity by descent and Genetic association are Classical genetics.

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Genetic linkage

Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction. Identity by descent and Genetic linkage are Classical genetics and population genetics.

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Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.

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Genome-wide association study

In genomics, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Identity by descent and genome-wide association study are human genome projects.

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Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. Identity by descent and haplotype are Classical genetics and population genetics.

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Historical demography

Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past.

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Identity by type

Alleles have identity by type (IBT) when they have the same phenotypic effect or, if applied to a variation in the composition of DNA such as a single nucleotide polymorphism, when they have the same DNA sequence. Identity by descent and identity by type are Classical genetics.

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Imputation (genetics)

In genetics, imputation is the statistical inference of unobserved genotypes.

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Isolation by distance

Isolation by distance (IBD) is a term used to refer to the accrual of local genetic variation under geographically limited dispersal. Identity by descent and Isolation by distance are population genetics.

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Lineage-bonded society

A lineage-bonded society is a type of acephalous society predicated on claims of a common ancestor.

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Linkage disequilibrium

In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a measure of non-random association between segments of DNA (alleles) at different positions on the chromosome (loci) in a given population based on a comparison between the frequency at which two alleles are detected together at the same loci and the frequencies at which each allele is detected at that loci overall, whether it occurs with or without the other allele of interest. Identity by descent and linkage disequilibrium are population genetics.

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Maasai people

The Maasai (Wamasai) are a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting northern, central and southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, near the African Great Lakes region.

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Markov chain Monte Carlo

In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms used to draw samples from a probability distribution.

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Meiosis

Meiosis ((since it is a reductional division) is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).

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Most recent common ancestor

In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA), of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended. Identity by descent and most recent common ancestor are population genetics.

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Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Identity by descent and mutation are population genetics.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Neanderthal

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

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Nucleic acid sequence

A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.

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Phytosterol

Phytosterols are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, that serve as structural components of biological membranes of plants.

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Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling. Identity by descent and population bottleneck are population genetics.

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Population genetics

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.

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Power (statistics)

In frequentist statistics, power is a measure of the ability of an experimental design and hypothesis testing setup to detect a particular effect if it is truly present.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphism

In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; plural SNPs) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Identity by descent and single-nucleotide polymorphism are population genetics.

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Statistical significance

In statistical hypothesis testing, a result has statistical significance when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true.

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1000 Genomes Project

The 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP), taken place from January 2008 to 2015, was an international research effort to establish the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation at the time. Identity by descent and 1000 Genomes Project are human genome projects.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_by_descent

Also known as Ancestral allele, Identical by descent, Identity by state, Identity-by-descent.

Identity by descent, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Human genome projects

References