Illegal drug trade, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 232 relations: 'Ndrangheta, Aceh, Addiction, Afghanistan, Al-Assad family, Al-Qaeda, Albania, Alcoholic beverage, American Mafia, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Antonio Maria Costa, Arguments for and against drug prohibition, Arms trafficking, Ars Technica, Asia, Australia, Baby boomers, Balkans, Bandar Abbas, Bashar al-Assad, Bavaria, BBC News Arabic, BBC World Service, Benin, Benjamín Arellano Félix, Benzodiazepine, Black market, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, Cali Cartel, Cameroon, Cannabis (drug), Cape Verde, Capital punishment, Capital punishment by the United States federal government, CBS News, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chicago, China, CIA drug trafficking allegations, Clandestine chemistry, Cocaine, Cocaine in the United States, Cold War (1985–1991), Colima Cartel, Constanța, Corruption, Corruption in Mexico, Costa del Sol, Counterfeit medications, ... Expand index (182 more) »

'Ndrangheta

The 'Ndrangheta is an Italian Mafia-type association, Disegno di legge, Senato della Repubblica, 20 May 2010 based in the peninsular region of Calabria and dating back to the 19th century.

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Aceh

Aceh (Acèh, Jawoë: اچيه), officially the Province of Aceh (Provinsi Aceh, Nanggroë Acèh, Jawoë: نڠڬرواي اچيه), is the westernmost province of Indonesia.

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Addiction

Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Al-Assad family

The al-Assad family, also known as the Assad dynasty, is a Syrian political family that has ruled Syria since Hafez al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party.

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate.

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Alcoholic beverage

An alcoholic beverage (also called an adult beverage, alcoholic drink, strong drink, or simply a drink) is a beverage containing alcohol.

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American Mafia

The American Mafia, commonly referred to in North America as the Italian-American Mafia, the Mafia, or the Mob, is a highly organized Italian American criminal society and organized crime group.

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Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Andrés Manuel López Obrador (born 13 November 1953), also known by his initials AMLO, is a Mexican politician who is the 65th and current president of Mexico since 2018.

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Antonio Maria Costa

Antonio Maria Costa (born 16 June 1941) is an Italian economist.

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Arguments for and against drug prohibition

Commonly-cited arguments for and against the prohibition of drugs include the following.

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Arms trafficking

Arms trafficking or gunrunning is the illicit trade of contraband small arms, explosives, and ammunition, which constitutes part of a broad range of illegal activities often associated with transnational criminal organizations. Illegal drug trade and arms trafficking are smuggling.

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Ars Technica

Ars Technica is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.

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Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

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Baby boomers

Baby boomers, often shortened to boomers, are the demographic cohort preceded by the Silent Generation and followed by Generation X. The generation is often defined as people born from 1946 to 1964 during the mid-20th century baby boom.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Bandar Abbas

Bandar Abbas (بندر عباس) is a city in the Central District of Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Bashar al-Assad

Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.

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Bavaria

Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a state in the southeast of Germany.

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BBC News Arabic

BBC News Arabic (بي بي سي نيوز عربي), formerly BBC Arabic Television, is a television news channel broadcast to the Arab World by the BBC.

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BBC World Service

The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC.

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Benin

Benin (Bénin, Benɛ, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin), and also known as Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.

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Benjamín Arellano Félix

Benjamín Arellano Félix (born 12 March 1952) is a Mexican former drug lord who alongside his brothers founded and led the Tijuana Cartel or "Arellano-Félix Organization” until his arrest in March 2002.

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Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

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Black market

A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs

The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (NEA), also known as the Bureau of Near East Asian Affairs, is an agency of the Department of State within the United States government that deals with U.S. foreign policy and diplomatic relations with the nations of the Near East.

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Cali Cartel

The Cali Cartel (Cartel de Cali) was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca.

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Cameroon

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa.

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Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.

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Capital punishment by the United States federal government

Capital punishment is a legal punishment under the criminal justice system of the United States federal government.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

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Chicago

Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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CIA drug trafficking allegations

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has been accused of involvement in the trafficking of illicit drugs.

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Clandestine chemistry

Clandestine chemistry is chemistry carried out in secret, and particularly in illegal drug laboratories.

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Cocaine

Cocaine (from, from, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.

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Cocaine in the United States

Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis, and the U.S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine.

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Cold War (1985–1991)

The time period of around 1985–1991 marked the final period of the Cold War.

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Colima Cartel

The Colima Cartel (Cártel de Colima) was a Mexican drug trafficking and methamphetamine producing cartel operating in Guadalajara, Jalisco.

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Constanța

Constanța (Custantsa; Kyustendzha, or label; Dobrujan Tatar: Köstencĭ; Kōnstántza, or label; Köstence), historically known as Tomis or Tomi (Τόμις or Τόμοι), is a port city in the Dobruja historical region of Romania.

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Corruption

Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain.

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Corruption in Mexico

Corruption in Mexico has permeated several segments of society – political, economic, and social – and has greatly affected the country's legitimacy, transparency, accountability, and effectiveness.

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Costa del Sol

The Costa del Sol (literally "Coast of the Sun") is a region in the south of Spain in the autonomous community of Andalusia, comprising the coastal towns and communities along the coastline of the Province of Málaga and the eastern part of Campo de Gibraltar in Cádiz.

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Counterfeit medications

A counterfeit medication or a counterfeit drug is a medication or pharmaceutical item which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin, authenticity, or effectiveness.

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Counterfeit money

Counterfeit money is currency produced outside of the legal sanction of a state or government, usually in a deliberate attempt to imitate that currency and so as to deceive its recipient.

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COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

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Crack cocaine

Crack cocaine, commonly known simply as crack, and also known as rock, is a free base form of the stimulant cocaine that can be smoked.

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Cuban Revolution

The Cuban Revolution (Revolución cubana) was the military and political effort to overthrow Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship which reigned as the government of Cuba between 1952 and 1959.

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Dark web

The dark web is the World Wide Web content that exists on darknets: overlay networks that use the Internet but require specific software, configurations, or authorization to access.

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Darknet market

A darknet market is a commercial website on the dark web that operates via darknets such as Tor and I2P.

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Denatured alcohol

Denatured alcohol, also known as methylated spirits, metho, or meths in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom; and denatured rectified spirit is ethanol that has additives to make it poisonous, bad-tasting, foul-smelling, or nauseating to discourage its recreational consumption.

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a North American country on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north.

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Drug Enforcement Administration

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice tasked with combating illicit drug trafficking and distribution within the U.S. It is the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S.

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Drug liberalization

Drug liberalization is a drug policy process of decriminalizing, legalizing, or repealing laws that prohibit the production, possession, sale, or use of prohibited drugs.

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Drug overdose

A drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended.

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Drug prohibition

The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary legislation or religious law is a common means of attempting to prevent the recreational use of certain intoxicating substances.

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Drug trafficking organizations

Drug trafficking organizations are defined by the United States Department of Justice as, "complex organizations with highly defined command-and-control structures that produce, transport, and/or distribute large quantity "Law enforcement reporting indicates that Mexican DTOs maintain drug distribution networks, or supply drugs to distributors, in at least 230 U.S.

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East India Company

The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) to the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

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El Universal (Caracas)

El Universal is a major Venezuelan newspaper, headquartered in Caracas.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal Ministerial Police

The Federal Ministerial Police (Policía Federal Ministerial, PFM) is a Mexican federal agency tasked with fighting corruption and organized crime, through an executive order by President Felipe Calderón.

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Fenethylline

Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) or fenetylline (INN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and so a mutual prodrug of both.

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Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008.

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Financial Action Task Force

The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF, aka "Faftee"), also known by its French name, Groupe d'action financière (GAFI), is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering and to maintain certain interest.

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First Opium War

The First Opium War, also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the British Empire and the Qing dynasty of China between 1839 and 1842.

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Flagellation

Flagellation (Latin, 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Franchising

Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organization as a strategy for business expansion.

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French Connection

The French Connection was a scheme through which heroin was smuggled from Indochina through Turkey to France and then to the United States and Canada.

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Fulgencio Batista

Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as a military dictator from 1952 until his overthrow in the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

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Gangster Disciples

The Gangster Disciple Nation (often abbreviated as the GD's; formally, GDN), also known as Growth & Development, is an African American street and prison gang founded by former rivals David Barksdale and Larry Hoover; in 1968, the two came together to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN).

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Ghana

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa.

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Golden Crescent

The Golden Crescent is the name given to one of Asia's two principal areas of illicit opium production (with the other being the Golden Triangle).

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Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)

The Golden Triangle is a large, mountainous region of approximately in northeastern Myanmar, northwestern Thailand and northern Laos, centered on the confluence of the Ruak and Mekong rivers.

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Government of the Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

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Gross world product

The gross world product (GWP), also known as gross world income (GWI), is the combined gross national income (previously, the "gross national product") of all the countries in the world.

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Guadalajara Cartel

The Guadalajara Cartel (Cártel de Guadalajara), also known as The Federation (La Federación), was a Mexican drug cartel which was formed in 1980 by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Rafael Caro Quintero, and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo in order to ship cocaine and marijuana to the United States.

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Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau (Guiné-Bissau; script; Mandinka: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ Gine-Bisawo), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (República da Guiné-Bissau), is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778.

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Haiti

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas.

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Hamburg

Hamburg (Hamborg), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,.

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Harrison Narcotics Tax Act

The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (Ch. 1) was a United States federal law that regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products.

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Hashish

Hashish (), commonly shortened to hash, is an oleoresin made by compressing and processing parts of the cannabis plant, typically focusing on flowering buds (female flowers) containing the most trichomes.

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Héctor Luis Palma Salazar

Héctor Luis Palma Salazar (born April 29, 1960), commonly known as "El Güero Palma", is a Mexican former drug trafficker and leader of the Sinaloa Cartel alongside Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García.

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Health Canada

Health Canada (HC; Santé Canada, SC)Health Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program; the legal title is Department of Health.

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Hemp

Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use.

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Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis.

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Heroin

Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

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Hezbollah

Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.

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HIV

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.

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Honduras

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America.

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HSBC

HSBC Holdings plc (滙豐; acronym from its founding member The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) is a British universal bank and financial services group headquartered in London, England, with historical and business links to East Asia and a multinational footprint.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

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Hugo Chávez

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician and military officer who served as the 47th president of Venezuela from 1999 until his death in 2013, except for a brief period of forty-seven hours in 2002.

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Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation. Illegal drug trade and human trafficking are smuggling.

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Ike Atkinson

Leslie "Ike" Atkinson (November 19, 1925 - November 11, 2014) was a US Army master sergeant and convicted drug trafficker.

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Illegal drug trade in China

The illegal drug trade in China is influenced by factors such as history, location, size, population, and current economic conditions.

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Illegal drug trade in Colombia

The illegal drug trade in Colombia has, since the 1970s, centered successively on four major drug trafficking cartels: Medellín, Cali, Norte del Valle, and North Coast, as well as several bandas criminales, or BACRIMs.

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Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region

Illicit drug trafficking in the West Indian Ocean (WIO) has increasingly become a major security concern for many States in the region, and is gaining international attention.

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Illicit cigarette trade

The illicit cigarette trade is defined as "the production, import, export, purchase, sale, or possession of tobacco goods which fail to comply with legislation" (FATF 2012). Illegal drug trade and illicit cigarette trade are smuggling.

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Institutional Revolutionary Party

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional,, PRI) is a political party in Mexico that was founded in 1929 and held uninterrupted power in the country for 71 years, from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario, PNR), then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, PRM) and finally as the PRI beginning in 1946.

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International Crisis Group

The International Crisis Group (ICG; also known as the Crisis Group) is a global non-profit, non-governmental organisation founded in 1995.

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International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

The International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking is a United Nations International Day against drug abuse and the illegal drug trade.

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International Opium Convention

The expression International Opium Convention refers either to the first International Opium Convention signed at The Hague in 1912, or to the second International Opium Convention signed at Geneva in 1925.

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Interpol

The International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL (abbreviated as ICPO–INTERPOL), commonly known as Interpol (stylized in allcaps), is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán

Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera (born 4 April 1957), commonly known as "El Chapo", is a Mexican former drug lord and a former leader within the Sinaloa Cartel, an international crime syndicate.

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Juan García Abrego

Juan García Abrego (born September 13, 1944) is a Mexican convicted drug lord and former leader of the Gulf Cartel, a criminal group based in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

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Latin America

Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.

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License

A license (US) or licence (Commonwealth) is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that permission or permit).

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List of countries by intentional homicide rate

The list of countries by UNODC homicide rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 100,000 individuals per year.

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List of countries with alcohol prohibition

The following countries or territories have or had comprehensive prohibitions against alcohol.

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Looting

Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting.

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Maghreb

The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.

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Maher al-Assad

Major General Maher al-Assad (Māhir al-ʾAsad, born 8 December 1967) is a Syrian military officer and commander of the Syrian Army's elite 4th Armoured Division, which together with Syria's Military Intelligence form the core of the country's security forces.

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Mali

Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa.

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Maritime drug smuggling into Australia

Maritime drug smuggling into Australia refers to the smuggling of illicit drugs into Australia by sea.

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Mérida Initiative

The Mérida Initiative (named after Mérida, the city where it was agreed upon), also called Plan Mexico (in reference to Plan Colombia), is a security cooperation agreement among the United States, the government of Mexico, and the countries of Central America.

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Medellín Cartel

The Medellín Cartel (Cártel de Medellín) was a powerful and highly organized Colombian drug cartel and terrorist organization originating in the city of Medellín, Colombia, that was founded and led by Pablo Escobar.

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Mexican Army

The Mexican Army (Ejército Mexicano) is the combined land and air branch and is the largest part of the Mexican Armed Forces; it is also known as the National Defense Army.

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Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920.

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Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

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Mexico–United States border

The Mexico–United States border (frontera Estados Unidos–México) is an international border separating Mexico and the United States, extending from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east.

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Miami

Miami, officially the City of Miami, is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida.

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Michoacán

Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Purépecha: P'uɽempo), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo (Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (born January 8, 1946), commonly referred to by his aliases El Jefe de Jefes ('The Boss of Bosses') and El Padrino ('The Godfather'), is a convicted Mexican drug kingpin who was one of the founders of the Guadalajara Cartel, which controlled much of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border in the 1980s.

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Money laundering

Money laundering is the process of illegally concealing the origin of money, obtained from illicit activities such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling, by converting it into a legitimate source.

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Montenegro

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Morphine

Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum).

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MS-13

Mara Salvatrucha, commonly known as MS-13, is an international criminal gang that originated in Los Angeles, California, in the 1980s.

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Narco-state

Narco-state (also narco-capitalism or narco-economy) is a political and economic term applied to countries where all legitimate institutions become penetrated by the power and wealth of the illegal drug trade.

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Narcosobrinos affair

The Narcosobrinos affair (Spanish for drug-nephews) is the situation of events that surrounded two nephews of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores who were arrested for narcotics trafficking.

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Narcoterrorism

Narcoterrorism, in its original context, is understood to refer to the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of a government or a society through violence and intimidation, and to hinder the enforcement of anti-drug laws by the systematic threat or use of such violence.

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National Action Party (Mexico)

The National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) is a conservative political party in Mexico founded in 1939.

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National Defence Forces

The National Defence Forces (NDF; قوات الدفاع الوطني Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī) is a pro-Syrian government militia, that was formed on 1 November 2012 and organized by the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War as a part-time volunteer reserve component of the Syrian Armed Forces.

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Nicolás Maduro

Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has served as the 53rd President of Venezuela since 2013.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.

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North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

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North Macedonia

North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.

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NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.

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Operation Show Me How

Operation Show Me How was an international drug enforcement operation coordinated by Interpol which began around January 1998. Illegal drug trade and operation Show Me How are smuggling.

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Opioid

Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant.

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Opioid epidemic in the United States

There is an ongoing opioid epidemic (also known as the opioid crisis) in the United States, originating out of both medical prescriptions and illegal sources.

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Opium

Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

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Opium production in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has long had a history of opium poppy cultivation and harvest.

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Organ trade

Organ trade (also known as the blood market or the red market) is the trading of human organs, tissues, or other body products, usually for transplantation. Illegal drug trade and organ trade are smuggling.

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Organized crime

Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local group of centralized enterprises run to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit.

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Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) is a global network of investigative journalists with staff on six continents.

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Osiel Cárdenas Guillén

Osiel Cárdenas Guillén (born 18 May 1967) is a Mexican drug lord and the former leader of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas.

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Pain management

Pain management is an aspect of medicine and health care involving relief of pain (pain relief, analgesia, pain control) in various dimensions, from acute and simple to chronic and challenging.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Pharmacy Act 1868

The Pharmacy Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vict. c. 121) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Political corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain.

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Potency (pharmacology)

In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity.

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President of Mexico

The president of Mexico (Presidente de México), officially the president of the United Mexican States (Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico.

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Prohibition in the United States

The Prohibition era was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the United States prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

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Prohibitionism

Prohibitionism is a legal philosophy and political theory often used in lobbying which holds that citizens will abstain from actions if the actions are typed as unlawful (i.e. prohibited) and the prohibitions are enforced by law enforcement.

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Puerto Rico

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Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history.

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Raymond W. Baker

Raymond W. Baker (born October 30, 1935) is an American businessman, scholar, author, and "authority on financial crime." He is the founder and president of Global Financial Integrity, a research and advocacy organization in Washington, DC working to curtail illicit financial flows.

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Republican Guard (Syria)

The Syrian Republican Guard (al-Ḥaras as-Sūrīyah al-Jumhūrīy), also known as the Presidential Guard, is an elite 25,000 man praetorian guard unit in the Syrian Army, although it may actually approach corps size with around 60,000 guardsmen.

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Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

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Rolling meth lab

A rolling meth lab is a transportable laboratory that is used to illegally produce methamphetamine.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Rum-running

Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. Illegal drug trade and Rum-running are smuggling.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.

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Second French Empire

The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was an Imperial Bonapartist regime, ruled by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third French Republics.

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Second Opium War

The Second Opium War, also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a colonial war lasting from 1856 to 1860, which pitted United Kingdom, France, and the United States against the Qing dynasty of China.

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Senegal

Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Silk Road (marketplace)

Silk Road was an online black market and the first modern darknet market.

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Sinaloa Cartel

The Sinaloa Cartel (Cártel de Sinaloa, CDS, after the native Sinaloa region), also known as the Guzmán-Zambada Organization, the Federation, the Blood Alliance, or the Pacific Cartel, is a large, international organized crime syndicate based in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico that specializes in illegal drug trafficking and money laundering.

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Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention, 1961 Convention, or C61) is a United Nations treaty that controls activities (cultivation, production, supply, trade, transport) of specific narcotic drugs and lays down a system of regulations (licenses, measures for treatment, research, etc.) for their medical and scientific uses; it also establishes the International Narcotics Control Board.

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Sourcebooks (publisher)

Sourcebooks LLC is an American book publisher located in Naperville, Illinois.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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SS France (1960)

SS France was a Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT, or French Line) ocean liner, constructed by the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard at Saint-Nazaire, France, and put into service in February 1962.

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Sudhir Venkatesh

Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh (born 1966) is an American sociologist and urban ethnographer.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syrian Armed Forces

The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF; al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) are the military forces of the Syrian Arab Republic.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.

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The French Connection (film)

The French Connection is a 1971 American neo-noirSilver & Ward 1992 action thriller film directed by William Friedkin and starring Gene Hackman, Roy Scheider and Fernando Rey.

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The Insider (website)

The Insider is an online publication specializing in investigative journalism, fact-checking, and exposing fake news.

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The New Republic

The New Republic is an American publisher focused on domestic politics, news, culture, and the arts, with ten magazines a year and a daily online platform.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Tijuana Cartel

The Tijuana Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Tijuana) or Arellano-Félix-Cartel (Spanish: Cártel Arellano Félix, CAF) is a Mexican drug cartel based in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Togo

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa.

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Treaty of Nanking

The Treaty of Nanking was an unequal treaty between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China to end the First Opium War (1839–1842), signed on 29 August 1842.

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Treaty of Tientsin

The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several unequal treaties signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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U.S. state

In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50.

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Union City, New Jersey

Union City is a city in the northern part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe that was established by the union in 1801 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.

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United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 is one of three major drug control treaties currently in force.

See Illegal drug trade and United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC; French: Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime) is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna, adopting the current name in 2002.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.

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Valencia

Valencia (officially in Valencian: València) is the capital of the province and autonomous community of the same name in Spain.

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Van Tuong Nguyen

Van Tuong Nguyen (Vietnamese: Nguyễn Tường Vân,; 17 August 1980 – 2 December 2005), baptised Caleb, was an Australian from Melbourne, Victoria convicted of drug trafficking in Singapore.

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Venezuela

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

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Vice (magazine)

Vice (stylized in all caps) is a Canadian-American magazine focused on lifestyle, arts, culture, and news/politics.

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Vice News

Vice News (stylized as VICE News) is Vice Media's alternative current affairs channel, producing daily documentary essays and video through its website and YouTube channel.

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Vicente Fox

Vicente Fox Quesada (born 2 July 1942) is a Mexican businessman and politician who served as the 62nd president of Mexico from 2000 to 2006.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Violent crime

A violent crime, violent felony, crime of violence or crime of a violent nature is a crime in which an offender or perpetrator uses or threatens to use harmful force upon a victim.

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War on drugs

The war on drugs is the policy of a global campaign, led by the United States federal government, of drug prohibition, military aid, and military intervention, with the aim of reducing the illegal drug trade in the United States.

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West Africa

West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

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Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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Wildlife smuggling

Wildlife smuggling or wildlife trafficking concerns the illegal gathering and trade of endangered species and protected wildlife, including plants and byproducts or products utilizing a species. Illegal drug trade and wildlife smuggling are smuggling.

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18th Street gang

The 18th Street Gang, also known as Eighteen St, Barrio 18, Mara 18, or simply 18 in North America, is a multi-ethnic (largely Central American and Mexican) transnational criminal organization that started as a street gang in Los Angeles.

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2012 Colorado Amendment 64

Colorado Amendment 64 was a successful popular initiative ballot measure to amend the Constitution of the State of Colorado, outlining a statewide drug policy for cannabis.

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2012 Washington Initiative 502

Washington Initiative 502 (I-502) "on marijuana reform" was an initiative to the Washington State Legislature, which appeared on the November 2012 general ballot, passing by a margin of approximately 56 to 44 percent.

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4th Armoured Division (Syria)

The 4th Armoured Division (al-Firqa ar-Rābiʿah) is an elite formation of the Syrian Army whose primary purpose is to defend the Syrian government from internal and external threats.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade

Also known as Anti-Drug, Anti-drug smuggling, Anti-drug trafficking, Black market drugs, Cocaine smuggling, Counternarcotics, Crack dealer, Drug Dealers, Drug Dealing, Drug Trafficking, Drug cartels in the Western Hemisphere, Drug deal, Drug dealer, Drug money, Drug pusher, Drug pushing, Drug runner, Drug running, Drug smuggler, Drug smugglers, Drug smuggling, Drug traffic, Drug trafficing, Drug trafficker, Drug traffickers, Drug-dealer, Drug-dealers, Drug-dealing, Drug-running, Drug-trafficking, Drugdealer, Drugrunners, Drugs trafficking, Global narcotics trade, Heroin Smuggling, Heroin network, Heroin smuggler, Heroin trade, History of the illegal drug trade, Illegal drug distribution, Illegal drug trafficking, Illegal drugs trade, Illicit drug market, Illicit drug retail, Illicit drug trade, Illicit drug trafficking, Illicit retail of addictive drugs, Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs, Illict drug, Illict drugs, International narcotics activities, Jellie lab, Jellie labs, Narco-trafficker, Narco-trafficking, Narcotic trafficking, Narcotics racket, Narcotics retail, Narcotics smuggling, Narcotics trade, Narcotics traffickers, Narcotics trafficking, Narcotraffic, Narcotrafficker, Narcotrafficking, Proscribed drug, Recreational drug trade, Smuggle drugs, Smuggling drugs, Street pharmacist.

, Counterfeit money, COVID-19, Crack cocaine, Cuban Revolution, Dark web, Darknet market, Denatured alcohol, Dominican Republic, Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug liberalization, Drug overdose, Drug prohibition, Drug trafficking organizations, East India Company, Eastern Europe, Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, El Universal (Caracas), Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Ministerial Police, Fenethylline, Fidel Castro, Financial Action Task Force, First Opium War, Flagellation, France, Franchising, French Connection, Fulgencio Batista, Gangster Disciples, Genoa, Germany, Ghana, Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia), Government of the Qing dynasty, Gross domestic product, Gross world product, Guadalajara Cartel, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hamburg, Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, Hashish, Héctor Luis Palma Salazar, Health Canada, Hemp, Hepatitis C, Heroin, Hezbollah, HIV, Honduras, HSBC, HuffPost, Hugo Chávez, Human trafficking, Ike Atkinson, Illegal drug trade in China, Illegal drug trade in Colombia, Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region, Illicit cigarette trade, Institutional Revolutionary Party, International Crisis Group, International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, International Opium Convention, Interpol, Iran, Italy, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, Juan García Abrego, Latin America, License, List of countries by intentional homicide rate, List of countries with alcohol prohibition, Looting, Maghreb, Maher al-Assad, Mali, Maritime drug smuggling into Australia, Mérida Initiative, Medellín Cartel, Mexican Army, Mexican Revolution, Mexico, Mexico–United States border, Miami, Michoacán, Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Money laundering, Montenegro, Morphine, MS-13, Narco-state, Narcosobrinos affair, Narcoterrorism, National Action Party (Mexico), National Defence Forces, Nicolás Maduro, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, NPR, Operation Show Me How, Opioid, Opioid epidemic in the United States, Opium, Opium production in Afghanistan, Organ trade, Organized crime, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, Pain management, Pakistan, Pharmacy Act 1868, Political corruption, Potency (pharmacology), President of Mexico, Prohibition in the United States, Prohibitionism, Puerto Rico, Qing dynasty, Raymond W. Baker, Republican Guard (Syria), Reuters, Rolling meth lab, Romania, Rum-running, Saudi Arabia, Second French Empire, Second Opium War, Senegal, September 11 attacks, Serbia, Silk Road (marketplace), Sinaloa Cartel, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Sourcebooks (publisher), South Africa, Spain, SS France (1960), Sudhir Venkatesh, Syria, Syrian Armed Forces, Thailand, The French Connection (film), The Insider (website), The New Republic, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Tijuana Cartel, Time (magazine), Togo, Treaty of Nanking, Treaty of Tientsin, Turkey, U.S. state, Union City, New Jersey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United States, United States Congress, United States Department of State, Uruguay, Valencia, Van Tuong Nguyen, Venezuela, Vice (magazine), Vice News, Vicente Fox, Vietnam War, Violent crime, War on drugs, West Africa, Western Europe, Western world, Wildlife smuggling, 18th Street gang, 2012 Colorado Amendment 64, 2012 Washington Initiative 502, 4th Armoured Division (Syria).