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Impacts of tourism, the Glossary

Index Impacts of tourism

Tourism impacts tourist destinations in both positive and negative ways, encompassing economic, political, socio-cultural, environmental, and psychological dimensions.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 130 relations: Acculturation, Adventure travel, Advertising, Aesthetics, Air travel, Airport, Anguilla, Apollo (magazine), Aruba, Baboon, Barbados, Behavior, Biodegradable waste, Biodiversity, Biodiversity loss, Biopsychosocial model, Blue Shield International, Broaden-and-build, Campfire, Camping, Campsite, Capitalism, Carbon dioxide, Cheetah, Climate change, Coast, Commodification, Construction, Consumer culture, COVID-19, Crime statistics, Cruise ship, Cultural artifact, Cultural tourism, Culture shock, Demonstration effect, Diffusion of innovations, Direct, indirect, and induced employment, East Africa, Ecological resilience, Ecosystem health, Ecosystem service, Ecotourism, Edmund Hillary, Endangered species, Environmental stewardship, Environmentalism, Food security, Gambling, Genetic resources, ... Expand index (80 more) »

  2. Economy and the environment
  3. Tourism

Acculturation

Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.

See Impacts of tourism and Acculturation

Adventure travel

Adventure travel is a type of tourism, involving exploration or travel with a certain degree of risk (real or perceived), and which may require special skills and physical exertion.

See Impacts of tourism and Adventure travel

Advertising

Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service.

See Impacts of tourism and Advertising

Aesthetics

Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste; and functions as the philosophy of art.

See Impacts of tourism and Aesthetics

Air travel

Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight.

See Impacts of tourism and Air travel

Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.

See Impacts of tourism and Airport

Anguilla

Anguilla is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean.

See Impacts of tourism and Anguilla

Apollo (magazine)

Apollo is an English-language monthly magazine covering the visual arts of all periods from antiquity to the present day.

See Impacts of tourism and Apollo (magazine)

Aruba

Aruba, officially the Country of Aruba (Land Aruba; Pais Aruba), is a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, situated in the south of the Caribbean Sea.

See Impacts of tourism and Aruba

Baboon

Baboons are primates comprising the genus Papio, one of the 23 genera of Old World monkeys, in the family Cercopithecidae.

See Impacts of tourism and Baboon

Barbados

Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region next to North America and north of South America, and is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.

See Impacts of tourism and Barbados

Behavior

Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment.

See Impacts of tourism and Behavior

Biodegradable waste

Biodegradable waste includes any organic matter in waste which can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane, compost, humus, and simple organic molecules by micro-organisms and other living things by composting, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion or similar processes.

See Impacts of tourism and Biodegradable waste

Biodiversity

Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.

See Impacts of tourism and Biodiversity

Biodiversity loss

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area.

See Impacts of tourism and Biodiversity loss

Biopsychosocial models are a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors.

See Impacts of tourism and Biopsychosocial model

Blue Shield International

The Blue Shield, formerly the International Committee of the Blue Shield, is an international organization founded in 1996 to protect the world's cultural heritage from threats such as armed conflict and natural disasters.

See Impacts of tourism and Blue Shield International

Broaden-and-build

The broaden-and-build theory in positive psychology suggests that positive emotions (such as happiness, and perhaps interest and anticipation) broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, exploratory thoughts and actions.

See Impacts of tourism and Broaden-and-build

Campfire

A campfire is a fire at a campsite that provides light and warmth, and heat for cooking.

See Impacts of tourism and Campfire

Camping

Camping is a form of outdoor recreation or outdoor education involving overnight stays with a basic temporary shelter such as a tent.

See Impacts of tourism and Camping

Campsite

Campsite, campground, and camping pitch are all related terms regarding a place used for camping (an overnight stay in an outdoor area).

See Impacts of tourism and Campsite

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

See Impacts of tourism and Capitalism

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.

See Impacts of tourism and Carbon dioxide

Cheetah

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a large cat and the fastest land animal.

See Impacts of tourism and Cheetah

Climate change

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.

See Impacts of tourism and Climate change

Coast

A coastalso called the coastline, shoreline, or seashoreis the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.

See Impacts of tourism and Coast

Commodification

Commodification is the process of transforming inalienable, free, or gifted things (objects, services, ideas, nature, personal information, people or animals) into commodities, or objects for sale.

See Impacts of tourism and Commodification

Construction

Construction is a general term meaning the art and science of forming objects, systems, or organizations.

See Impacts of tourism and Construction

Consumer culture

Consumer culture describes a lifestyle hyper-focused on spending money to buy material goods.

See Impacts of tourism and Consumer culture

COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

See Impacts of tourism and COVID-19

Crime statistics

Crime statistics refer to systematic, quantitative results about crime, as opposed to crime news or anecdotes.

See Impacts of tourism and Crime statistics

Cruise ship

Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing.

See Impacts of tourism and Cruise ship

Cultural artifact

A cultural artifact, or cultural artefact (see American and British English spelling differences), is a term used in the social sciences, particularly anthropology, ethnology and sociology for anything created by humans which gives information about the culture of its creator and users.

See Impacts of tourism and Cultural artifact

Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the cultural attractions and products offered by a tourist destination.

See Impacts of tourism and Cultural tourism

Culture shock

Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life.

See Impacts of tourism and Culture shock

Demonstration effect

Demonstration effects are effects on the behavior of individuals caused by observation of the actions of others and their consequences.

See Impacts of tourism and Demonstration effect

Diffusion of innovations

Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread.

See Impacts of tourism and Diffusion of innovations

Direct, indirect, and induced employment

Investments into an industry or project can produce temporary and long-term employment.

See Impacts of tourism and Direct, indirect, and induced employment

East Africa

East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape.

See Impacts of tourism and East Africa

Ecological resilience

In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and subsequently recovering.

See Impacts of tourism and Ecological resilience

Ecosystem health

Ecosystem health is a metaphor used to describe the condition of an ecosystem.

See Impacts of tourism and Ecosystem health

Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the various benefits that humans derive from healthy ecosystems.

See Impacts of tourism and Ecosystem service

Ecotourism

Ecotourism is a form of tourism marketed as "responsible" travel (using what proponents say is sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people. Impacts of tourism and Ecotourism are economy and the environment.

See Impacts of tourism and Ecotourism

Edmund Hillary

Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist.

See Impacts of tourism and Edmund Hillary

Endangered species

An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction.

See Impacts of tourism and Endangered species

Environmental stewardship

Environmental stewardship refers to the responsible use and protection of the natural environment through active participation in conservation efforts and sustainable practices by individuals, small groups, nonprofit organizations, federal agencies, and other collective networks.

See Impacts of tourism and Environmental stewardship

Environmentalism

Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings.

See Impacts of tourism and Environmentalism

Food security

Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

See Impacts of tourism and Food security

Gambling

Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted.

See Impacts of tourism and Gambling

Genetic resources

Genetic resources are genetic material of actual or potential value, where genetic material means any material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functional units of heredity.

See Impacts of tourism and Genetic resources

Giraffe

The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa.

See Impacts of tourism and Giraffe

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect.

See Impacts of tourism and Greenhouse gas emissions

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

See Impacts of tourism and Gross domestic product

Heritage tourism

Cultural heritage tourism is a form of non-business travel whereby tourists engage with the heritage, tangible and intangible, moveable and immovable, of a region through activities, experiences, and purchases which facilitate a connection to the people, objects, and places of the past associated with the locations being visited.

See Impacts of tourism and Heritage tourism

HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

See Impacts of tourism and HuffPost

Hyena

Hyenas or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek ὕαινα) are feliform carnivoran mammals belonging to the family Hyaenidae.

See Impacts of tourism and Hyena

Infrastructure

Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function.

See Impacts of tourism and Infrastructure

Introduced species

An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally.

See Impacts of tourism and Introduced species

Invasive species

An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment.

See Impacts of tourism and Invasive species

Journal of Environmental Management

The Journal of Environmental Management is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on environmental science and quality that was established in 1973.

See Impacts of tourism and Journal of Environmental Management

Karl von Habsburg

Karl Habsburg (given names: Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961) is an Austrian politician and the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, the former royal house of the defunct Austro-Hungarian thrones.

See Impacts of tourism and Karl von Habsburg

Khumbu Icefall

The Khumbu Icefall is located at the head of the Khumbu Glacier and the foot of the Western Cwm.

See Impacts of tourism and Khumbu Icefall

Kronen Zeitung

The Kronen Zeitung, commonly known as the Krone, is Austria's largest newspaper.

See Impacts of tourism and Kronen Zeitung

Leopard

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species in the genus Panthera.

See Impacts of tourism and Leopard

Light pollution

Light pollution is the presence of any unwanted, inappropriate, or excessive artificial lighting.

See Impacts of tourism and Light pollution

Litter

Litter consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location.

See Impacts of tourism and Litter

Local history

Local history is the study of history in a geographically local context, often concentrating on a relatively small local community.

See Impacts of tourism and Local history

Maritime transport

Maritime transport (or ocean transport) or more generally waterborne transport, is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via waterways.

See Impacts of tourism and Maritime transport

MERS

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

See Impacts of tourism and MERS

Microbiota

Microbiota are the range of microorganisms that may be commensal, mutualistic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms, including plants.

See Impacts of tourism and Microbiota

Mount Everest

Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.

See Impacts of tourism and Mount Everest

Natural resource

Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications.

See Impacts of tourism and Natural resource

Noise pollution

Noise pollution, or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise or sound with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of which are harmful to a degree.

See Impacts of tourism and Noise pollution

Ocean

The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx.

See Impacts of tourism and Ocean

Oral history

Oral history is the collection and study of historical information about people, families, important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews.

See Impacts of tourism and Oral history

Overgrazing

Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods.

See Impacts of tourism and Overgrazing

Overtourism

Overtourism is the congestion or overcrowding from an excess of tourists, resulting in conflicts with locals. Impacts of tourism and Overtourism are economy and the environment and tourism.

See Impacts of tourism and Overtourism

Petroleum industry

The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products.

See Impacts of tourism and Petroleum industry

Planning

Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal.

See Impacts of tourism and Planning

Plastic pollution

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat.

See Impacts of tourism and Plastic pollution

Pollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds.

See Impacts of tourism and Pollination

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

See Impacts of tourism and Pollution

Pore space in soil

The pore space of soil contains the liquid and gas phases of soil, i.e., everything but the solid phase that contains mainly minerals of varying sizes as well as organic compounds.

See Impacts of tourism and Pore space in soil

Port

A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers.

See Impacts of tourism and Port

Poverty

Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain standard of living.

See Impacts of tourism and Poverty

Project stakeholder

Project stakeholders are persons or entities who have an interest in a given project.

See Impacts of tourism and Project stakeholder

Prostitution

Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment.

See Impacts of tourism and Prostitution

Public participation

Public participation, also known as citizen participation or patient and public involvement, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project.

See Impacts of tourism and Public participation

Public service

A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community.

See Impacts of tourism and Public service

Rail transport

Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel rails.

See Impacts of tourism and Rail transport

Rainforest

Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.

See Impacts of tourism and Rainforest

Recreation

Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time.

See Impacts of tourism and Recreation

Recreational diving

Recreational diving or sport diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually when using scuba equipment.

See Impacts of tourism and Recreational diving

Red panda

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), also known as the lesser panda, is a small mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China.

See Impacts of tourism and Red panda

Reef

A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral, or similar relatively stable material lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water.

See Impacts of tourism and Reef

Reforestation

Reforestation is the practice of restoring previously existing forests and woodlands that have been destroyed or damaged.

See Impacts of tourism and Reforestation

Regulation

Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends.

See Impacts of tourism and Regulation

Reproduction

Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.

See Impacts of tourism and Reproduction

Rhinoceros

A rhinoceros (rhinoceros or rhinoceroses), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae; it can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea.

See Impacts of tourism and Rhinoceros

Rural tourism

Rural tourism is a form of tourism that focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle.

See Impacts of tourism and Rural tourism

Safari

A safari (originally) is an overland journey to observe wild animals, especially in East Africa.

See Impacts of tourism and Safari

Samoa

Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono and Apolima); and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands (Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Fanuatapu and Namua).

See Impacts of tourism and Samoa

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus.

See Impacts of tourism and SARS

Scuba diving

Scuba diving is a mode of underwater diving whereby divers use breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface breathing gas supply, and therefore has a limited but variable endurance.

See Impacts of tourism and Scuba diving

Sea level rise

Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rise was, with an increase of per year since the 1970s.

See Impacts of tourism and Sea level rise

Sewage treatment

Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges.

See Impacts of tourism and Sewage treatment

Sexually transmitted infection

A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex.

See Impacts of tourism and Sexually transmitted infection

Snow leopard

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), occasionally called ounce, is a species of large cat in the genus Panthera of the family Felidae.

See Impacts of tourism and Snow leopard

Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess.

See Impacts of tourism and Social status

Stress hormone

Stress hormones are secreted by endocrine glands to modify one's internal environment during the times of stress.

See Impacts of tourism and Stress hormone

Substance abuse

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others.

See Impacts of tourism and Substance abuse

Superstructure

A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline.

See Impacts of tourism and Superstructure

Sustainability

Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time. Impacts of tourism and Sustainability are economy and the environment.

See Impacts of tourism and Sustainability

Sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social, and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Impacts of tourism and Sustainable tourism are economy and the environment.

See Impacts of tourism and Sustainable tourism

Tibetan blue bear

The Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus), also known as Tibetan blue bear, is a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

See Impacts of tourism and Tibetan blue bear

Trail

A trail, also known as a path or track, is an unpaved lane or a small paved road not intended for usage by motorized vehicles, usually passing through a natural area.

See Impacts of tourism and Trail

Transcreation

Transcreation is a term coined from the words "translation" and "creation", and a concept used in the field of translation studies to describe the process of adapting a message from one language to another, while maintaining its intent, style, tone, and context.

See Impacts of tourism and Transcreation

Trophy hunting

Trophy hunting is a form of hunting for sport in which parts of the hunted wild animals are kept and displayed as trophies.

See Impacts of tourism and Trophy hunting

Underwater photography

Underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water.

See Impacts of tourism and Underwater photography

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

See Impacts of tourism and UNESCO

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

See Impacts of tourism and United Nations

Waste

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials.

See Impacts of tourism and Waste

Waste management

Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. Impacts of tourism and waste management are economy and the environment.

See Impacts of tourism and Waste management

Wilderness

Wilderness or wildlands (usually in the plural) are natural environments on Earth that have not been significantly modified by human activity, or any nonurbanized land not under extensive agricultural cultivation.

See Impacts of tourism and Wilderness

Wildlife observation

Wildlife observation is the practice of noting the occurrence or abundance of animal species at a specific location and time, either for research purposes or recreation.

See Impacts of tourism and Wildlife observation

Wildlife tourism

Wildlife tourism is an element of many nations' travel industry centered around observation and interaction with local animal and plant life in their natural habitats.

See Impacts of tourism and Wildlife tourism

Wood industry

The wood industry or timber industry (sometimes lumber industry -- when referring mainly to sawed boards) is the industry concerned with forestry, logging, timber trade, and the production of primary forest products and wood products (e.g. furniture) and secondary products like wood pulp for the pulp and paper industry.

See Impacts of tourism and Wood industry

World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

See Impacts of tourism and World Heritage Site

World Travel and Tourism Council

The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is a forum for the travel and tourism industry.

See Impacts of tourism and World Travel and Tourism Council

Zebra mussel

The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small freshwater mussel.

See Impacts of tourism and Zebra mussel

See also

Economy and the environment

Tourism

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism

Also known as Economic impacts of tourism, Environmental impact of tourism, Environmental impacts of tourism, Health impacts of tourism, Impact of tourism.

, Giraffe, Greenhouse gas emissions, Gross domestic product, Heritage tourism, HuffPost, Hyena, Infrastructure, Introduced species, Invasive species, Journal of Environmental Management, Karl von Habsburg, Khumbu Icefall, Kronen Zeitung, Leopard, Light pollution, Litter, Local history, Maritime transport, MERS, Microbiota, Mount Everest, Natural resource, Noise pollution, Ocean, Oral history, Overgrazing, Overtourism, Petroleum industry, Planning, Plastic pollution, Pollination, Pollution, Pore space in soil, Port, Poverty, Project stakeholder, Prostitution, Public participation, Public service, Rail transport, Rainforest, Recreation, Recreational diving, Red panda, Reef, Reforestation, Regulation, Reproduction, Rhinoceros, Rural tourism, Safari, Samoa, SARS, Scuba diving, Sea level rise, Sewage treatment, Sexually transmitted infection, Snow leopard, Social status, Stress hormone, Substance abuse, Superstructure, Sustainability, Sustainable tourism, Tibetan blue bear, Trail, Transcreation, Trophy hunting, Underwater photography, UNESCO, United Nations, Waste, Waste management, Wilderness, Wildlife observation, Wildlife tourism, Wood industry, World Heritage Site, World Travel and Tourism Council, Zebra mussel.