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Independent scientist, the Glossary

An independent scientist (historically also known as gentleman scientist) is a financially independent scientist who pursues scientific study without direct affiliation to a public institution such as a university or government-run research and development body.^[1]

72 relations: Academic journal, Ada Lovelace, Albert Einstein, Alexander Shulgin, Alfred Lee Loomis, Antoine Lavoisier, Antony Garrett Lisi, Aristotle, Aubrey de Grey, Barrington Moore Jr., Benjamin Franklin, Big science, Carlo Fornasini, Caroline Herschel, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Christopher J. Date, Citizen science, David E. Shaw, David Rittenhouse, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, England, Europe, Funding of science, Geological Society of London, George Frederick Kunz, Goldsworthy Gurney, Grant (money), Gregor Mendel, Henry Cavendish, Henry Fox Talbot, Hertha Ayrton, Intellectual property, Isaac Newton, James Braid (surgeon), James Lovelock, John Dalton, John Wilkinson (chemist), Joseph Priestley, Julian Barbour, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Lehigh University Press, Leloir Institute, London, Luis Federico Leloir, Mark Catesby, Mary Anning, Mary Somerville, MUSCLE (alignment software), National Coalition of Independent Scholars, ... Expand index (22 more) »
Independent scientists
Royal Society
Science and culture
Science occupations

Academic journal

An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.

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Ada Lovelace

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852), also known as Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.

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Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".

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Alexander Shulgin

Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin (June 17, 1925 – June 2, 2014) was an American medicinal chemist, biochemist, organic chemist, pharmacologist, psychopharmacologist, and author.

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Alfred Lee Loomis

Alfred Lee Loomis (November 4, 1887 – August 11, 1975) was an American attorney, investment banker, philanthropist, scientist, physicist, inventor of the LORAN Long Range Navigation System and a lifelong patron of scientific research. Independent scientist and Alfred Lee Loomis are independent scientists.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 17438 May 1794), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. Independent scientist and Antoine Lavoisier are independent scientists.

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Antony Garrett Lisi

Antony Garrett Lisi (born January 24, 1968), known as Garrett Lisi, is an American theoretical physicist. Independent scientist and Antony Garrett Lisi are independent scientists.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Aubrey de Grey

Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey (born 20 April 1963) is an English biomedical gerontologist.

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Barrington Moore Jr.

Barrington Moore Jr. (12 May 1913 – 16 October 2005) was an American political sociologist, and the son of forester Barrington Moore.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath: a leading writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and political philosopher. Independent scientist and Benjamin Franklin are independent scientists.

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Big science

Big science is a term used by scientists and historians of science to describe a series of changes in science which occurred in industrial nations during and after World War II, as scientific progress increasingly came to rely on large-scale projects usually funded by national governments or groups of governments.

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Carlo Fornasini

Cavaliere dottore Carlo Fornasini (3 November 185424 December 1931) was an Italian micropalaeontologist who specialised in Foraminifera ('forams'). Independent scientist and Carlo Fornasini are independent scientists.

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Caroline Herschel

Caroline Lucretia Herschel (16 March 1750 – 9 January 1848) was a German-born British astronomer, whose most significant contributions to astronomy were the discoveries of several comets, including the periodic comet 35P/Herschel–Rigollet, which bears her name.

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Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. Independent scientist and Charles Darwin are independent scientists.

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Christopher J. Date

Chris John Date (born 18 January 1941) is an independent author, lecturer, researcher, and consultant, specializing in relational database theory.

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Citizen science

Citizen science (similar to community science, crowd science, crowd-sourced science, civic science, participatory monitoring, or volunteer monitoring) is research conducted with participation from the general public, or amateur/nonprofessional researchers or participants for science, social science and many other disciplines.

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David E. Shaw

David Elliot Shaw (born March 29, 1951) is an American billionaire scientist and former hedge fund manager.

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David Rittenhouse

David Rittenhouse (April 8, 1732 – June 26, 1796) was an American astronomer, inventor, clockmaker, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official.

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Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (9 June 1836 – 17 December 1917) was an English physician and suffragist.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Funding of science

Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of natural science, technology, and social science.

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Geological Society of London

The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom.

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George Frederick Kunz

George Frederick Kunz (September 29, 1856 – June 29, 1932) was an American mineralogist and mineral collector. Independent scientist and George Frederick Kunz are independent scientists.

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Goldsworthy Gurney

Sir Goldsworthy Gurney (14 February 1793 – 28 February 1875) was a British surgeon, chemist, architect, builder, lecturer and consultant. Independent scientist and Goldsworthy Gurney are independent scientists.

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Grant (money)

A grant is a financial award given by a government entity, foundation, corporation, or other organization to an individual or organization for a specific purpose.

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Gregor Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel OSA (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian-Czech biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno (Brünn), Margraviate of Moravia.

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Henry Cavendish

Henry Cavendish (10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher and scientist who was an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist.

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Henry Fox Talbot

William Henry Fox Talbot FRS FRSE FRAS (11 February 180017 September 1877) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. Independent scientist and Henry Fox Talbot are independent scientists.

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Hertha Ayrton

Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton (28 April 1854 – 26 August 1923) was a British engineer, mathematician, physicist and inventor, and suffragette.

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Intellectual property

Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

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James Braid (surgeon)

James Braid (19 June 1795 – 25 March 1860) was a Scottish surgeon, natural philosopher, and "gentleman scientist".

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James Lovelock

James Ephraim Lovelock (26 July 1919 – 26 July 2022) was an English independent scientist, environmentalist and futurist. Independent scientist and James Lovelock are independent scientists.

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John Dalton

John Dalton (5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.

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John Wilkinson (chemist)

John Wilkinson (born 1961) is an English independent scientist specialising primarily in organic chemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, and synergism in botanical medicines, botanical foods and ecological biochemistry, and who led the first European degree course (Bachelor of Science with Honours) for herbal medicine, at Middlesex University in the United Kingdom in 1994. Independent scientist and John Wilkinson (chemist) are independent scientists.

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Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley (24 March 1733 – 6 February 1804) was an English chemist, Unitarian, natural philosopher, separatist theologian, grammarian, multi-subject educator, liberal political theorist.

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Julian Barbour

Julian Barbour (born 1937) is a British physicist with research interests in quantum gravity and the history of science. Independent scientist and Julian Barbour are independent scientists.

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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (a; – 19 September 1935) was a Russian rocket scientist who pioneered astronautics.

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Lehigh University Press

Lehigh University Press is the publishing house of Lehigh University.

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Leloir Institute

The Leloir Institute is a non-profit research center in Buenos Aires specializing in biochemistry, cellular biology, molecular biology, and related activities.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Luis Federico Leloir

Luis Federico Leloir (September 6, 1906 – December 2, 1987) was an Argentine physician and biochemist who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the metabolic pathways by which carbohydrates are synthesized and converted into energy in the body.

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Mark Catesby

Mark Catesby (24 March 1683 – 23 December 1749) was an English naturalist who studied the flora and fauna of the New World.

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Mary Anning

Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was an English fossil collector, dealer, and palaeontologist.

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Mary Somerville

Mary Somerville (formerly Greig; 26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath.

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MUSCLE (alignment software)

MUltiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation (MUSCLE) is a computer software for multiple sequence alignment of protein and nucleotide sequences.

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National Coalition of Independent Scholars

The National Coalition of Independent Scholars (NCIS) is the principal professional association for independent scholars.

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Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.,; 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American engineer, futurist, and inventor.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.

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Oliver Heaviside

Oliver Heaviside FRS (18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was an English self-taught mathematician and physicist who invented a new technique for solving differential equations (equivalent to the Laplace transform), independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations in the form commonly used today. Independent scientist and Oliver Heaviside are independent scientists.

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Peter D. Mitchell

Peter Dennis Mitchell FRS (29 September 1920 – 10 April 1992) was a British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his theory of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.

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Private income

Private income is either.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Research and development

Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor. Independent scientist and Robert Boyle are independent scientists.

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Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (3 February 183022 August 1903), known as Lord Salisbury, was a British statesman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times for a total of over thirteen years. Independent scientist and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury are Victorian era.

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Robert Kraichnan

Robert Harry Kraichnan (January 15, 1928 – February 26, 2008), a resident of Santa Fe, New Mexico, was an American theoretical physicist best known for his work on the theory of fluid turbulence. Independent scientist and Robert Kraichnan are independent scientists.

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Ronin Institute

The Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, commonly called just the Ronin Institute, is an independent scholarly research institute located in Montclair, New Jersey, United States.

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Royal Society

The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.

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Salon.com

Salon is an American politically progressive and liberal news and opinion website created in 1995.

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Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

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Scientist

A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences. Independent scientist and scientist are science occupations.

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Small science

Small science refers (in contrast to big science) to science performed in a smaller scale, such as by individuals, small teams or within community projects.

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Stephen Wolfram

Stephen Wolfram (born 29 August 1959) is a British-American computer scientist, physicist, and businessman. Independent scientist and Stephen Wolfram are independent scientists.

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Susan Blackmore

Susan Jane Blackmore (born 29 July 1951) is a British writer, lecturer, sceptic, broadcaster, and a visiting professor at the University of Plymouth.

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The Chronicle of Higher Education

The Chronicle of Higher Education is an American newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals, including staff members and administrators.

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Thomas Young (scientist)

Thomas Young FRS (13 June 177310 May 1829) was a British polymath who made notable contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology.

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Victorian era

In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.

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Wolfram Mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allow machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimization, plotting functions and various types of data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other programming languages.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_scientist

Also known as Gentleman scientist, Gentlemen scientist, Gentlemen scientists.

, Nikola Tesla, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Oliver Heaviside, Peter D. Mitchell, Private income, Renaissance, Research and development, Robert Boyle, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Robert Kraichnan, Ronin Institute, Royal Society, Salon.com, Science, Scientist, Small science, Stephen Wolfram, Susan Blackmore, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Thomas Young (scientist), Victorian era, Wolfram Mathematica.

Independent scientist, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Independent scientists

Royal Society

Science and culture

Science occupations

References