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Inquisition, the Glossary

The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.^[1]

300 relations: Absolution, Ad abolendam, Ad extirpanda, Africa, Al-Andalus, Albigensian Crusade, Alhambra Decree, Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, Ambrose, Americas, Ancient history, Angermünde, António Vieira, Anti-Judaism, Anusim, Apostasy, Apostles in the New Testament, Archdeacon, Arras, Asia, Augustine of Hippo, Auto-da-fé, Écija, Évora, Baltic Germans, Basque witch trials, Beguines and Beghards, Bernard Délicieux, Bernard de Caux, Bernard Gui, Bigamy, Black Death, Black legend, Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition, Blasphemy, Bologna, Boot (torture), Brazen bull, Breast ripper, Brian P. Levack, British Empire, Byzantine Empire, Canary Islands, Canon law of the Catholic Church, Cape Verde, Capital punishment, Carcassonne, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Carlo Ginzburg, Cartagena, Colombia, ... Expand index (250 more) »
Anti-Islam sentiment in Europe
Anti-Judaism
Antisemitism in Europe
Ethnic persecution
Islamophobia in Europe
Persecution of Muslims by Christians
Tribunals of the Catholic Church
Violence against Muslims

Absolution

Absolution is a theological term for the forgiveness imparted by ordained Christian priests and experienced by Christian penitents.

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Ad abolendam

Ad abolendam (full title in lit) was a decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written at Verona and issued 4 November 1184.

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Ad extirpanda ("To eradicate"; named for its Latin incipit) was a papal bull promulgated on Wednesday, May 15, 1252 by Pope Innocent IV which authorized under defined circumstances the use of torture by the Inquisition as a tool for interrogation.

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Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

See Inquisition and Alhambra Decree

Alphonse, Count of Poitiers

Alphonse (11 November 122021 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as such called Alphonse II) from 1249.

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Ambrose

Ambrose of Milan (Aurelius Ambrosius; 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Ancient history

Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.

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Angermünde

Angermünde is a town in the district of Uckermark in the state of Brandenburg, Germany.

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António Vieira

António Vieira (6 February 160818 July 1697) was a Portuguese Jesuit priest, diplomat, orator, preacher, philosopher, writer, and member of the Royal Council to the King of Portugal.

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Anti-Judaism

Anti-Judaism is a term which is used to describe a range of historic and current ideologies which are totally or partially based on opposition to Judaism, on the denial or the abrogation of the Mosaic covenant, and the replacement of Jewish people by the adherents of another religion, political theology, or way of life which is held to have superseded theirs as the "light to the nations" or God's chosen people.

See Inquisition and Anti-Judaism

Anusim

Anusim (אֲנוּסִים,; singular male, anús, אָנוּס; singular female, anusáh,, meaning "coerced") is a legal category of Jews in halakha (Jewish law) who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will, typically while forcibly converted to another religion.

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Apostasy

Apostasy (defection, revolt) is the formal disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person.

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Apostles in the New Testament

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament.

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Archdeacon

An archdeacon is a senior clergy position in the Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, St Thomas Christians, Eastern Orthodox churches and some other Christian denominations, above that of most clergy and below a bishop.

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Arras

Arras (Aros; historical Atrecht) is the prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department, which forms part of the region of Hauts-de-France; before the reorganization of 2014 it was in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

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Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

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Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.

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Auto-da-fé

An auto-da-fé (from Portuguese auto de fé, meaning 'act of faith'; auto de fe) was the ritual of public penance, carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries, of condemned heretics and apostates imposed by the Spanish, Portuguese, or Mexican Inquisition as punishment and enforced by civil authorities.

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Écija

Écija is a city and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Seville, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Évora

Évora is a city and a municipality in Portugal.

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Baltic Germans

Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later BaltendeutscheАндреева Н. С.2001. Кто такие «остзейцы»? (pp 173-175). Вопросы истории. No 10 173—175-->) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.

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Basque witch trials

The Basque witch trials of the seventeenth century represent the last attempt at rooting out supposed witchcraft from Navarre by the Spanish Inquisition, after a series of episodes erupted during the sixteenth century following the end of military operations in the conquest of Iberian Navarre, until 1524.

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Beguines and Beghards

The Beguines and the Beghards were Christian lay religious orders that were active in Western Europe, particularly in the Low Countries, in the 13th–16th centuries.

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Bernard Délicieux

Bernard Délicieux (c. 1260-1270 1320) was a Spiritual Franciscan friar who resisted the Inquisition in Carcassonne and Languedoc region of southern France.

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Bernard de Caux

Bernard de Caux (birth date not known; died in Agen on 26 November 1252), or in Latin Bernardo or Bernardus de Caucio, was a Dominican friar and medieval inquisitor.

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Bernard Gui

Bernard Gui, also known as Bernardo Gui or Bernardus Guidonis (c. 1261/62 – 30 December 1331), was a Limousin Dominican friar, Bishop of Lodève, and a papal inquisitor during the later stages of the Medieval Inquisition.

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Bigamy

In a culture where only monogamous relationships are legally recognized, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another.

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Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

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Black legend

The Black Legend (Leyenda negra) or the Spanish Black Legend (Leyenda negra española) is a purported historiographical tendency which consists of anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic propaganda.

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Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition

The Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition is the hypothesis of the existence of a series of myths and fabrications about the Spanish Inquisition used as propaganda against the Spanish Empire in a time of strong military, commercial and political rivalry between European powers, starting in the 16th century.

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Blasphemy

Blasphemy refers to an insult that shows contempt, disrespect or lack of reverence concerning a deity, an object considered sacred, or something considered inviolable.

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Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region, in northern Italy.

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Boot (torture)

The term boot refers to a family of instruments of torture and interrogation variously designed to cause crushing injuries to the foot and/or leg.

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Brazen bull

The brazen bull, also known as the bronze bull, Sicilian bull, or bull of Phalaris, was a torture and execution device designed in ancient Greece.

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Breast ripper

The breast ripper, known in another form as the Iron Spider or simply the Spider, was supposedly a torture instrument used on women, usually who were accused of an array of negative attributes decided by male inquisitors.

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Brian P. Levack

Brian Paul Levack (born 1943) is an American historian of early modern Britain and Europe.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Canary Islands

The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Canon law of the Catholic Church

The canon law of the Catholic Church is "how the Church organizes and governs herself".

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.

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Carcassonne

Carcassonne is a French fortified city in the department of Aude, region of Occitania.

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Cardinal (Catholic Church)

A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.

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Carlo Ginzburg

Carlo Ginzburg (born 15 April 1939) is an Italian historian and a proponent of the field of microhistory.

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Cartagena, Colombia

Cartagena, known since the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias, is a city and one of the major ports on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region, along the Caribbean sea.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Caterina Tarongí

Caterina Tarongi i Tarongi (1646, Palma – May 6, 1691) was a Jewish woman burned alive by the Spanish Inquisition.

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Catharism

Catharism (from the katharoí, "the pure ones") was a Christian quasi-dualist or pseudo-Gnostic movement which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Cayetano Ripoll

Gaietà Ripoll I Pla (Cayetano Ripoll) (1778 in allegedly from Solsona – 26 July 1826 in Valencia) was a Catalan schoolmaster.

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Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

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Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christianity in the 12th century

Christianity in the 12th century was marked by scholastic development and monastic reforms in the western church and a continuation of the Crusades, namely with the Second Crusade in the Holy Land.

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Church Fathers

The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity.

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Church of England

The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies.

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Coimbra

Coimbra (also,, or) is a city and a municipality in Portugal.

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Colonial Brazil

Colonial Brazil (Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal.

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Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome, responsible for missionary work and related activities.

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Contumacy

Contumacy is a stubborn refusal to obey authority or, particularly in law, the willful contempt of the order or summons of a court (see contempt of court).

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Converso

A converso (feminine form conversa), "convert", was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants.

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Council of Toulouse

The Council of Toulouse (1229) was a Council of the Roman Catholic Church called by Folquet de Marselha, the Bishop of Toulouse, in 1229 AD.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

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Court

A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne.

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Crypto-Judaism

Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').

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Cuneo

Cuneo (Coni; Coni; Coni) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the fourth largest of Italy’s provinces by area.

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Dark Ages (historiography)

The Dark Ages is a term for the Early Middle Ages (–10th centuries), or occasionally the entire Middle Ages (–15th centuries), in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which characterises it as marked by economic, intellectual, and cultural decline.

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Death by burning

Death by burning is an execution, murder, or suicide method involving combustion or exposure to extreme heat.

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Death by sawing

Death by sawing is the act of sawing or cutting a living person in half, either sagittally (usually midsagittally), or transversely.

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Deism

Deism (or; derived from the Latin term deus, meaning "god") is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that generally rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe.

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Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith

The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is a department of the Roman Curia in charge of the religious discipline of the Catholic Church.

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Diego de Simancas

Diego de Simancas or Diego de Simancas Simancas (died 1583) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Zamora (1578–1583), Bishop of Badajoz (1568–1578), and Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1564–1568).

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Directorium Inquisitorum

The Directorium Inquisitorum is Nicholas Eymerich's most prominent and enduring work, written in Latin and consisting of approximately 800 pages, which he had composed as early as 1376.

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Divination

Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic ritual or practice.

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Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Prædicatorum; abbreviated OP), commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by a Castilian-French priest named Dominic de Guzmán.

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Donatism

Donatism was a Christian sect leading to a schism in the Church, in the region of the Church of Carthage, from the fourth to the sixth centuries.

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Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.

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Eighty Years' War

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.

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Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.

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Embrun, Hautes-Alpes

Embrun (Ambrun, Ebrodunum, Ebrudunum, and Eburodunum) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Erfurt

Erfurt is the capital and largest city of the Central German state of Thuringia.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.

See Inquisition and Excommunication

Expulsion of Jews from Spain

The Expulsion of Jews from Spain was the expulsion of practicing Jews following the Alhambra Decree in 1492, which was enacted to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converso population and to ensure its members did not revert to Judaism.

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Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.

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Ferrand Martínez

Ferrand Martinez (fl. 14th century) was a Spanish cleric and archdeacon of Écija, most noted for being an antisemitic agitator whom historians cite as the prime mover behind the series of pogroms against the Spanish Jews in 1391, beginning in the city of Seville.

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Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain

The forced conversions of Muslims in Spain were enacted through a series of edicts outlawing Islam in the lands of the Spanish Monarchy. Inquisition and forced conversions of Muslims in Spain are Persecution of Muslims by Christians.

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Foxe's Book of Martyrs

The Actes and Monuments (full title: Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Days, Touching Matters of the Church), popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, is a work of Protestant history and martyrology by Protestant English historian John Foxe, first published in 1563 by John Day.

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France in the Middle Ages

The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the House of Plantagenet and their Angevin Empire, culminating in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic Black Death in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.

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Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: Franciscus Xaverius; Basque: Frantzisko Xabierkoa; French: François Xavier; Spanish: Francisco Javier; Portuguese: Francisco Xavier; 7 April 15063 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was born in Navarre, Spain Catholic missionary and saint who co-founded the Society of Jesus and, as a representative of the Portuguese Empire, led the first Christian mission to Japan.

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Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders of the Catholic Church.

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Fraticelli

The Fraticelli (Italian for "Little Brethren") or Spiritual Franciscans opposed changes to the rule of Saint Francis of Assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the Church as scandalous, and that of individual churchmen as invalidating their status.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Inquisition and French Wars of Religion are Counter-Reformation.

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Friedrich Spee

Friedrich Spee (also Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld; February 25, 1591 – August 7, 1635) was a German Jesuit priest, professor, and poet, most well known as a forceful opponent of witch trials and one who was an insider writing from the epicenter of the European witch-phobia.

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Galileo affair

The Galileo affair (il processo a Galileo Galilei) began around 1610 and culminated with the trial and condemnation of Galileo Galilei by the Roman Catholic Inquisition in 1633.

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Galley

A galley was a type of ship which relied mostly on oars for propulsion that was used for warfare, trade, and piracy mostly in the seas surrounding Europe.

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Garrote

A garrote (alternatively spelled as garotte and similar variants)Oxford English Dictionary, 11th Ed: garrotte is normal British English spelling, with single r alternate.

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Göttingen

Göttingen (Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the capital of the eponymous district.

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Germanic law

Germanic law is a scholarly term used to describe a series of commonalities between the various law codes (the Leges Barbarorum, 'laws of the barbarians', also called Leges) of the early Germanic peoples.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Goa Inquisition

The Goa Inquisition (Inquisição de Goa) was an extension of the Portuguese Inquisition in Portuguese India.

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Grand Inquisitor

Grand Inquisitor (Inquisitor Generalis, literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor) was the lead official of the Inquisition.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America.

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Head crusher

A head crusher is a torture device first used in the early modern period.

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Heinrich Kramer

Heinrich Kramer (1430 – 1505, aged 74-75), also known under the Latinized name Henricus Institor, was a German churchman and inquisitor.

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Henry Charles Lea

Henry Charles Lea (September 19, 1825–October 24, 1909) was an American publisher, civic activist, philanthropist and historian from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Henry II of England

Henry II, also known as Henry Fitzempress and Henry Curtmantle, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189.

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Henry Kamen

Henry A. Kamen (born 4 October 1936 in Rangoon) is a British historian, who has published extensively on Europe, Spain, and the Spanish Empire.

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Henry, King of Portugal

Henry (Henrique; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste (o Casto) and the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei), was king of Portugal and an inquisitor and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

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Heresy in Christianity

Heresy in Christianity denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith as defined by one or more of the Christian churches. Inquisition and Heresy in Christianity are Christianity-related controversies.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

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Hispanic America

The region known as Hispanic America (Hispanoamérica or América Hispana) and historically as Spanish America (América Española) is all the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas.

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Histoire de l'Inquisition en France

Histoire de l'Inquisition en France is a book about witch trials in the early modern period published in 1829 by Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon (1786–1864), supposedly on the basis of his unprecedented access to Church archives in Toulouse, granted by one Bishop.

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Historical revision of the Inquisition

The historical revision of the Inquisition is a historiographical process that started to emerge in the 1970s, with the opening of formerly closed archives, the development of new historical methodologies, and, in Spain, the death of the ruling dictator Francisco Franco in 1975.

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Holy Child of La Guardia

The Holy Child of La Guardia (El Santo Niño de La Guardia) is a folk saint in Spanish Roman Catholicism and the subject of a medieval blood libel in the town of La Guardia in the central Spanish province of Toledo (Castile–La Mancha).

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages.

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Hussites

Catholic crusaders in the 15th century The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventually, it expanded into the remaining domains of the Bohemian Crown as well. The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci, "Chalice People"; Latin: Hussitae) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus (fl.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Incubus

An incubus (incubi) is a demon in human form in folklore that seeks to have sexual intercourse with sleeping women; the corresponding spirit in female form is called a succubus.

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Inquisitorial system

An inquisitorial system is a legal system in which the court, or a part of the court, is actively involved in investigating the facts of the case. Inquisition and inquisitorial system are tribunals of the Catholic Church.

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Interrogational torture

Interrogational torture is the use of torture to obtain information in interrogation, as opposed to the use of torture to extract a forced confession, regardless of whether it is true or false.

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Iron maiden

The iron maiden is a torture device, consisting of a solid iron cabinet with a hinged front and spike-covered interior, sufficiently tall to enclose a human being.

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Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I (Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Jean-Pierre Dedieu

Jean-Pierre Dedieu (born 8 August 1948, in Prat-Bonrepaux) is a French historian, specialist of the history of Spain.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. Inquisition and Jesuits are Counter-Reformation.

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Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Johann Philipp Siebenkees

Johann Philipp Siebenkees (4 October 1759 – 25 June 1796) was a German philosopher.

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John III of Portugal

John III (João III; 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557), nicknamed The Pious (Portuguese: o Piedoso), was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1521 until his death in 1557.

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John Lothrop Motley

John Lothrop Motley (April 15, 1814 – May 29, 1877) was an American author and diplomat.

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John the Baptist

John the Baptist (–) was a Jewish preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early 1st century AD.

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Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

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Kingdom of Aragon

The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón; Regne d'Aragó; Regnum Aragoniae; Reino de Aragón) or Imperial Aragon (Aragón Imperial) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.

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Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.

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Kingdom of Ireland

The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríoghacht Éireann; Ríocht na hÉireann) was a dependent territory of England and then of Great Britain from 1542 to the end of 1800.

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Kingdom of León

The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae; Regno di Sicilia; Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula plus, for a time, in Northern Africa from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.

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Konrad von Marburg

Konrad von Marburg (sometimes anglicised as Conrad of Marburg) (1180 – 30 July 1233) was a medieval German Catholic priest, inquisitor and nobleman.

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Lands of the Bohemian Crown

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings.

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Languedoc

The Province of Languedoc (Lengadòc) is a former province of France.

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Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.

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Lauragais

The Lauragais is an area of the south-west of France that is south-east of Toulouse.

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Lavaur, Tarn

Lavaur (La Vaur) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

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Lèse-majesté

Lèse-majesté or lese-majesty is an offence or defamation against the dignity of a ruling head of state (traditionally a monarch but now more often a president) or of the state itself.

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Liberal Revolution of 1820

The Liberal Revolution of 1820 (Revolução Liberal) was a Portuguese political revolution that erupted in 1820.

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Life imprisonment

Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted criminals are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives (or until pardoned, paroled, or commuted to a fixed term).

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Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.

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List of apologies made by Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II made many apologies.

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List of people executed in the Papal States

This is a list of people executed in the Papal States under the government of the Popes or during the 1810–1819 decade of French rule.

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List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation

Protestants were executed in England under heresy laws during the reigns of Henry VIII (1509–1547) and Mary I (1553–1558), and in smaller numbers during the reigns of Edward VI (1547–1553), Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and James I (1603–1625). Inquisition and List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation are political and cultural purges.

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List of valleys of the Alps

The main valleys of the Alps, orographically by drainage basin.

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Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Malleus Maleficarum

The Malleus Maleficarum, usually translated as the Hammer of Witches, is the best known treatise purporting to be about witchcraft.

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Manuel I of Portugal

Manuel I (31 May 146913 December 1521), known as the Fortunate (O Venturoso), was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521.

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Marburg

Marburg is a university town in the German federal state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (Landkreis).

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Marquisate of Saluzzo

The Marquisate of Saluzzo was a historical Italian state that included parts of the current region of Piedmont and of the French Alps.

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Marrano

Marranos is one of the terms used in relation to Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted or were forced by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns to convert to Christianity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it, referred to as Crypto-Jews.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

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Martin of Tours

Martin of Tours (Martinus Turonensis; 316/3368 November 397), also known as Martin the Merciful, was the third bishop of Tours.

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Medieval Inquisition

The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184–1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s).

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Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

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Mexican Inquisition

The Mexican Inquisition was an extension of the Spanish Inquisition into New Spain.

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Morisco

Moriscos (mouriscos; Spanish for "Moorish") were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Catholic Church and Habsburg Spain commanded to forcibly convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed Islam.

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Mortara case

The Mortara case (caso Mortara) was an Italian cause célèbre that captured the attention of much of Europe and North America in the 1850s and 1860s.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

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Netherlands Antilles

The Netherlands Antilles (Nederlandse Antillen,; Antia Hulandes) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

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New Christian

New Christian (Novus Christianus; Cristiano Nuevo; Cristão-Novo; Cristià Nou; Kristiano muevo) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire.

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New France

New France (Nouvelle-France) was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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Nicholas Eymerich

Nicholas Eymerich (Nicolau Eimeric) (Girona, c. 1316 – Girona, 4 January 1399) was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Catalonia and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century.

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Nordhausen, Thuringia

Nordhausen is a city in Thuringia, Germany.

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Northern Germany

Northern Germany (Norddeutschland) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen.

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Nueva Galicia

Nuevo Reino de Galicia (New Kingdom of Galicia; Reino de Nova Galicia) or simply Nueva Galicia (New Galicia, Nova Galicia) was an autonomous kingdom of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

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Orvieto

Orvieto is a city and comune in the Province of Terni, southwestern Umbria, Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff.

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Ostracism

Ostracism (ὀστρακισμός, ostrakismos) was an Athenian democratic procedure in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years.

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Other (philosophy)

Other is a term used to define another person or people as separate from oneself.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman–Venetian wars

The Ottoman–Venetian wars were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that started in 1396 and lasted until 1718.

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Pamiers

Pamiers (Pàmias) is a commune and largest city in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France.

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Panama

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.

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Papal bull

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.

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Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

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Parlement

Under the French Ancien Régime, a parlement was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France.

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Paul the Apostle

Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.

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Pear of anguish

The pear of anguish, also known as choke pear or mouth pear, is a device of disputed use invented in the early modern period.

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Penance

Penance is any act or a set of actions done out of repentance for sins committed, as well as an alternate name for the Catholic, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Peruvian Inquisition

The Peruvian Inquisition was established on January 9, 1570 and ended in 1820.

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Peter of Verona

Peter of Verona (1205 – April 6, 1252), also known as Saint Peter Martyr and Saint Peter of Verona, was a 13th-century Italian Catholic priest.

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Petrus Zwicker

Petrus Zwicker (died 1403, in Vienna) was an East Prussian Inquisitor and cleric of the Roman Catholic Order of the Celestines.

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Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. Inquisition and Philip II of Spain are Counter-Reformation.

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Piedmont

Piedmont (Piemonte,; Piemont), located in northwest Italy, is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Pierre de Castelnau

Pierre de Castelnau (? - died 15 January 1208), French ecclesiastic, made papal legate in 1199 to address the Cathar heresy, he was subsequently murdered in 1208.

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Pilgrimage

A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life.

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Pogrom

A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.

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Pope Alexander IV

Pope Alexander IV (1199 or 1185 – 25 May 1261) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 December 1254 to his death.

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Pope Benedict XII

Pope Benedict XII (Benedictus XII, Benoît XII; 1285 – 25 April 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a cardinal and inquisitor, later head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1334 to his death, in April 1342.

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Pope Clement X

Pope Clement X (Clemens X; Clemente X; 13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 April 1670 to his death on 22 July 1676.

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Pope Gregory IX

Pope Gregory IX (Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; 1145 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and the ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241.

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Pope Innocent IV

Pope Innocent IV (Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254.

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Pope Innocent VIII

Pope Innocent VIII (Innocentius VIII; Innocenzo VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death, in July 1492.

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Pope John XXII

Pope John XXII (Ioannes PP.; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death, in December 1334.

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Pope Leo X

Pope Leo X (Leone X; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death, in December 1521.

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Pope Lucius III

Pope Lucius III (– 25 November 1185), born Ubaldo Allucingoli, reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185.

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Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (Paulus III; Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549.

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Pope Siricius

Pope Siricius (334 – 26 November 399) was the bishop of Rome from December 384 to his death.

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Porto

Porto, also known as Oporto, is the second largest city in Portugal, after Lisbon.

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Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and later overseas territories, governed by the Kingdom of Portugal, and later the Republic of Portugal.

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Portuguese Inquisition

The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa), officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal, was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III.

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Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Priscillian

Priscillian (in Latin: Priscillianus; Gallaecia, - Augusta Treverorum, Gallia Belgica) was a wealthy nobleman of Roman Hispania who promoted a strict form of Christian asceticism.

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Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.

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Protestantism in Germany

The religion of Protestantism (Protestantismus), a form of Christianity, was founded within Germany in the 16th-century Reformation.

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Rack (torture)

The rack is a torture device consisting of a rectangular, usually wooden frame, slightly raised from the ground, with a roller at one or both ends.

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Rat torture

Rat torture is the use of rats to torture a victim by encouraging them to attack and eat the victim alive.

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Raymond of Penyafort

Raymond of Penyafort (Sant Ramon de Penyafort,; 1175 – 6 January 1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar in the 13th century, who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a collection of canonical laws that remained a major part of Church law until the 1917 Code of Canon Law abrogated it.

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Real Audiencia

A Real Audience, or simply an Audience (Reial Audience, Audience Reial, or Audience), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire.

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Real Audiencia of Mexico

The Real Audiencia of Mexico or Royal Audiencia of Mexico (Real Audiencia de México) was the highest tribunal (high court) of the Spanish crown in the Kingdom of New Spain.

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Rebellion

Rebellion is a violent uprising against one's government.

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Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia

The Diocese of Brescia (Dioecesis Brixiensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Milan, in Lombardy (Northwestern Italy).

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Roman Curia

The Roman Curia (Romana Curia) comprises the administrative institutions of the Holy See and the central body through which the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church are conducted.

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Roman Inquisition

The Roman Inquisition, formally, was a system of partisan tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes according to Catholic law and doctrine, relating to Catholic religious life or alternative religious or secular beliefs.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Rosa Egipcíaca

Rosa Egipcíaca, also known as Rosa Maria Egipcíaca of Vera Cruz and Rosa Courana (1719 – 12 October 1771), was a formerly enslaved writer and religious mystic, who was the author of A Sagrada Teologia do Amor de Deus Luz Brilhante das Almas Peregrinas (The Sacred Theology of Love of God Brilliant Light of Pilgrim Souls) – the oldest book written by a black woman in the history of Brazil.

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Saint Peter

Saint Peter (died AD 64–68), also known as Peter the Apostle, Simon Peter, Simeon, Simon, or Cephas, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ and one of the first leaders of the early Christian Church.

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Sanbenito

The sanbenito (sambenito; at the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Swimming the Christian Atlantic: Judeoconversos, Afroiberians and Amerindians in the Seventeenth Century, Jonathan Schorsch, BRILL, 2009, Catalan: gramalleta, sambenet, Portuguese: sambenito) was a penitential garment that was used especially during the Portuguese and Spanish Inquisitions.

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Sangerhausen

Sangerhausen is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany, capital of the district of Mansfeld-Südharz.

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Scold's bridle

A scold's bridle, sometimes called a witch's bridle, a gossip's bridle, a brank's bridle, or simply branks, was an instrument of punishment, as a form of public humiliation.

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

D. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal (Marquês de Pombal), was a Portuguese despotic statesman and diplomat who effectively ruled the Portuguese Empire from 1750 to 1777 as chief minister to King Joseph I.

See Inquisition and Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.

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Show trial

A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined.

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Sirmione

Sirmione (Brescian: Sirmiù; Sirmion) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy (northern Italy).

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Spanish American wars of independence

The Spanish American wars of independence (Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) took place throughout Spanish America during the early 19th century, with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule.

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Spanish East Indies

The Spanish East Indies were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through the captaincy general in Manila for the Spanish Crown, initially reporting to Mexico City, then Madrid, then later directly reporting to Madrid after the Spanish American Wars of Independence.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Inquisition and Spanish Inquisition are anti-Judaism, Antisemitism in Europe, Islamophobia in Europe, Persecution of Muslims by Christians and Violence against Muslims.

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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

The St. Inquisition and St. Bartholomew's Day massacre are Counter-Reformation.

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Steyr

Steyr (Central Bavarian: Steia) is a statutory city, located in the Austrian federal state of Upper Austria.

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Stocks

Stocks are feet restraining devices that were used as a form of corporal punishment and public humiliation.

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Strappado

The strappado, also known as corda, is a form of torture in which the victim's hands are tied behind their back and the victim is suspended by a rope attached to the wrists, typically resulting in dislocated shoulders.

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Succubus

A succubus (succubi) is a female-looking demon or supernatural entity in folklores who appears in dreams to seduce men, usually through sexual activity.

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Summa Theologica

The Summa Theologiae or Summa Theologica, often referred to simply as the Summa, is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), a scholastic theologian and Doctor of the Church.

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Summis desiderantes affectibus

Summis desiderantes affectibus (Latin for "desiring with supreme ardor"), sometimes abbreviated to Summis desiderantes, was a papal bull regarding witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII on 5 December 1484.

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Synagogue

A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.

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The Jewish Quarterly Review

The Jewish Quarterly Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Jewish studies.

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The Trial

The Trial (Der Process) is a novel written by Franz Kafka in 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously on 26 April 1925.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

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Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas (Aquino; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Thumbscrew (torture)

The thumbscrew is a torture instrument which was first used in early modern Europe.

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Tomás de Torquemada

Tomás de Torquemada (14 October 1420 – 16 September 1498), also anglicized as Thomas of Torquemada, was a Castilian Dominican friar and first Grand Inquisitor of the Tribunal of the Holy Office (otherwise known as the Spanish Inquisition). Inquisition and Tomás de Torquemada are Persecution of Muslims by Christians.

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Torture

Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including punishment, extracting a confession, interrogation for information, intimidating third parties, or entertainment.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania.

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Tower of London

The Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England.

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Trial of Joan of Arc

The Trial of Joan of Arc was a 15th century legal proceeding against Joan of Arc, a French military leader under Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War.

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Tuscany

Italian: toscano | citizenship_it.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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University of Cologne

The University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln) is a university in Cologne, Germany.

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Val Camonica

Val Camonica or Valcamonica (Al Camònega), also Valle Camonica and anglicized as Camonica Valley, is one of the largest valleys of the central Alps, in eastern Lombardy, Italy.

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Valencia

Valencia (officially in Valencian: València) is the capital of the province and autonomous community of the same name in Spain.

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Verona

Verona (Verona or Veròna) is a city on the River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants.

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Victorian era

In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.

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Waldensians

The Waldensians, also known as Waldenses, Vallenses, Valdesi, or Vaudois, are adherents of a church tradition that began as an ascetic movement within Western Christianity before the Reformation.

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Walter Ullmann

Walter Ullmann (29 November 1910 – 18 January 1983) was an Austrian-Jewish scholar who left Austria in the 1930s and settled in the United Kingdom, where he became a naturalised citizen.

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Warren H. Carroll

Warren Hasty Carroll (March 24, 1932 – July 17, 2011) was the founder and first president of Christendom College in Front Royal, Virginia.

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Water cure (torture)

Water cure is a form of torture in which the victim is forced to drink large quantities of water in a short time, resulting in gastric distension, water intoxication, and possibly death.

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Waterboarding

Waterboarding is a form of torture in which water is poured over a cloth covering the face and breathing passages of an immobilized captive, causing the person to experience the sensation of drowning.

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William Arnaud (inquisitor)

William Arnaud or Guillaume Arnaud (died 28 May 1242) was a Dominican inquisitor and martyr.

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William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 15204 August 1598) was an English statesman, the chief adviser of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign, twice Secretary of State (1550–1553 and 1558–1572) and Lord High Treasurer from 1572.

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William Cobbett

William Cobbett (9 March 1763 – 18 June 1835) was an English radical pamphleteer, journalist, politician, and farmer born in Farnham, Surrey.

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William Thomas Walsh

William Thomas Walsh (September 11, 1891 – January 22, 1949), was an historian, educator and author; he was also an accomplished violinist.

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Witch trials in the early modern period

In the early modern period, from about 1400 to 1775, about 100,000 people were prosecuted for witchcraft in Europe and British America.

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Witch-cult hypothesis

The witch-cult hypothesis is a discredited theory that the witch trials of the Early Modern period were an attempt to suppress a pagan religion that had survived the Christianization of Europe.

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Witchcraft

Witchcraft, as most commonly understood in both historical and present-day communities, is the use of alleged supernatural powers of magic.

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Wooden horse (device)

A wooden horse, Chevalet (as it was called in Spain), Spanish donkey or cavalletto squarciapalle is a torture device, of which there exist two variations; both inflict pain by using the subject's own weight by keeping the legs open, tied with ropes from above, while lowering down the subject.

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12th century

The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition

Also known as Catholic Inquisition, Florentine Inquisition, Holy Inquisition, Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquisitions, Inquisitor-general, The Holy Inquisition, The Inquisition.

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Inquisition, the Glossary

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