Japanese grammar, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 122 relations: Ablative case, Accusative case, Adposition, Agglutinative language, Anaphora (linguistics), Article (grammar), Auxiliary verb, Basque language, Basque verbs, Branching (linguistics), Chinese language, Clitic, Column groups and row groups, Consonant voicing and devoicing, Copula (linguistics), Count noun, Dative case, Declension, Defective verb, Demonstrative, Discourse, Early Middle Japanese, East Asian languages, Edo, Eleanor Jorden, English language, Function word, Gemination, Genitive case, Germanic languages, Gojūon, Google (verb), Grammatical case, Grammatical conjugation, Grammatical gender, Grammatical number, Grammatical particle, Grammatical person, Grammatical tense, Hatsuon, Head-directionality parameter, Hiragana, Historical kana orthography, Honorific speech in Japanese, Imperfective aspect, Indo-European languages, Inflection, Instrumental case, Intonation (linguistics), Intransitive verb, ... Expand index (72 more) »

Ablative case

In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced; sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.

See Japanese grammar and Ablative case

Accusative case

In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.

See Japanese grammar and Accusative case

Adposition

Adpositions are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, behind, ago, etc.) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).

See Japanese grammar and Adposition

Agglutinative language

An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination.

See Japanese grammar and Agglutinative language

Anaphora (linguistics)

In linguistics, anaphora is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent).

See Japanese grammar and Anaphora (linguistics)

Article (grammar)

In grammar, an article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.

See Japanese grammar and Article (grammar)

Auxiliary verb

An auxiliary verb (abbreviated) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it occurs, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.

See Japanese grammar and Auxiliary verb

Basque language

Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.

See Japanese grammar and Basque language

Basque verbs

The verb is one of the most complex parts of Basque grammar.

See Japanese grammar and Basque verbs

Branching (linguistics)

In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences.

See Japanese grammar and Branching (linguistics)

Chinese language

Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.

See Japanese grammar and Chinese language

Clitic

In morphology and syntax, a clitic (backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

See Japanese grammar and Clitic

Column groups and row groups

In tables and matrices, a column group or row group usually refers to a subset of columns or rows, respectively.

See Japanese grammar and Column groups and row groups

Consonant voicing and devoicing

In phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift in the opposite direction is referred to as devoicing or desonorization.

See Japanese grammar and Consonant voicing and devoicing

Copula (linguistics)

In linguistics, a copula /‘kɑpjələ/ (copulas or copulae; abbreviated) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase was not being in the sentence "It was not being cooperative." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.

See Japanese grammar and Copula (linguistics)

Count noun

In linguistics, a count noun (also countable noun) is a noun that can be modified by a quantity and that occurs in both singular and plural forms, and that can co-occur with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, etc.

See Japanese grammar and Count noun

Dative case

In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".

See Japanese grammar and Dative case

Declension

In linguistics, declension (verb: to decline) is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection.

See Japanese grammar and Declension

Defective verb

In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb that either lacks a conjugated form or entails incomplete conjugation, and thus cannot be conjugated for certain grammatical tenses, aspects, persons, genders, or moods that the majority of verbs or a "normal" or regular verb in a particular language can be conjugated for.

See Japanese grammar and Defective verb

Demonstrative

Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.

See Japanese grammar and Demonstrative

Discourse

Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication.

See Japanese grammar and Discourse

Early Middle Japanese

is a stage of the Japanese language between 794 and 1185, which is known as the Heian period.

See Japanese grammar and Early Middle Japanese

East Asian languages

The East Asian languages are a language family (alternatively macrofamily or superphylum) proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001.

See Japanese grammar and East Asian languages

Edo

Edo (江戸||"bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo.

See Japanese grammar and Edo

Eleanor Jorden

Eleanor Harz Jorden (1920 – February 18, 2009) was an American linguistics scholar and an influential Japanese language educator and expert.

See Japanese grammar and Eleanor Jorden

English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

See Japanese grammar and English language

Function word

In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker.

See Japanese grammar and Function word

Gemination

In phonetics and phonology, gemination (from Latin 'doubling', itself from gemini 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant.

See Japanese grammar and Gemination

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.

See Japanese grammar and Genitive case

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

See Japanese grammar and Germanic languages

Gojūon

In the Japanese language, the is a traditional system ordering kana characters by their component phonemes, roughly analogous to alphabetical order.

See Japanese grammar and Gojūon

Google (verb)

Owing to the dominance of the Google search engine, to google has become a transitive verb.

See Japanese grammar and Google (verb)

Grammatical case

A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical case

Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar).

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical conjugation

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns.

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical gender

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more").

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical number

Grammatical particle

In grammar, the term particle (abbreviated) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word (functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning.

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical particle

Grammatical person

In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical person

Grammatical tense

In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference.

See Japanese grammar and Grammatical tense

Hatsuon

may refer to.

See Japanese grammar and Hatsuon

Head-directionality parameter

In linguistics, head directionality is a proposed parameter that classifies languages according to whether they are head-initial (the head of a phrase precedes its complements) or head-final (the head follows its complements).

See Japanese grammar and Head-directionality parameter

Hiragana

is a Japanese syllabary, part of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana as well as kanji.

See Japanese grammar and Hiragana

Historical kana orthography

The, or, refers to the in general use until orthographic reforms after World War II; the current orthography was adopted by Cabinet order in 1946.

See Japanese grammar and Historical kana orthography

Honorific speech in Japanese

The Japanese language has a system of honorific speech, referred to as, parts of speech that show respect.

See Japanese grammar and Honorific speech in Japanese

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical aspect used to describe ongoing, habitual, repeated, or similar semantic roles, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future.

See Japanese grammar and Imperfective aspect

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See Japanese grammar and Indo-European languages

Inflection

In linguistic morphology, inflection (less commonly, inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.

See Japanese grammar and Inflection

Instrumental case

In grammar, the instrumental case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.

See Japanese grammar and Instrumental case

Intonation (linguistics)

In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow of discourse.

See Japanese grammar and Intonation (linguistics)

Intransitive verb

In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb, aside from an auxiliary verb, whose context does not entail a transitive object.

See Japanese grammar and Intransitive verb

Irrealis mood

In linguistics, irrealis moods (abbreviated) are the main set of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened at the moment the speaker is talking.

See Japanese grammar and Irrealis mood

Japanese adjectives

This article deals with Japanese equivalents of English adjectives.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese adjectives

Japanese conjugation

Japanese verbs, like the verbs of many other languages, can be morphologically modified to change their meaning or grammatical function – a process known as conjugation.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese conjugation

Japanese counter word

In Japanese, counter words or counters are measure words used with numbers to count things, actions, and events.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese counter word

Japanese godan and ichidan verbs

The Japanese language has two main types of verbs which are referred to as and.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese godan and ichidan verbs

Japanese grammar

Japanese is an agglutinative, synthetic, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese grammar

Japanese language

is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese language

Japanese particles

Japanese particles, or, are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese particles

Japanese phonology

Japanese phonology is the system of sounds used in the pronunciation of the Japanese language.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese phonology

Japanese pitch accent

is a feature of the Japanese language that distinguishes words by accenting particular morae in most Japanese dialects.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese pitch accent

Japanese sound symbolism

The Japanese language has a large inventory of sound symbolic or mimetic words, known in linguistics as ideophones.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese sound symbolism

Japanese: The Spoken Language

Japanese: The Spoken Language (JSL) is an introductory textbook series for learning Japanese.

See Japanese grammar and Japanese: The Spoken Language

Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.

See Japanese grammar and Joseph Greenberg

Kana

are syllabaries used to write Japanese phonological units, morae.

See Japanese grammar and Kana

Kanji

are the logographic Chinese characters adapted from the Chinese script used in the writing of Japanese.

See Japanese grammar and Kanji

Kansai dialect

The is a group of Japanese dialects in the Kansai region (Kinki region) of Japan.

See Japanese grammar and Kansai dialect

Kansai region

The or the lies in the southern-central region of Japan's main island Honshū.

See Japanese grammar and Kansai region

Korean language

Korean (South Korean: 한국어, Hangugeo; North Korean: 조선말, Chosŏnmal) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent.

See Japanese grammar and Korean language

Late Middle Japanese

was a stage of the Japanese language following Early Middle Japanese and preceding Early Modern Japanese.

See Japanese grammar and Late Middle Japanese

Lative case

In grammar, the lative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates motion to a location.

See Japanese grammar and Lative case

Lemma (morphology)

In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.

See Japanese grammar and Lemma (morphology)

Light verb

In linguistics, a light verb is a verb that has little semantic content of its own and forms a predicate with some additional expression, which is usually a noun.

See Japanese grammar and Light verb

Locative case

In grammar, the locative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.

See Japanese grammar and Locative case

Mass noun

In linguistics, a mass noun, uncountable noun, non-count noun, uncount noun, or just uncountable, is a noun with the syntactic property that any quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete elements.

See Japanese grammar and Mass noun

Middle Chinese

Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions.

See Japanese grammar and Middle Chinese

Monophthong

A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at only beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.

See Japanese grammar and Monophthong

Nattō

is a traditional Japanese food made from whole soybeans that have been fermented with ''Bacillus subtilis'' var. ''natto''.

See Japanese grammar and Nattō

Nishi-ku, Fukuoka

is one of the seven wards of Fukuoka City, Japan.

See Japanese grammar and Nishi-ku, Fukuoka

Nominative case

In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.

See Japanese grammar and Nominative case

Noun

In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas.

See Japanese grammar and Noun

Null-subject language

In linguistic typology, a null-subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject; such a clause is then said to have a null subject.

See Japanese grammar and Null-subject language

Old Japanese

is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language, recorded in documents from the Nara period (8th century).

See Japanese grammar and Old Japanese

Part of speech

In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties.

See Japanese grammar and Part of speech

Perfective aspect

The perfective aspect (abbreviated), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole, i.e., a unit without interior composition.

See Japanese grammar and Perfective aspect

Periphrasis

In linguistics and literature, periphrasis is the use of a larger number of words, with an implicit comparison to the possibility of using fewer.

See Japanese grammar and Periphrasis

Personal pronoun

Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it, they).

See Japanese grammar and Personal pronoun

Phonology

Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.

See Japanese grammar and Phonology

Phonotactics

Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek "voice, sound" and "having to do with arranging") is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.

See Japanese grammar and Phonotactics

Phrase

In grammar, a phrasecalled expression in some contextsis a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit.

See Japanese grammar and Phrase

Phraseme

A phraseme, also called a set phrase, fixed expression, idiomatic phrase, multiword expression (in computational linguistics), or idiom, is a multi-word or multi-morphemic utterance whose components include at least one that is selectionally constrained or restricted by linguistic convention such that it is not freely chosen.

See Japanese grammar and Phraseme

Plural

The plural (sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, or), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.

See Japanese grammar and Plural

Pragmatics

In linguistics and related fields, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning.

See Japanese grammar and Pragmatics

Predicate (grammar)

The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields.

See Japanese grammar and Predicate (grammar)

Productivity (linguistics)

In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.

See Japanese grammar and Productivity (linguistics)

Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.

See Japanese grammar and Pronoun

Reduplication

In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.

See Japanese grammar and Reduplication

Referent

A referent is a person or thing to which a name – a linguistic expression or other symbol – refers.

See Japanese grammar and Referent

Reflexive pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun (its antecedent) within the same sentence.

See Japanese grammar and Reflexive pronoun

Relative clause

A relative clause is a clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments in the relative clause refers to the noun or noun phrase.

See Japanese grammar and Relative clause

Rendaku

is a phenomenon in Japanese morphophonology that governs the voicing of the initial consonant of a non-initial portion of a compound or prefixed word.

See Japanese grammar and Rendaku

Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

See Japanese grammar and Romance languages

Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.

See Japanese grammar and Romanization

Sentence (linguistics)

In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate.

See Japanese grammar and Sentence (linguistics)

Sentence-final particle

Sentence-final particles, including modal particles, interactional particles, etc., are minimal lexemes (words) that occur at the end of a sentence and that do not carry referential meaning, but may relate to linguistic modality, register or other pragmatic effects.

See Japanese grammar and Sentence-final particle

Serial verb construction

The serial verb construction, also known as (verb) serialization or verb stacking, is a syntactic phenomenon in which two or more verbs or verb phrases are strung together in a single clause.

See Japanese grammar and Serial verb construction

Singulative number

In linguistics, singulative number and collective number (abbreviated and) are terms used when the grammatical number for multiple items is the unmarked form of a noun, and the noun is specially marked to indicate a single item.

See Japanese grammar and Singulative number

Sino-Japanese vocabulary

Sino-Japanese vocabulary, also known as, is a subset of Japanese vocabulary that originated in Chinese or was created from elements borrowed from Chinese.

See Japanese grammar and Sino-Japanese vocabulary

Sokuon

The is a Japanese symbol in the form of a small hiragana or katakana.

See Japanese grammar and Sokuon

Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Japanese grammar and Spanish language

Stative verb

According to some linguistics theories, a stative verb is a verb that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.

See Japanese grammar and Stative verb

Subject (grammar)

A subject is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the predicate, which modifies the subject).

See Japanese grammar and Subject (grammar)

Subject–object–verb word order

In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.

See Japanese grammar and Subject–object–verb word order

Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.

See Japanese grammar and Suffix

Suppletion

In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate.

See Japanese grammar and Suppletion

Synthetic language

A synthetic language is a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio.

See Japanese grammar and Synthetic language

Tokyo

Tokyo (東京), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (label), is the capital of Japan and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of over 14 million residents as of 2023 and the second-most-populated capital in the world.

See Japanese grammar and Tokyo

In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.

See Japanese grammar and Topic and comment

Topic-prominent language

A topic-prominent language is a language that organizes its syntax to emphasize the topic–comment structure of the sentence.

See Japanese grammar and Topic-prominent language

Transitive verb

A transitive verb is a verb that entails one or more transitive objects, for example, 'enjoys' in Amadeus enjoys music.

See Japanese grammar and Transitive verb

Valency (linguistics)

In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates.

See Japanese grammar and Valency (linguistics)

Voice (grammar)

In grammar, the voice (aka diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.

See Japanese grammar and Voice (grammar)

Word

A word is a basic element of language that carries meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible.

See Japanese grammar and Word

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar

Also known as Grammar of the Japanese language, Japanese adverbs, Japanese language grammar, Japanese syntax, Onbin, .

, Irrealis mood, Japanese adjectives, Japanese conjugation, Japanese counter word, Japanese godan and ichidan verbs, Japanese grammar, Japanese language, Japanese particles, Japanese phonology, Japanese pitch accent, Japanese sound symbolism, Japanese: The Spoken Language, Joseph Greenberg, Kana, Kanji, Kansai dialect, Kansai region, Korean language, Late Middle Japanese, Lative case, Lemma (morphology), Light verb, Locative case, Mass noun, Middle Chinese, Monophthong, Nattō, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Nominative case, Noun, Null-subject language, Old Japanese, Part of speech, Perfective aspect, Periphrasis, Personal pronoun, Phonology, Phonotactics, Phrase, Phraseme, Plural, Pragmatics, Predicate (grammar), Productivity (linguistics), Pronoun, Reduplication, Referent, Reflexive pronoun, Relative clause, Rendaku, Romance languages, Romanization, Sentence (linguistics), Sentence-final particle, Serial verb construction, Singulative number, Sino-Japanese vocabulary, Sokuon, Spanish language, Stative verb, Subject (grammar), Subject–object–verb word order, Suffix, Suppletion, Synthetic language, Tokyo, Topic and comment, Topic-prominent language, Transitive verb, Valency (linguistics), Voice (grammar), Word.