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July Crisis, the Glossary

The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914, which led to the outbreak of World War I. The crisis began on 28 June 1914, when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg.^[1]

175 relations: Adjutant general, Albania, Albert Ballin, Albert I of Belgium, Alexander Graf von Hoyos, Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Alexander Krivoshein, Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter, Alfred von Tirpitz, Allies of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock, Arthur Zimmermann, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Army, Austro-Hungarian General Staff, Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Šabac, Balance of power (international relations), Balkans, Baltic Fleet, Blank cheque, Bosniaks, Bosnian Crisis, Bosporus, Casus belli, Casus foederis, Causes of World War I, Central Powers, Christopher Clark, Commission of Responsibilities, Congress of Berlin, Constanța, Count Nikolaus Szécsen von Temerin, Count Otto von Czernin, Danilo Ilić, David Lloyd George, Démarche, Diplomatic history of World War I, Dragutin Dimitrijević, Dual Alliance (1879), Eduard von Capelle, Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Erich von Falkenhayn, Eyre Crowe, F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead, Financial crisis of 1914, First Lord of the Admiralty, Franco-Prussian War, ... Expand index (125 more) »
1914 in Europe
1914 in international relations
1914 in politics
Causes of World War I
Diplomatic crises of the 20th century
July 1914 events
Politics of the Kingdom of Serbia
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Adjutant general

An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer.

See July Crisis and Adjutant general

Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

See July Crisis and Albania

Albert Ballin

Albert Ballin (15 August 1857 – 9 November 1918) was a German shipping magnate.

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Albert I of Belgium

Albert I (8 April 1875 – 17 February 1934) was King of the Belgians from 23 December 1909 until his death in 1934.

See July Crisis and Albert I of Belgium

Alexander Graf von Hoyos

Ludwig Alexander Georg Graf von Hoyos, Freiherr zu Stichsenstein (13 May 1876 – 20 October 1937) was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat who played a major role during the July Crisis while serving as chef de cabinet of the Foreign Minister at the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

See July Crisis and Alexander Graf von Hoyos

Alexander I of Yugoslavia

Alexander I (Александар I Карађорђевић,; – 9 October 1934), also known as Alexander the Unifier, was King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 16 August 1921 to 3 October 1929 and King of Yugoslavia from 3 October 1929 until his assassination in 1934.

See July Crisis and Alexander I of Yugoslavia

Alexander Krivoshein

Alexander Vasilyevich Krivoshein (Александр Васильевич Кривошеин) (July 19 (31 (N.S.), 1857, Warsaw – October 28, 1921, Berlin) was a Russian monarchist politician and Minister of Agriculture under Pyotr Stolypin.

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Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter

Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter (Alfred Kiderlen; 10 July 1852 – 30 December 1912) was a German diplomat and politician who served as Secretary of State and head of the Foreign Office from June 1910 to December 1912.

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Alfred von Tirpitz

Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 March 1849 – 6 March 1930) was a German grand admiral, State Secretary of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary.

See July Crisis and Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock

Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock, (19 September 1849 – 5 November 1928), known as Sir Arthur Nicolson, 11th Baronet, from 1899 to 1916, was a British diplomat and politician during the last quarter of the 19th century to the middle of World War I.

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Arthur Zimmermann

Arthur Zimmermann (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1940) was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from 22 November 1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917.

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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. July Crisis and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand are causes of World War I.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

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Austro-Hungarian Army

The Austro-Hungarian Army, also known as the Imperial and Royal Army,lit; lit was the principal ground force of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918.

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Austro-Hungarian General Staff

The Imperial and Royal General Staff (k.u.k. Generalstab; Cs.) of Austria-Hungary was part of the Ministry of War.

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Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which officially remained part of the Ottoman Empire.

See July Crisis and Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Šabac

Šabac (Шабац) is a city and the administrative centre of the Mačva District in western Serbia.

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Balance of power (international relations)

The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all others.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Baltic Fleet

The Baltic Fleet (Baltiyskiy flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

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Blank cheque

A blank cheque or blank check in the literal sense is a cheque that has no monetary value written in, but is already signed.

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Bosniaks

The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци,; Bošnjak, Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language.

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Bosnian Crisis

The Bosnian Crisis, also known as the Annexation Crisis (Bosnische Annexionskrise, Bosna Krizi; Анексиона криза) or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted on 5 October 1908 when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire but under Austro-Hungarian administration since 1878. July Crisis and Bosnian Crisis are causes of World War I.

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Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Casus belli

A casus belli is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war.

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Casus foederis

Casus foederis (or casus fœderis) is derived from the Latin for "case for the alliance".

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Causes of World War I

The identification of the causes of World War I remains a debated issue.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

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Christopher Clark

Clark was educated at Sydney Grammar School from 1972 to 1978, the University of Sydney (where he studied history) and the Freie Universität Berlin from 1985 to 1987.

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Commission of Responsibilities

The Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties was a commission established at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

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Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.

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Constanța

Constanța (Custantsa; Kyustendzha, or label; Dobrujan Tatar: Köstencĭ; Kōnstántza, or label; Köstence), historically known as Tomis or Tomi (Τόμις or Τόμοι), is a port city in the Dobruja historical region of Romania.

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Count Nikolaus Szécsen von Temerin

Nikolaus (Anton) Graf Szécsen von Temerin (gróf temerini Szécsen Miklós) (26 November 1857 – 18 May 1926), was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat of Hungarian origin serving as ambassador at Paris at the outbreak of World War I.

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Count Otto von Czernin

Otto Rudolf Theobald Ottokar Maria Graf Czernin von und zu Chudenitz (Otto Rudolf Theobald Ottokar Maria hrabě Černín z Chudenic; 27 August 1875 – 14 June 1962) was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat during the time of World War I.

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Danilo Ilić

Danilo Ilić (Serbian Cyrillic: Данило Илић; 27 July 1890 – 3 February 1915) was a Bosnian Serb who was among the chief organisers of the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

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David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.

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Démarche

A démarche (from the French word whose literal meaning is "step" or "solicitation") has come to refer either to.

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Diplomatic history of World War I

The diplomatic history of World War I covers the non-military interactions among the major players during World War I. For the domestic histories of participants see home front during World War I. For a longer-term perspective see international relations (1814–1919) and causes of World War I. For the following (post-war) era see international relations (1919–1939).

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Dragutin Dimitrijević

Dragutin Dimitrijević (Драгутин Димитријевић; 17 August 1876 – 24 June 1917), better known by his nickname Apis (Апис), was a Serbian army officer and chief of the military intelligence section of the general staff in 1913.

See July Crisis and Dragutin Dimitrijević

Dual Alliance (1879)

The Dual Alliance (Zweibund, Kettős Szövetség) was a defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was created by treaty on October 7, 1879, as part of Germany's Otto von Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent or limit war.

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Eduard von Capelle

Eduard von Capelle (10 October 1855 – 23 February 1931) was a German Imperial Navy officer from Celle.

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Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon

Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, (25 April 1862 – 7 September 1933), better known as Sir Edward Grey, was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician who was the main force behind British foreign policy in the era of the First World War.

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Erich von Falkenhayn

General Erich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922) was a German general who was the second Chief of the German General Staff of the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916.

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Eyre Crowe

Sir Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe (30 July 1864 – 28 April 1925) was a British diplomat, an expert on Germany in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

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F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead

Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead, (12 July 1872 – 30 September 1930) was a British Conservative politician and barrister who attained high office in the early 20th century, in particular as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

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Financial crisis of 1914

The European liquidation of American securities in 1914 (also called the financial crisis of 1914) was the selloff of about $3 billion (equivalent to $ billion in) of foreign portfolio investments at the start of World War I, taking place at the same time as the broader July Crisis of 1914. July Crisis and financial crisis of 1914 are 1914 in Europe.

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First Lord of the Admiralty

The First Lord of the Admiralty, or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, was the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Franco-Russian Alliance

The Franco-Russian Alliance (Alliance Franco-Russe, translit), also known as the Dual Entente or Russo-French Rapprochement (Rapprochement Franco-Russe, Русско-Французское Сближение; Russko-Frantsuzskoye Sblizheniye), was an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891–94; it lasted until 1917.

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Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf

Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf (after 1919 Franz Conrad; 11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as Hoetzendorf, was an Austrian general who played a central role in World War I. He served as K.u.k. Feldmarschall (field marshal) and Chief of the General Staff of the military of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy from 1906 to 1917.

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Franz Joseph I of Austria

Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (Franz Joseph Karl; Ferenc József Károly; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his death in 1916.

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French battleship France

France was the last of four s, the first dreadnoughts built for the French Navy.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

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Friedrich von Pourtalès

Jakob Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim de Pourtalès (24 October 1853 – 3 May 1928) was a German aristocrat and diplomat who served as the Ambassador to the Russian Empire in Saint Petersburg from 1907 to 1914.

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Fritz Fischer (historian)

Fritz Fischer (5 March 1908 – 1 December 1999) was a German historian best known for his analysis of the causes of World War I. In the early 1960s Fischer advanced the controversial thesis at the time that responsibility for the outbreak of the war rested solely on Imperial Germany.

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Gavrilo Princip

Gavrilo Princip (Гаврило Принцип,; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie, Duchess von Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. July Crisis and Gavrilo Princip are causes of World War I.

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Georg Alexander von Müller

Georg Alexander von Müller (24 March 1854 – 18 April 1940) was an Admiral of the Imperial German Navy and a close friend of the Kaiser in the run up to the First World War.

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Georg von Hertling

Georg Friedrich Karl Freiherr von Hertling, from 1914 Count von Hertling, (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party.

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George V

George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German General Staff

The German General Staff, originally the Prussian General Staff and officially the Great General Staff (Großer Generalstab), was a full-time body at the head of the Prussian Army and later, the German Army, responsible for the continuous study of all aspects of war, and for drawing up and reviewing plans for mobilization or campaign.

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German invasion of Belgium (1914)

The German invasion of Belgium was a military campaign which began on 4 August 1914.

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German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I

From August 1914 until the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was under full occupation by the German Empire.

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Glossary of French words and expressions in English

Many words in the English vocabulary are of French origin, most coming from the Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper classes in England for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest, before the language settled into what became Modern English.

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Gottlieb von Jagow

Gottlieb von Jagow (22 June 1863 – 11 January 1935) was a German diplomat.

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Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.

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Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

Gustav Georg Friedrich Maria Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (born Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach; 7 August 1870 – 16 January 1950) was a German foreign service official who became chairman of the board of Friedrich Krupp AG, a heavy industry conglomerate, after his marriage to Bertha Krupp, who had inherited the company.

See July Crisis and Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

H. H. Asquith

Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928), generally known as H. H. Asquith, was a British politician and statesman who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916.

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Hamburg America Line

The Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG), known in English as the Hamburg America Line, was a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, in 1847.

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Hans von Plessen

Hans Georg Hermann von Plessen (26 November 1841 – 28 January 1929) was a Prussian Colonel General with the rank of Generalfeldmarschall and Canon of Brandenburg.

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Hans Zenker

Hans Zenker (10 August 1870 in Bielitz – 18 August 1932 in Göttingen) was a German admiral.

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Heinrich von Tschirschky

Heinrich Leonhard von Tschirschky und Bögendorff (15 August 1858 – 15 November 1916) was a German diplomat and politician, who served as Foreign Secretary and head of the Foreign Office from 24 January 1906 to 25 October 1907.

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Heir presumptive

An heir presumptive (heiress presumptive) is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question.

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Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (26 October 180024 April 1891) was a Prussian field marshal.

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Helmuth von Moltke the Younger

Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Graf von Moltke (25 May 1848 – 18 June 1916), also known as Moltke the Younger, was a German general and Chief of the Great German General Staff, a member of the House of Moltke.

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High Seas Fleet

The High Seas Fleet (Hochseeflotte) was the battle fleet of the German Imperial Navy and saw action during the First World War.

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Historiography of the causes of World War I

Historians writing about the origins of World War I have differed over the relative emphasis they place upon the factors involved. July Crisis and Historiography of the causes of World War I are causes of World War I.

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Hugo Phillip Graf von Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönberg

Hugo Phillip Graf von Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönberg (13 October 1843, in Berlin – 28 June 1925, in Köfering) was the representative of the Kingdom of Bavaria in Berlin from 1880 to 1918.

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Imperial German Navy

The Imperial German Navy or the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919.

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Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army or Russian Imperial Army (Rússkaya imperátorskaya ármiya) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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International relations (1814–1919)

This article covers worldwide diplomacy and, more generally, the international relations of the great powers from 1814 to 1919.

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Irredentism

Irredentism is one state's desire to annex the territory of another state.

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István Tisza

Count István Imre Lajos Pál Tisza de Borosjenő et Szeged (English: Stephen Emery Louis Paul Tisza, short name: Stephen Tisza); (22 April 1861 – 31 October 1918) was a politician who served as prime minister of Hungary from 1903 to 1905 and from 1913 until 1917.

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Ivan Grigorovich

Ivan Konstantinovich Grigorovich (Иван Константинович Григорович) (26 January 1853 – 3 March 1930) served as Imperial Russia's last Naval Minister from 1911 until the onset of the 1917 revolution.

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James Fearon

James D. Fearon (born 1963) is the Theodore and Francis Geballe Professor of Political Science at Stanford University; he is known for his work on the theory of civil wars, international bargaining, war's inefficiency puzzle, audience costs, and ethnic constructivism.

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Jean Jaurès

Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès (Joan Jaurés), was a French socialist leader.

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Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin

Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu Martin (22 July 1847 – 10 December 1943) was a French Radical leader and cabinet officer.

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Joseph Joffre

Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre, (12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931) was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916.

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Jules Cambon

Jules-Martin Cambon (5 April 1845 – 19 September 1935) was a French diplomat and brother of Paul Cambon.

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Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky

Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky (8 March 1860 – 27 February 1928) was a German diplomat who served as ambassador to Britain during the July Crisis and who was the author of a 1916 pamphlet that deplored German diplomacy in mid-1914 which, he argued, contributed heavily to the outbreak of the First World War.

See July Crisis and Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky

Karl von Stürgkh

Count Karl von Stürgkh (30 October 1859 – 21 October 1916) was an Austrian politician and Minister-President of Cisleithania during the 1914 July Crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I. He was shot and killed by the Social Democratic politician Friedrich Adler.

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Kingdom of Saxony

The Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen) was a German monarchy that existed in Central Europe between 1806 to 1918.

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Kingdom of Serbia

The Kingdom of Serbia (Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882.

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Krasnoye Selo

Krasnoye Selo (Кра́сное Село́, lit. Red (or beautiful) village).

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Kurt Riezler

Kurt Riezler (February 11, 1882 – September 5, 1955) was a German philosopher and diplomat. July Crisis and Kurt Riezler are causes of World War I.

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Lazar Paču

Lazar Paču (Serbian Cyrillic: Лазар Пачу; 1 March 1855 – 12 October 1915) was a Serbian doctor and politician, serving as the Minister of Finance multiple times.

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László Szőgyény-Marich Jr.

Count László Szőgyény-Marich de Magyar-Szőgyén et Szolgaegyháza (Ladislaus Freiherr (from 1910, Graf) von Szögyény-Marich von Magyar-Szögyén und Szolgaegyháza) (12 November 1841 – 11 June 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat of Hungarian origin who was a long serving Ambassador at Berlin.

See July Crisis and László Szőgyény-Marich Jr.

Leopold Berchtold

Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Josef Korsinus Ferdinand Graf Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz (Gróf Berchtold Lipót, Leopold hrabě Berchtold z Uherčic) (18 April 1863 – 21 November 1942) was an Austro-Hungarian politician, diplomat and statesman who served as Imperial Foreign Minister at the outbreak of World War I.

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Liège

Liège (Lîdje; Luik; Lüttich) is a city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.

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Loznica

Loznica (Лозница) is a city located in the Mačva District of western Serbia.

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Maurice Paléologue

Maurice Paléologue (13 January 1859 – 23 November 1944) was a French diplomat, historian, and essayist.

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May Coup (Serbia)

The May Coup (Majski prevrat) was a coup d'état in the Kingdom of Serbia which resulted in the assassination of King Alexander I and his consort, Queen Draga, inside the Stari Dvor in Belgrade on the night of. July Crisis and May Coup (Serbia) are politics of the Kingdom of Serbia.

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Milan Ciganović

Milan Ciganović (18881 September 1927) was a Serbian revolutionary and one of the main organizers of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

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Milenko Radomar Vesnić

Milenko Radomar Vesnić (Vesnitch in French, and Wesnitsch in German; 13 February 1863 – 15 May 1921) was a Serbian politician, diplomat, cabinet member and prime minister.

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Military Cabinet (Prussia)

The Military Cabinet (Militärkabinett) was a military advisory body under the direct command of the King of Prussia, and by extension the German Emperor after 1871, for handling personnel matters of the army officer corps.

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Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)

The Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs (Bundesminister des Auswärtigen) is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany.

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Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)

The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) is the ministry of the Government of France that handles France's foreign relations.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia (Ministarstvo spoljnih poslova) is the ministry in the government of Serbia which is in the charge of maintaining the consular affairs and foreign relations of Serbia.

See July Crisis and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)

Miroslav Spalajković

Miroslav Spalajković (18 April 1869 – 4 February 1951) was a Serbian diplomat, best known for his actions as the envoy to the Russian Empire in Saint Petersburg during the July Crisis of the summer of 1914.

See July Crisis and Miroslav Spalajković

Mobilization

Mobilization (alternatively spelled as mobilisation) is the act of assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war.

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Moriz von Lyncker

Moriz Freiherr von Lyncker (30 January 1853 – 20 January 1932) was a Prussian officer of the German Empire and Chief of the Military Cabinet of Emperor Wilhelm II.

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Narodna Odbrana

Narodna Odbrana (Народна одбрана, literally, "The People's Defence" or "National Defence") was a Serbian nationalist organization established on October 8, 1908 as a reaction to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

See July Crisis and Narodna Odbrana

Nedeljko Čabrinović

Nedeljko Čabrinović (Недељко Чабриновић; 20 January 1895 – 23 January 1916) was one of the Young Bosnian conspirators who planned the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914. July Crisis and Nedeljko Čabrinović are causes of World War I.

See July Crisis and Nedeljko Čabrinović

Neutral country

A neutral country is a state that is neutral towards belligerents in a specific war or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO, CSTO or the SCO).

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Nicholas II

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 186817 July 1918) or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917.

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Nikola Pašić

Nikola Pašić (Никола Пашић,; 18 December 1845 – 10 December 1926) was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician and diplomat.

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Norddeutscher Lloyd

Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL; North German Lloyd) was a German shipping company.

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Oskar Potiorek

Oskar Potiorek (20 November 1853 – 17 December 1933) was an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army, who served as Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1911 to 1914.

See July Crisis and Oskar Potiorek

Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Ottoman Empire era of rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (first as a ''sanjak'', then as an ''eyalet'') and Herzegovina (also as a ''sanjak'', then ''eyalet'') lasted from 1463/1482 to 1878 de facto, and until 1908 de jure.

See July Crisis and Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Paul Cambon

Pierre Paul Cambon (20 January 1843 – 29 May 1924) was a French diplomat and brother of Jules Cambon.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Peter I of Serbia

Peter I (Petar I Кarađorđević; – 16 August 1921) was King of Serbia from 15 June 1903 to 1 December 1918.

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Philippe Berthelot

Philippe Berthelot (9 October 1866 – 22 November 1934) was an important French diplomat, son of Marcellin Berthelot and Sophie Berthelot.

See July Crisis and Philippe Berthelot

Powder keg of Europe

The powder keg of Europe or Balkan powder keg was the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I. There were many overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire and, to a lesser degree, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Italy.

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Prime Minister of Hungary

The prime minister of Hungary (Magyarország miniszterelnöke) is the head of government of Hungary.

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Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

Prince Henry of Prussia (Albert Wilhelm Heinrich; 14 August 1862 – 20 April 1929) was a younger brother of German Emperor Wilhelm II and a Prince of Prussia.

See July Crisis and Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.

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Quartermaster general

A quartermaster general is the staff officer in charge of supplies for a whole army and is in charge of quartermaster units and personnel, i.e. those tasked with providing supplies for military forces and units.

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Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901.

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Raymond Poincaré

Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France.

See July Crisis and Raymond Poincaré

Reichstag (German Empire)

The Reichstag of the German Empire was Germany's lower House of Parliament from 1871 to 1918.

See July Crisis and Reichstag (German Empire)

René Viviani

Jean Raphaël Adrien René Viviani (8 November 18637 September 1925) was a French politician of the Third Republic, who served as Prime Minister for the first year of World War I. He was born in Sidi Bel Abbès, in French Algeria.

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River monitor

River monitors are military craft designed to patrol rivers.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

See July Crisis and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

Samuel R. Williamson Jr.

Samuel Ruthven Williamson Jr. (born November 10, 1935, in Bogalusa, Louisiana) is an American historian.

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Sarajevo

Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits.

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Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan (Schlieffen-Plan) is a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on 4 August 1914.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001.

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Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Srbi Bosne i Hercegovine), often referred to as Bosnian Serbs (bosanski Srbi) or Herzegovinian Serbs (hercegovačkih Srbi), are native and one of the three constitutive nations (state-forming nations) of the country, predominantly residing in the political-territorial entity of Republika Srpska.

See July Crisis and Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sergey Sazonov

Sergei Dmitryevich Sazonov GCB (Russian: Сергей Дмитриевич Сазонов; 10 August 1860 in Ryazan Governorate 11 December 1927) was a Russian statesman and diplomat who served as Foreign Minister from November 1910 to July 1916.

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Siegfried von Roedern

Siegfried Friedrich Wilhelm Erdmann Graf von Roedern (born 27 July 1870 in Marburg, died 14 April 1954 in Bergen, Upper Bavaria), was a German politician.

See July Crisis and Siegfried von Roedern

Sir Edward Goschen, 1st Baronet

Sir William Edward Goschen, 1st Baronet, (18 July 1847 – 20 May 1924), was a British diplomat.

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Sir Horace Rumbold, 9th Baronet

Sir Horace George Montagu Rumbold, 9th Baronet, (5 February 1869 – 24 May 1941) was a British diplomat.

See July Crisis and Sir Horace Rumbold, 9th Baronet

Slavko Grujić

Slavko J. Grujić (Славко Ј.; 15 February 1871 – 24 March 1937) was a Serbian diplomat, marshal of the court, and philanthropist.

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The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

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Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg

Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (Žofie Marie Josefína Albína hraběnka Chotková z Chotkova a Vojnína; 1 March 1868 – 28 June 1914) was the wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

See July Crisis and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg

The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

See July Crisis and The Independent

Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann Hollweg (29 November 1856 – 1 January 1921) was a German politician who was chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917.

See July Crisis and Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

Theodor Wolff

Theodor Wolff (2 August 1868 – 23 September 1943) was a German writer who was influential as a journalist, critic and newspaper editor.

See July Crisis and Theodor Wolff

Treaty of Berlin (1878)

The Treaty of Berlin (formally the Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East) was signed on 13 July 1878.

See July Crisis and Treaty of Berlin (1878)

Treaty of London (1839)

The Treaty of London of 1839, was signed on 19 April 1839 between the major European powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. July Crisis and Treaty of London (1839) are causes of World War I.

See July Crisis and Treaty of London (1839)

Triple Alliance (1882)

The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

See July Crisis and Triple Alliance (1882)

Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. July Crisis and Triple Entente are causes of World War I.

See July Crisis and Triple Entente

Ultimatum

An paren;;: ultimata or ultimatums) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance (open loop). An ultimatum is generally the final demand in a series of requests. As such, the time allotted is usually short, and the request is understood not to be open to further negotiation. July Crisis and ultimatum are ultimata.

See July Crisis and Ultimatum

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe that was established by the union in 1801 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.

See July Crisis and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Venetia Stanley (1887–1948)

Beatrice Venetia Stanley Montagu (22 August 1887 – 3 August 1948) was a British aristocrat and socialite best known for the many letters that Prime Minister H. H. Asquith wrote to her between 1910 and 1915.

See July Crisis and Venetia Stanley (1887–1948)

Very Short Introductions

Very Short Introductions (VSI) is a book series published by the Oxford University Press (OUP).

See July Crisis and Very Short Introductions

Vladimir Sukhomlinov

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov (p; – 2 February 1926) was a Russian general in the Imperial Russian Army who served as the Chief of the General Staff from 1908 to 1909 and the Minister of War from 1909 to 1915.

See July Crisis and Vladimir Sukhomlinov

Vojislav Tankosić

Vojislav Tankosić (Војислав Танкосић, 20 September 1880 – 2 November 1915) was a Serbian military officer, vojvoda of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, major of the Serbian Army, and member of the Black Hand, who participated in the May Coup and was accused of involvement in the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

See July Crisis and Vojislav Tankosić

Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as the Hohenzollern dynasty's 300-year rule of Prussia.

See July Crisis and Wilhelm II

Wilhelm von Schoen

Wilhelm Eduard Freiherr von Schoen (Schön) (3 June 1851 – 24 April 1933) was a German diplomat.

See July Crisis and Wilhelm von Schoen

Wilhelm, German Crown Prince

Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia (Friedrich Wilhelm Victor August Ernst; 6 May 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the eldest child of the last Kaiser, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, and his consort Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, and thus a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, and distant cousin to many British royals, such as Queen Elizabeth II.

See July Crisis and Wilhelm, German Crown Prince

William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell

William George Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell, (17 August 1866 – 14 March 1947) was a British civil servant and diplomat.

See July Crisis and William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell

Willy–Nicky correspondence

The Willy–Nicky correspondence was a series of messages (letters and telegrams) relayed between Wilhelm II, German Emperor, and Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia during the first months of the First World War.

See July Crisis and Willy–Nicky correspondence

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

See July Crisis and Winston Churchill

Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen

Wladimir Rudolf Karl Freiherr Giesl von Gieslingen (18 February 1860 – 20 April 1936) was an Austro-Hungarian general and diplomat during World War I, most famous for delivering the ultimatum to the Serbian government during the July Crisis of 1914.

See July Crisis and Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See July Crisis and World War I

Young Bosnia

Young Bosnia (Mlada Bosna) refers to a loosely organised grouping of separatist and revolutionary cells active in the early 20th century, that sought to end the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

See July Crisis and Young Bosnia

Yugoslav monitor Sava

The Yugoslav monitor Sava is a ''Temes''-class river monitor that was built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy as SMS Bodrog.

See July Crisis and Yugoslav monitor Sava

Yugoslavism

Yugoslavism, Yugoslavdom, or Yugoslav nationalism is an ideology supporting the notion that the South Slavs, namely the Bosniaks, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes, but also Bulgarians, belong to a single Yugoslav nation separated by diverging historical circumstances, forms of speech, and religious divides.

See July Crisis and Yugoslavism

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis

Also known as 10-point ultimatum to Serbia, Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July Crisis of 1914, July Ultimatum, July Ultimatum of 1914, The July Crisis.

, Franco-Russian Alliance, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz Joseph I of Austria, French battleship France, French Third Republic, Friedrich von Pourtalès, Fritz Fischer (historian), Gavrilo Princip, Georg Alexander von Müller, Georg von Hertling, George V, German Empire, German General Staff, German invasion of Belgium (1914), German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I, Glossary of French words and expressions in English, Gottlieb von Jagow, Great power, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, H. H. Asquith, Hamburg America Line, Hans von Plessen, Hans Zenker, Heinrich von Tschirschky, Heir presumptive, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, High Seas Fleet, Historiography of the causes of World War I, Hugo Phillip Graf von Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönberg, Imperial German Navy, Imperial Russian Army, International relations (1814–1919), Irredentism, István Tisza, Ivan Grigorovich, James Fearon, Jean Jaurès, Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin, Joseph Joffre, Jules Cambon, Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky, Karl von Stürgkh, Kingdom of Saxony, Kingdom of Serbia, Krasnoye Selo, Kurt Riezler, Lazar Paču, László Szőgyény-Marich Jr., Leopold Berchtold, Liège, Loznica, Maurice Paléologue, May Coup (Serbia), Milan Ciganović, Milenko Radomar Vesnić, Military Cabinet (Prussia), Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany), Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia), Miroslav Spalajković, Mobilization, Moriz von Lyncker, Narodna Odbrana, Nedeljko Čabrinović, Neutral country, Nicholas II, Nikola Pašić, Norddeutscher Lloyd, Oskar Potiorek, Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ottoman Empire, Paul Cambon, Penguin Books, Peter I of Serbia, Philippe Berthelot, Powder keg of Europe, Prime Minister of Hungary, Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929), Project Gutenberg, Quartermaster general, Queen Victoria, Raymond Poincaré, Reichstag (German Empire), René Viviani, River monitor, Russian Empire, Russo-Japanese War, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Samuel R. Williamson Jr., Sarajevo, Schlieffen Plan, September 11 attacks, Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sergey Sazonov, Siegfried von Roedern, Sir Edward Goschen, 1st Baronet, Sir Horace Rumbold, 9th Baronet, Slavko Grujić, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, The Independent, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, Theodor Wolff, Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of London (1839), Triple Alliance (1882), Triple Entente, Ultimatum, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Venetia Stanley (1887–1948), Very Short Introductions, Vladimir Sukhomlinov, Vojislav Tankosić, Wilhelm II, Wilhelm von Schoen, Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell, Willy–Nicky correspondence, Winston Churchill, Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen, World War I, Young Bosnia, Yugoslav monitor Sava, Yugoslavism.

July Crisis, the Glossary

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